Chapter 735: The Wheel of History (II)

I flipped through the thick roster. Shen Mo saw some doorways, it turned out that it used the method of encyclopedia compilation, in addition to the title of the book and the outline, divided into philosophy, literature, poetry, architecture, machinery, shipbuilding, aesthetics, physics, law, art, pharmacy, mathematics, astronomy, rhetoric, grammar...... and more than 30 categories, with a wide variety of patterns.

But it is not difficult to choose, because the goal of silence is to be a blockbuster, and you can't choose practical disciplines such as architecture, physics, and machinery to start, otherwise you will inevitably be amazed by the scholars and doctors, and regarded as a miracle skill, and it will be difficult to get into the hall of elegance.

Then the aesthetics of poetry art are not vulgar, but eighty percent of them cannot be appreciated by modern people. So philosophy became the only option. Because philosophy is abstract from appearances, it does not distinguish between East and West, it studies the origin and truth of the world, and the source exists in simplicity and the truth is universally applicable -- so that all the intellectual activities of the wise will eventually be sublimated into the pursuit of philosophy, regardless of the East and the West.

Not to mention Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle in the West...... Speaking of the Chinese civilization at almost the same time, there were hundreds of schools of thought, such as Laozi, Confucius, Zhuangzi, Mozi, Xunzi, Han Feizi, Guiguzi, etc., and their doctrines were rich and colorful. They are different, but their core ideas are all the understanding of the origin of the world, a serious analysis of oneself, an exploration of the meaning of life and moral practice, and the most brilliant Eastern philosophy.

Although he strongly advocated the introduction of Tessie's philosophy, Shen Mo did not think from the bottom of his heart that the philosophy of the East was worse than that of the West; A copy of the Tao Te Ching, with only 5,000 words, has formed a complete set of Taoist philosophy...... This Taoist is a philosophical Taoist, a non-religious Taoist...... I have been reading silently for ten years, but I am still infinitely useful, whether it is self-cultivation and life, governing the country and the country, or being born and entering the WTO, I have gained a lot. Personally, he believes that in a complete philosophical system, this is the doctrine closest to the origin of the world, and there is no other in the world.

Almost all of Taixi's philosophical thoughts and conflicts, Shen Mo can also find the same expositions and contradictions from the writings of the pre-Qin hundred schools:

For example, the most important is the 'epistemology' that explores the nature, connection, and objective laws of things, and the idealists represented by Socrates and Plato follow the stream of consciousness and hold 'agnosticism' to deny the objective existence of things, while Aristotle embarked on a materialist line, emphasizing that things exist and can be known.

The many great powers of the pre-Qin Dynasty also conducted in-depth research on the sources and possibilities of cognition, and the cognitive ability of human beings, and also clearly showed the opposition between idealism and materialism. For example, Confucius said, 'Those who are born to know are also superior; Those who learn and know. He also ...... that he thinks that sages like Lao Tzu are 'born to know', and they don't need to learn the things of the world to understand everything, but at the same time, he thinks that he is not so powerful, and he still needs to learn and know, so he also needs to read and think about the external things, so as not to 'learn without thinking, and think without learning, he will die', it can be said that he is the most contradictory idealist.

Mencius went a step further and believed that people should 'turn to themselves', that is, to explore their own inner world, in order to expand their inherent conscience and conscience, so as to achieve the level of a sage who 'knows without worrying and can do without learning', which is the most pious idealism.

Lao Tzu, who was admired by Confucius, advocated the absoluteness of learning and abandoning wisdom, and using the method of 'contemplation and mysticism' to experience the formless and nameless Tao, so as to achieve the realm of the same mystery as the Heavenly Dao, so that you can 'know the world without leaving home; Don't peep, know the way of heaven', is the most mysterious idealism.

As for Zhuang Zhou, who can't tell whether he is a butterfly or Zhuang Zhou. Falling directly into skepticism and agnosticism, and completely denying objectivity, can be described as the most radical idealism......

In stark contrast to Confucius and Mencius Laozhuang, Mozi believed that the understanding of objective things is the basis and basis of people's 'so knowledge', which attaches importance to both the sensory experience of the five senses and the discerning thinking of the 'heart', and initially links perceptual cognition with rational cognition.

Further, Xunzi criticized, inherited and developed the epistemological ideas of the pre-Qin princes, and established a great system of naïve materialist epistemology. He said: 'Heaven is constant, not for Yao, not for ruin.' If it should be treated, it will be auspicious, and if it should be chaotic, it will be vicious. If you are strong and economizeal, you can't be poor; When you are ready to move, you can't get sick; If you follow the road and do not follow the path, the sky will not be a disaster. It completely rejects the statement that heaven has a will, and clearly separates the objective laws of nature from the rise and fall of human society.

Moreover, on the basis of 'the separation of heaven and man', he boldly put forward the glorious idea of 'making the destiny of heaven and using it', believing that instead of viewing the way of heaven as great and admiring it, it is better to treat it as a kind of thing to raise it and control it! Instead of obeying nature and glorifying it, why not take advantage of it by mastering and controlling its laws of change? If he looks up to the heavens and waits for his gifts, how can he not adapt to the conditions of the time, so that the heavens can serve him, strengthen himself, and overcome nature?

On the basis of completely denying the destiny of heaven, he also denied the theory of fate in the void, saying that "the good or bad of life is not predestined by nature." Rather, it is determined by what path people choose the day after tomorrow. Instead of believing that fate is predestined, it is better to choose the right method of thinking. ’

And he has an excellent understanding of the 'method of thinking', that is, the method of understanding. First of all, he said, 'Whatever is known, so is human nature; It can be known that the principle of things is also. It is clearly stated that 'man has the ability to know things; Things can be known', the basic premise of materialist epistemology.

Then, he said that the common problem of people's understanding is that they are limited by one side of things, and do not understand the full truth. Only when people have a comprehensive understanding of things can they make their understanding conform to the right path. He emphasized that there should be correct methods and ways to understand the laws of things--he emphasized that we should start with a comprehensive perceptual understanding of things, and then rational thinking can verify and abstract various senses; If perceptual understanding is wrong and one-sided, how can we recognize the correct law? Therefore, people's intellectual talent is not innate, but the result of acquired learning and accumulation, which also refutes the transcendental theory of 'born to know', which is epistemological materialism.

It is precisely because of this epistemology that he was able to oppose Confucius and Mencius' empty talk of benevolence, righteousness and morality, while ignoring the fundamental needs of human beings, which is the embodiment of materialism in social life.

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Why two thousand years ago. How can the philosophies of the East and the West coincide so much that even the differences are so similar? Because the nature of things does not change in any way because it is in the East or the West. Therefore, when civilization reaches a certain level, human minds will inevitably follow the will of heaven all the way and get spiritual satisfaction; The other way is to focus on oneself and face everything with the mentality of a strong man.

These two are yin and yang, heaven and earth, but in fact, they can't tell the difference. As far as silence is concerned, twenty years ago, he was unwavering materialistic, and then ten years ago. He was convinced of undoubted idealism. But now he is no longer either/or, he believes that when dealing with all aspects of society and nature, sometimes it is necessary to be materialistic, sometimes it is necessary to be idealistic...... Reverence for the way of heaven, but not blind fear, self-improvement, but not reckless, this is his own epistemology......

Under the guidance of this epistemology, Shen Mo repeatedly scrutinizes and abstracts the past history. Tracing back to the source, he found that since the Western Han Dynasty, the progress of Chinese civilization has slowed down, especially the development of science, which is in a state of stagnation for a thousand years, which must have been a big problem at that time - it clearly pointed to Dong Zhongshu and his 'deposing of the hundred schools of thought and exclusive respect for Confucianism'.

The so-called 'deposing a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone' is an academic exclusivity, a political confinement, and a philosophical murder -- it murdered Mo Xun in the name of Confucius and Mencius. Since then, the mainstream of the Chinese has been complete idealism, and occasionally there are one or two materialistic shouts, but they cannot stir up any waves.

Regardless of who is superior to materialism and idealism, in the long river of history, if idealism is chosen, the high-end wisdom of human beings will close their curiosity about all things in heaven and earth, and they will no longer bother to pursue the truth of things, dilute the pursuit of material life, and turn to the exhaustive study of heaven and reason. Generation after generation of disciples of Confucius and Mencius all firmly believe in the existence of the way of heaven in order to touch its doorway.

They believe that the exploration of the way of heaven should follow the process of 'wholeheartedly, intellectually, and knowing the heavens' -- idealism has nothing, and the first is exhausted, and one day it is necessary to devote oneself to studying the words and deeds of the sages, to explore one's own inner world, and to expand one's inherent conscience and conscience. You will be able to comprehend the way of heaven, and then you will be able to understand all the mysteries of this world, see through all the disguises, know all the knowledge, and everything in the world can be mastered!

This is the 'Dao', which is the sum of all the laws in the world, the most fundamental law, as long as you can understand the Dao, you can understand everything in the world. The person who does it is a sage, so it is called the way of a sage.

This approach must not be denied, because someone has done it. The earliest is Yao Shunyu soup; The most powerful is Lao Tzu, born to know, he is the Tao, the Tao is him, there is no need to explore hard; Confucius and Mencius, and the rest of the sons did the same, but with much more difficulty...... If these examples are too far away, then there was a Wang Yangming a few decades ago, and he seems to have done it.

If we go beyond the trap of Confucianism and Taoism and look at all the idealistic sects, we will see that the six ancestors of Buddhism, Huineng and Deshan Linji, have all 'enlightened' the Tao...... Buddhism has its own method, which focuses on epiphany.

However, no matter which one of the 'Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism' is too few, too few and too few, to be used by the general public, and it can even be said that, except for a very small number of geniuses, it is impossible for the general public to truly know, understand, and even grasp the world with idealistic thoughts. Sadly, since the Han Dynasty, there have only been these three philosophies on the land of China, and it has been determined that for nearly 2,000 years, Chinese have been stagnant in their understanding, understanding and mastery of this world, and it is difficult to survive.

Although at the beginning, the West was too far behind us, but we waited for 1,500 years, and they caught up with them, even if they were turtles, because they did not depose a few exclusive families, so Aristotle's mantle was left behind, and it was carried forward to form a systematic discipline, and finally even the Holy See was enshrined as a golden rule, which no one could question...... Although this in itself is contrary to the spirit of Aristotle, as long as his doctrine exists, it will give birth to generations of warriors who will pursue objective truth and eventually return to the right path.

Shen Mo certainly believes this.

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According to the silent epistemology: the operation of this world has its huge inertia, and it cannot change anything in a short period of time, but with the help of the right time, place and people, grasp the key points and exert force, and after a long time, the effect will be seen.

In Shen Mo's view, now is that moment...... With Wang Yangming's sanctification in other ways, Cheng Zhu Lixue, which was forcibly erected by Zhu Yuanzhang, appeared to collapse; In fact, in the Southern Song Dynasty, the mainstream denounced science as pseudo-science, and it was only later that Zhu Yuanzhang forcibly promoted it as orthodoxy with imperial power, and designated the textbook for the imperial examination, which established its authoritative position...... This also proves from the side that the vast majority of history is created by a small number of elites, and we and other grass people act as a background when they are lucky, and act as tools when they are unlucky, and that's it.

However, Wang Yangming's sanctification and great prosperity in mental science had a serious impact on science; Moreover, the method of 'following the principles of heaven and destroying human desires' has also not met the requirements of this hedonistic society with great material abundance, and has reached the point of crumbling; and the rise of the study of mind, although it is the purest idealism, its most valuable point is that it is anti-authoritarian -- moving with one's heart and acting at will, which has brought a breath of fresh and free air to the Chinese nation that Zhu Yuanzhang has suffocated!

What's more, the most radical Taizhou school in Wang Xue, a group of monsters represented by He Xinyin, Li Zhen, etc., is even more crazy, what Confucius and Mencius, it is all false Taoism; What the words of a saint are, they are all farts; What are the three outlines and five constants, that can only be figured out by people who pick up ashes. In short, to bring down all authority and to defy all norms.

In fact, feudal etiquette has gradually relaxed, ten years ago, it was still unthinkable for a woman to divorce and remarry, but now, it seems that it is not a big deal; Shen Mo's more personal experience is that Qinglou Ji courtyard has sprung up like mushrooms after a rain, blooming everywhere; All kinds of **** are extremely popular, and many excellent authors and loyal readers have emerged...... Silence is one of the latter.

This is the best era, this is the worst era, in the old Taoists, the Ming Dynasty is about to collapse and be hopeless, so they can only shake their heads and sigh while peeking at "Meat Futon"; In the eyes of the hedonist, this is a grand event to be held, and what needs to be done is to enjoy the party; In the view of silence, this is a golden opportunity given by history, to seize all the time, the foundation of science wedged into the Ming Dynasty, I believe that with the more and more relaxed social environment, people will have more and more diversified choices, among which there will be flowers of hope, blooming soil.

And why did you choose to translate Western studies? In addition to the more systematic and perfect Western learning, it is also because people always have a curious attitude towards foreign theories and are not so resistant...... In fact, Xunzi's simple materialist thought and Mozi's simple logical thought are enough, but if you really want to move these two out, it will inevitably cause senseless sectarian opinions, and then evolve into a battle of wills, and in the end only quarrels remain.

The stones of other mountains can be used to attack jade. Not only because the stones of his mountain are hard, but also because of the stones of this mountain, they will break the jade.

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Although it is not difficult to say, it took a lot of silent effort to find the one needed from such a thick catalog, and it was easy to find the name on page 250. Finger nodded on it: "This is it!" ”

“Lógica？” Chen He said softly.

"Yes, Aristotle's Logic!" Silence is categorical: "It can supplement the flaws of our Eastern philosophy, and it is also a gimmick in itself." ”

"Where's the good?" Everyone asked curiously.

"With a little refinement, it can be packaged as a reference book for the study of things." Shen Mo smiled: "If I say that this book talks about the basic principles of learning from things, do you think it will cause a sensation?" ”

"Of course, I've been doing things all my life, and I don't have a clue yet, of course I hope there will be a guiding light." Chen He has been attending various literati gatherings all year round, and knows that everyone's excitement is there: "However, the name of logic, which does not quite resemble a book on science. ”

"Then change it." Shen Mo thought about it: "How about calling it "Famous Detective"? ”

"Detective?" A few leaned on him to enter and exit at the same time.

"Yes!" Shen nodded silently and said: "I have thought of the propaganda words - everyone in the world wants to obtain the way of the sages, but how much extravagance to talk about nothingness, surprise as magic, is the knowledge does not need to be a thing, Xi epiphany is the purpose, and it is absurd and absurd, and it is far from the road to the truth?" Nowadays, there are several volumes of the "Detective of Famous Reason" by the Western Philosopher, which can make the world understand this true truth, and use it for enlightenment, and inference for the ladder. The purpose of reading is like a mystery, and the taste of its reason is true, and it is the original of the reason for the exhaustion! ”

partition

This chapter seems a bit boring, but it's really something I want to express too much, and it's been repeated and straightforward, so everyone forgive me for being willful this time, and I'm sure the wonderful story will start right away.

Chapter 735: The Wheel of History (II)

Chapter 735 The Wheel of History (Down, to the website