readx; There is a main rudder on the bow and stern line and two auxiliary rudders on the aft side, both semi-suspended balanced. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 info Due to the large spacing between the main and auxiliary rudders, they do not interfere with each other. It has been proved in actual combat that when the main rudder cannot be operated, the auxiliary rudder can still meet the requirements of ship operation. And because the auxiliary rudder is right in the center of the side propeller discharge flow, the rudder surface flow velocity is very large, the efficiency is high, and the overall design of the rudder equipment is very successful. However, the excessive spacing of the main and auxiliary steering nacelles caused some problems in armor protection. The total internal space of the power system compartment (excluding emergency generators) of "Julius Caesar" is 17,722 cubic meters, the total power is 279,800 horsepower, and the power density is 30.44 horsepower / cubic meter, which is at a high level among the new battleships of the world.

The main armor belt on the broadside of the hull of the battleship "Caesar the Great" was designed with a 10-degree angle of inclination, with armor of 720mm in the middle of the gunside and 140mm in the upper part of the broadside. Horizontal protection consisted of three layers of horizontal armor, three layers of 507mm armor in the upper part of the cabin, and three layers of 657mm armor in the upper part of the ammunition compartment. The frontal armor of the main gun was 640mm. The underwater armor uses a new underwater broadside protection system (i.e., the "Preser system"), which has limited combat effectiveness and has proven insufficient defense below the waterline of the Caesar the Great.

The design idea of the "Julius Caesar" class protection system was relatively advanced at that time, using a box-shaped armored capsule with an extension structure and the Presey anti-torpedo system, and the armored defense and underwater defense systems were completely independent. It is expected that the defense standard is that the armored capsule can withstand the hit of 1,770 kg of 460 mm armor-piercing shells of the enemy at a distance of 16,000 meters and more, and the anti-torpedo system can withstand the blasting power of the 700 kg TNT underwater warhead.

The armored capsule consists of side armor belts on both sides, transverse armoured partition walls on the bow and stern, and horizontal armor to form a closed protective structure. The broadside armor belt uses a complex spaced shielding structure, the outermost layer of a 140 mm + 10 mm high hardness composite armor plate, the main purpose is to tear off the quilt cap of the incoming armor-piercing projectile, the main armor belt in the middle is 560 mm thick, and there are two 500 mm wide gaps between the outer armor belt, and the inner side is two 100 mm thick wooden buffer layer. Due to the poor strength and rigidity of the wooden structure, it was fastened to the main armor belt with 2 layers of 30 mm steel sheets; The armor had an inversion of 8 degrees. Each of these armored unit structures has a surface area of about 6 square meters and is mounted on 120 mm heavy powerful ribs, which are easier to replace. On the inside of the main armor belt, there were 4 lines of inclined anti-fragmentation armor with a thickness of 72 and 48 mm.

The main side armor belt extends from the No. 51 rib in the stern to the No. 176 rib (this length is generally the length of the armored capsule, and the bow and tail ribs of the armored capsule are the positions of the front and rear transverse armor partition walls), which includes the turret ammunition magazine and the power system compartments. In addition to the main armor belt, side armor was also arranged, with 260 mm + 22 mm thick between the bows and 196-199 ribs and 120 mm + 9 mm thick between the 199 ribs and bow. There is no side armor on the outside of the stern capsule, but there are 2 anti-fragmentation armor plates arranged on the inside.

The horizontal protection system of "Julius Caesar" consists of 6 layers: the open deck, the upper deck and the middle deck as an armored deck, which is enough to resist the attacks of general armor-piercing bombs and large-angle armor-piercing shells, with the following thickness distribution:

Horizontal protection of the power compartment, horizontal protection of the ammunition magazine

Centerline two-port, centerline two-port

Open deck 72+18 mm

Upper deck 24 mm

Armored deck 200 + 24 mm / 180 + 18 mm / 300 + 24 mm / 200 + 18 mm

Total 338 mm, 312 mm, 438 mm, 332 mm

The front armor transverse wall of the armored capsule is arranged on rib No. 176, and the thickness is not the same in the vertical direction: the thickness of the partition wall from the open deck to the middle deck is only 140 mm, the thickness of the transverse partition wall between the middle deck and the first deck of the first platform is 400+20 mm, and there are two other 100+20 mm thick transverse walls at the front rib No. 199. The armor protection in the stern was more complex, the main armor partition wall of rib 51 was 560 mm + 10 mm thick (on both sides of the center line), the thickness of the side partition wall was reduced to 500 + 20 mm, the heavy partition wall was arranged only between the middle deck and the first platform deck, and the partition wall between the other decks was 140 mm thick. There is a 120+20 mm thick sloping partition wall at the bottom of the bow and stern main armoured partition wall extending to the bottom of the ship, which is used to protect against shells and part of the shock wave and fragments of underwater explosions. In the stern, a local armored capsule to protect the steering engine room is arranged between the -1 (the No. 1 rib after the rear perpendicular line) and the No. 54 dragon rib, and the structure is quite complex: the -1 rib is equipped with a peripheral armored partition wall with a thickness of 200+16 mm, and the 24th keel is set up with a 200+16 mm thick armored partition wall of the main and auxiliary steering engine rooms; The middle deck on the upper upper deck of the auxiliary servo nacelles was 72 mm thick, the first platform on the roof of the main and auxiliary servo nacelles was partially thickened to 200 + 16 mm, and the periphery of the auxiliary servo nacelles was arranged with 120 + 20 mm side armor. Due to the relatively large distance between the steering engine room and the auxiliary servo room, the volume of the stern armored capsule of the "Veneto" was much larger than that of ordinary battleships, and it paid a considerable price in terms of weight.

The forward bridge of the "Julius Caesar" class has a double cylinder structure, with a total of 13 floors from the armored deck upwards, and a connecting enclosure is arranged inside. The 6-layer shell located in the lower part of the bridge is 120 mm thick, and the connecting enclosure between the 3rd and 7th levels is protected by 400 mm of heavy armor. The upper part of the bridge is equipped with a conning tower, the volume of the conning tower is large, and the armor distribution is: the 9th layer of the bridge, 240 + 20 mm in front of the top, 180 + 20 mm in the rear, 450 + 50 mm on the front side of the front, 360 + 50 mm on the rear side, 500 + 20 mm on the front side of the 8th and 7th floors, 400 + 20 mm on the rear side, and 180 + 20 mm on the bottom of the 7th layer.

The main turret has 760 mm frontal armor, 400 mm front, 260 mm rear armor, and 400 mm roof armor. Interestingly, the rear armor of the 4 main turrets varied, the rear armor of the 1st turret in the bow was 760 mm, the 2nd turret was reduced to 420 mm, the 3rd turret was 600 mm, and the 4th turret was 553 mm. The thickness of the enclosure of the main turret enclosure above the open deck is 700 mm, the thickness of the base between the open deck and the armored deck is 560 mm, and the enclosure below the level of the armored deck has no armor protection.

The level of protection of the secondary gun was very strong, the frontal armor was 560 mm thick, the side and rear armor were 260 and 160 mm thick, respectively, the front roof armor of the turret was 300 mm thick, and the rear roof armor was 210 mm thick. The base above the open deck is 300 mm thick and 200 mm thick below the deck, and like the main gun base, the enclosure trap below the plane of the armored deck of the secondary turret has no armor protection.

The 90-mm anti-aircraft turret armor was 80-24 mm thick, which could withstand strafing from enemy aircraft and bomb fragments, and the machine guns did not have any armor protection plates.

The entire defense system of "Julius Caesar" was solid and reliable, but in some places there were serious deficiencies. Tests have shown that her broadside armor is basically capable of resisting 460 mm armor-piercing shells, the 140 mm outer plate is indeed capable of tearing off the armor-piercing shells, and the inner layer of anti-fragmentation armor also blocks the residual projectile body. But in some special cases, the shells still completely penetrated the armor. Additional tests have shown that the 140 mm outer armor can also protect against 203 mm grenades. The main armor belt of the "Julius Caesar" class had a limited width, heavy armor was not laid in the underwater part, and the experience of World War II showed that the threat of large-caliber underwater hits was present. As soon as the underwater part of the "Veneto" class is hit by a large-caliber projectile, it will have very serious consequences. Moreover, the heavy anti-torpedo mediastinal wall arranged in the hull of the ship has also proved to be very effective in controlling the shock wave and fragmentation of torpedo blasting. But since the Plesai system of the "Veneto" class was set up independently, it was not possible to install a curved armored anti-torpedo mediastinum wall in parallel with the main armor belt. The auxiliary engine and emergency generator of the "Veneto" are of great power, which is of great help in the effective management of damage in battle.

The stern of the "Julius Caesar" class is equipped with 2 catapults, which can carry up to 6 seaplanes, but there are no hangar facilities. This is not good for the storage and maintenance of the aircraft, and the muzzle flame of the tail gun can easily damage the delicate aircraft.

Performance data

Displacement: standard displacement 164668 tons (improved 166,600 tons); Full load displacement 183008 tons (improved version 184,860 tons)

Dimensions: total length 475.4 meters (improved version 481.4 meters), waterline 464.8 meters, width 65.8 meters, draft 19.2-20.8 meters

Power: 16 boilers, 8 steam turbines, main engine output 260,000 horsepower (maximum 280,000 horsepower), 8 shafts;

Speed: 30 knots; Endurance: 9,400 nm/14 knots, 7,800 nm/20 knots

Armament: 12 triple 18-inch/50-caliber guns; 21 triple 6-inch/55-caliber secondary guns; 24 90-mm anti-aircraft guns, 40 twin 37-mm anti-aircraft guns, 48 twin 20-mm anti-aircraft guns. In 1942, 16 twin 20-mm anti-aircraft guns were added

Armor: main armor belt 720 mm (maximum); deck 438 mm (maximum); The main turret is 760 mm front, 400 mm on the top, and the turret is 700-560 mm; The secondary turret is 560 mm front, the top is 300-210 mm; conning tower 400-520 mm; The underwater mine protection system is resistant to 700 kg of TNT explosive equivalent. The total weight of the armor is 54180 tons

Carrier-based aircraft: 6 aircraft and 2 catapults, originally 6 Ro.43 seaplanes, 2 of which were later reconditioned Reggiane-RE2000

Crew: 3,840 people, including 240 officers.