Chapter 736 Moisturizing Things Silently (I)

Why does Silence attach so much importance to logic?

Because of any scientific research. Whether it is the natural sciences or the social sciences, the unknown knowledge is always obtained on the basis of the known. How to correctly reveal the unknown from the known is the research category of logic.

The birth of Aristotle's logic, on the one hand, originated from the developed debate technology of ancient Greece, and on the other hand, it directly came from the most popular geometry at that time, and his exposition on scientific proof was abstracted from the proof of geometry, and because of this, Aristotle's logical deduction system was born with mathematical rigor and reliability.

Using the system of logic, any science, whether natural or social, can be regarded as a series of propositions - consisting of a series of statements that are indisputably true. They can be divided into two parts: the first part is some self-evident basic propositions, i.e., axioms, such as 'two points that are different, can and can only be a straight line', and the second part is some propositions derived from axioms using logical rules, i.e., theorems, such as 'the sum of the internal angles of a triangle is equal to the sum of two right angles'. It is necessary to use propositions that are deduced according to axioms and apply logical rules.

Therefore, logic is a discipline that studies how to derive theorems from axioms and science. Aristotle apparently understood. Since then, he has devoted himself to perfecting and establishing a complete system of logic, scientifically expounding concepts and categories, judgments and propositions, proofs and fallacies, and so on.

He divides the argumentation of learning into two processes: 'induction from the individual to the universal' and 'deduction from the universal to the individual'. He affirmed the former, arguing that induction was persuasive and easy to learn and use; But it is deductive reasoning that is more focused on research and summary, and summarizes the syllogism of reasoning, which simply means 'If A is B, and B is C, then A is also C.' ’

The remarkable significance of this seemingly simple derivation process lies in the fact that it summarizes the process of human thinking and reasoning into such abstract symbols, which is more convenient to study its internal regularity through rigorous logical reasoning; Moreover, he systematically analyzed and classified the fallacies that may occur in the process of argumentation, and summarized thirteen situations in which fallacies occur, which is of extraordinary significance for teaching people to conduct rigorous thinking and reasoning.

Because the conclusions reached through logical reasoning are objective and can stand the test...... It has both an empirical basis and at the same time is independent of experience - objective truths that depend on axioms, rules of reasoning, and theorems; And the essence of this truth is also universal necessity, which reveals the universal nature of things.

For human society, the more important significance of Aristotelian logic lies in the fact that it opens up a new way for us to know the truth that is different from epistemology. That is to say, we can also obtain a truthful understanding of the unknown realm through logic, which is undoubtedly a more objective, less controversial, easier to understand, and easier to inherit the method of understanding, and it is also the basis for the establishment of the scientific system.

For the Chinese civilization, it is precisely because of the lack of logic that the whole society will fall into ambiguity and sophistry, for example, as the saying goes, 'a small amount is not a gentleman'; Another example is the saying 'one hero has three gangs', but as the saying goes, 'it is better to rely on others than on oneself'; another example is to say 'people go to high places', but as the saying goes, 'high places are not cold'......

It's really a human mouth with two skins, how can it be reasonable, and Shen Mo often laughs with people, saying that there are three people who absolutely can't believe it, namely 'as the saying goes', 'the saint said', and 'there is a way', otherwise you will bear the consequences. But what is reflected behind this is the sadness of the lack of logic of our entire nation, and it is precisely because of the lack of logic that the right and wrong of this country are so blurred.

And we know that whether it is social science or natural science, in order to pursue the truth, we must be objective and rigorous, eliminate all subjective interference, and not be sloppy! This is why the Chinese civilization was doomed to decline 1,500 years ago, deposing the hundred schools of thought and stifling Xunzi's materialist doctrine. It kills objectivity; Confucianism alone buried Mozi's logical doctrine, and it also buried rigor!

Without rigor and materialism, where would there be soil for scientific growth?

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It is ironic that Mozi had already established a similar logic decades before Aristotle. In Mozi, the Mojing, which consists of six expositions, is different in nature from the others, and its main content is not political theory, but scientific definitions and theories, which can enable people to establish correct views and refute erroneous views through logical means.

Moreover, Mozi's doctrine had a very huge influence at that time, and it was called Confucianism and Moxian together with Confucianism, and Mozi's logical doctrine was also widely accepted; On the contrary, Aristotle's logic, which was not the most popular epistemic theory at that time, was marginalized for a long time, and was even almost lost for seven or eight hundred years due to historical and political reasons.

But since then, the encounter between the two is sighing, because of the reason that Qin Shi Huang burned books to pit Confucianism and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism, Mohist thought was completely abandoned and never arose again; However, Aristotle's logic, however, was re-injected into Western culture by the greatest theologian of the Middle Ages, Saint Aquinas, as the basis of his Christian theory, and finally gained attention.

Since then, Aristotle's logic. It became the basis of Western philosophy and science, but this does not change the fact that after Aristotle's death, no one made any significant contribution to logic for more than 2,000 years...... Its twists and turns have once again proved that a small number of elites are decisive in history.

Now the silence is to use the power of this Western Sage to reawaken the scientific spirit that has been dormant for thousands of years. According to the memories of his previous life, after the introduction of Western thought, scholars such as Liang Qichao and Hu Shi used Western scientific methods to study the "Book of Ink", so that the world could understand how advanced the logic and scientific thought of our ancestors were in the world at that time.

The stones of other mountains can attack jade, and the method of copying Hu Shi and Liang Qichao is obviously much less difficult than making Mozi's doctrine reappear; But total westernization was not his goal, and Chinese civilization was not weak enough to be assimilated; In this way, he just wants to make China recreate the controversy of the pre-Qin period, rejuvenate its vitality, and obtain a future with infinite possibilities...... Let's call it the 'Renaissance of the East'.

Of course, Shen Mo knows that Confucianism has a deep accumulation, and people's concepts cannot be changed suddenly because of the impact of certain aspects; It's a new doctrine that's been borrowed. It is likely that the obscurity will be wiped out without any impact. In order to avoid this possibility, it is necessary to put on the cloak of science and name it "Detective Mingli", and it is only one of them to show people the skin of the science reference book.

Shen Mo also instructed Chen He that the wording of this "Famous Detective" must be personally checked by him, and after foreign scholars translate it into Chinese, Chen He should use the ancient Zhuzi and Wei and Jin Xuanxue terms to re-polish it, and must not change the essence of it. Make it close to the habits and preferences of the literati.

But he reminded everyone that this does not mean that it is possible to be vague and change concepts, and that it is necessary to ponder over and over again, and to consider every word, and to use the words as 'not a word is appropriate, and there is a little bit of corruption; The meticulous translation style of the passage is less thorny, and the interpretation is shifted, to deal with this philosophical work that is itself profound and difficult.

In the end, he put forward his deep hopes for this book, and said to everyone: "This study is really the sect of a hundred learnings, the grinding of right and wrong, the stone of authenticity, the balance of all arts, the sunlight of the spiritual world, the eyes of enlightenment, the key to righteousness, and the first need of all learnings." The efforts of all the gentlemen will open the door to all kinds of Chinese learning, and this book will be immortalized forever! ”

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Originally, Chen He wanted to ask Shen Mo to set up a translation plan, but now he doesn't need it, because according to the current manpower and Shen Mo's standards, it will take at least three years to translate this set of tomes; In the past three years, the entire Translation Bureau has not had to do anything else.

Shen Mo didn't care, but promised Chen He that he would increase professional manpower for him and go all out to create this set of "Famous Detective"!

During the whole arrangement, several Western scholars were very surprised by the young adult's familiarity with Western philosophy, and they secretly felt that this seemed to be a sage and prophetic figure, and their hearts were full of reverence, so when they asked them silently, they knew everything and said everything, and did not hide it in the slightest.

When the task was completed, Shen Mo suddenly asked the two scholars from England, "How many years has the queen of your country been on the throne?" ”

Ma Mudong and Wen Guangming thought for a while and said, "Her Majesty was crowned in 1559. The calendar converted to the Ming Dynasty is ......"

"Thirty-eight years of Jiajing." Before they could figure it out, Shen Mo already had an answer: "In five or six years, the position of power has been consolidated, right?" Fewer words"

"Probably not." "In the year we left England, Her Majesty the Queen promulgated the 'Supreme Law' and the 'Single Decree', stipulating that the King is the supreme leader of the state and the Church at the same time, and is like a holy monarch. "Yes, a queen who led the LinkedIn country, entered the Age of Discovery, and defeated the maritime hegemon Spain, of course, is a holy monarch.

'That's not a martial arts?' Gui Youguang and the others secretly said in their hearts, they were really strange that women inherited the throne.

Although Shen Mo was very interested in Queen Elizabeth, he was not most concerned about England, because the queen and her pirates had not yet dared to dream of defeating the Invincible Armada, so he asked the Spaniard Lin Sizhe: "Your king Philip II, how many years has he been on the throne?" ”

"Your Majesty ascended the throne in 1556, that is, the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing, and it has been eight years since then." Lin Sizhe deserved to be from a mathematical background, and reported it directly. He seemed to be quite dismissive of the so-called 'holy monarch' of the British, stroked his golden beard, and said proudly: "Looking down, this world is ruled by the kings of the two great powers of the East and the West, and the east is naturally His Majesty the Emperor of the Celestial Empire, while the West is His Majesty the Emperor of Spain. ”

"Bah, only you Spaniards think so," the English, of course, heard his contempt, and the Anglo-Saxons, who had always had a temper, retorted at once: "Too arrogant." ”

"Haha, the island country that hangs alone overseas is really rich in unknown so-called fools." Lin Sizhe raised his voice and said: "Our Emperor Majesty owns Spain, the Netherlands, Sicily and Naples, Franche-Comté, Milan and all of America and part of Africa, and the territory added up is not much smaller than that of the Ming Dynasty; Our riches are unrivaled in Europe, our navy is invincible at sea, our army has just defeated France, and our power is catching up with the Roman Empire! The countries of Europe will surely defeat the Ottoman Empire completely under the leadership of our emperor! ”

"Phew, nouveau riche!" What people say is the truth, the British can only blow their beards and stare in anger, and the French are not very happy, because their status as the overlord of the European continent was indeed snatched away by the Spaniards.

From Lin Sizhe, we can also see the current state of Spain, so a scholar of Sven has become so fanatical when it comes to his country and the emperor, not to mention the army and the people of this country, if the Ming Dynasty can really go to the road of rejuvenation, this is the real enemy.

Although it is still a bit far from talking about revival, Shen Mo suddenly remembered something and asked Lin Sizhe: "Is your king seeking to annex Portugal?" ”

"Sure enough, it's notorious," Wen Guangming said, "The Ming Dynasty, who is thousands ......of miles away, knows Philip II's wolf ambitions. It seems that this matter is already an open secret in the West, and the ambition of Philip II will indeed bring Spain to unprecedented heights.

"You know what?" Lin Sizhe said: "Our Majesty has half Portuguese royal blood, and the Iberian Peninsula should have been united. ”

Several foreigners quarreled again, but Chen He said that they were just arguing and would not affect their work, so Shen Mo didn't say anything more, because his mind had drifted to Nanyang - this is not a metaphor, but really Nanyang, Spain's annexation of Portugal is doomed, just to see how long Portugal can hold out, Shen Mo vaguely remembers, about 1580, there are still about ten years.

Once the big tooth eats the small tooth, then the Portuguese colonies around the world will naturally be taken over by the Spaniards, and other places can be left alone, but in their own back garden, Shen Mo will never let Spain occupy it again.

A map of the world came to mind, sailing south from the west coast of Africa, rounding the Cape of Good Hope, sailing along the east coast of Africa for a while, crossing the Arabian Sea to India, and then from Goa to Malacca, which was the lifeblood of the Portuguese Empire in the Eastern world...... It was also the only sea route between the East and the West before the excavation of the Suez Canal, so it is also known as the 'Maritime Silk Road'.

Further northeast from Malacca can reach Macau and Japan, which are occupied by Xu Hai and Wang Zhi; If you can go east into the Spice Islands, it is the East Indies, so named because of the abundance of spices; In order to monopolize the European spice market, Portugal colonized there by force. The Luzon states were spared because they were vassals of the Ming Dynasty, but the Spaniards had already sailed from Mexico across the ocean, and had established colonies north of Manila, showing their fangs at any time.

This is the basic situation of the southern maritime frontier of the Ming Dynasty. Because Portugal, which currently rules Southeast Asia, is still slightly weaker, it maintains an attitude of reverence for the Ming Dynasty, and the Ming merchant fleet is also able to travel unhindered on the Maritime Silk Road; But once Spain became a landlord, this inflated and domineering master was unlikely to make the merchant fleet of the Ming Kingdom so comfortable.

Counting on the friendly attitude of others is tantamount to relying on the sky to eat, or holding the waterway in your own hands is the king, Shen Mo decided to wait for the return of Zhejiang, ask Xu Hai to come back, and plan well...... is already a very good maritime strength, at least ten years of planning time, what a big opportunity is this? At worst, they will take Malacca and turn the East Indies Sea into China's inland lake.

I feel that this matter is still very graspable, Shen Mo is in a good mood, full of energy, not at all like he hasn't slept all night, on the carriage back, he chatted with his two companions with great interest, and asked Gui Youguang how he feels today.

Gui Youguang said that there is..., first, it turns out that Xitai also has a history as long as ours, and from so many books, we know that their civilization is also remarkable; second, the beef is half-cooked and cut with a knife and fork, which is very unaccustomed; Thirdly, is Spain really that powerful? Will it be a threat to the Ming Dynasty?

Hearing this, Shen Mo said lightly: "How can you allow others to snore on the side of the couch?" Whoever dares to touch the fence of my Ming Dynasty will chop off his hand! That tough determination surprised Gui Youguang and made Zheng Ruozeng's eyes shine.

Shen Mo looked at it in his eyes and said with a smile: "Mr. Kaiyang is interested in this matter, so let's do it with me." ”

"You haven't convinced me yet...... Zheng Ruozeng shook his head and smiled: "Could it be that you mean that you can solve that problem by translating that "Logic"?" You just have logic, and the emperor's words will make you lose logic. ”

"Of course it's not that," Shen Mo smiled faintly, and said, "Actually, the Translation Bureau has finished translating a book, but everyone has been ordered to keep silent." ”

"What do you say?" Zheng Ruozeng and Gui have a path of light.

"Take it back and see it." Shen Mo pushed a wooden box on the table in front of Zheng Ruozeng, which was personally delivered by Chen He before getting into the car.

partition

Those metaphysical things, trying to explain them simply and clearly, are really troublesome, but fortunately, they are in the past

Chapter 736 Moisturizing Things Silently (I)

Chapter 736 Moisturizing Things Silently (Up, to the website.)