Zizhang said: When a soldier encounters danger, he can sacrifice his life at a critical moment; When you see that there is a profit, you should first consider whether it meets the requirements of righteousness. When you sacrifice, you can think about whether you are serious and respectful, and when you mourn, you can think about whether you are sad, and this is fine. How can such a person be said to be virtuous if he practices virtue but cannot carry it forward, and who believes in the Tao but cannot be faithful and firm? How can it be said that he has no morals?

Zi Xia's students ask Zi Zhang how to make friends; Zizhang replied: What did Zixia say? The student replied: Zixia said, "If you can make friends, make friends with him, and reject him if you can't." After hearing this, Zizhang said: What I know is different from what you said, the gentleman not only respects the sage, but also accommodates everyone; Able to praise the good and sympathize with the incompetent; If I am a very virtuous person, then there is nothing I cannot tolerate with others; If I am not a virtuous person, then people will reject me, how can I talk about rejecting people?

Zixia said: Even if it is a small skill, there will definitely be merit, but for a big business, small skills may not work, so the gentleman does not engage in these small skills. Learn something you didn't know in the past every day, and don't forget what you've learned every month, so you can call it a good learner. Well-read, wide-read, and well-remembered, able to ask questions and think about issues related to oneself, Ren is one of them. Craftsmen from all walks of life have to spend all day in the workshop to complete their work; A gentleman must learn for life in order to achieve the goal of realizing the Tao. The villain has made a mistake, and it must be covered up.

Zixia said: There are three kinds of changes in a gentleman: from a distance he looks solemn and fearful, when approaching he feels that he is gentle and amiable, and when listening to him speak his language is stern and unscrupulous. When a gentleman treats the people, he must enslave them only after gaining their trust, otherwise the people will think that he is abusing them. When a gentleman treats the monarch, he must only take persuasion after gaining trust, otherwise the monarch will think that he is slandering him. As a person, you can't go beyond the boundaries in the big sections, and it's okay to have some discrepancies in the small sections.

Zi Lobby: Zi Xia's students, it's okay to do some things to clean and greet guests, but these are just small things, and they haven't learned the fundamental things. After hearing this, Zixia said: Alas! Ziyou is wrong about this; The way of a gentleman is taught first, and then which is taught, which is like grass and wood, there are classifications; How can the way of a gentleman be distorted at will to deceive students? I am afraid that the only people who can teach students in order from beginning to end are saints! Zixia once said: Those who still have spare energy to be an official can go to study; Those who still have the energy to study can become officials.

(Two of Confucius' students, Ziyou and Zixia, had a heated argument over how to teach their students.) However, there is no fundamental difference in this process, but each has its own way of thinking about the method of education. ）

Zi lobbied: It's okay to do the funeral as much as possible. My friend Zi Zhang can be said to be a rare talent, but he still hasn't been benevolent. Zeng Zi said: Zizhang has a dignified appearance, but it is difficult to be benevolent with him; I heard from my teacher that it is impossible for people to give full play to their emotions on their own, and if they can, it must be when their parents die; I also heard from the teacher that the filial piety of Doctor Meng Zhuangzi of Lu Guo can be done by others, but he does not replace his father's old ministers and rectification measures, which is difficult for others to do.

Meng appointed Zengzi's disciple Yang Fu as a prison officer, and Yang Fu asked Zeng Zi for advice on being an official; Zeng Tzu told him: If the people in the higher positions leave the right path, the people will turn away from virtue; If you can figure out their situation, you should have pity on them, not be smug. Zigong said: The bad deeds of the king are not as serious as the legend; However, a gentleman hates being in an inferior place, and once he is in an inferior place, all the bad things and bad reputation in the world will be attributed to him. A gentleman's fault is like a solar and lunar eclipse; He made mistakes, and people could see them; He corrected his mistakes, and people looked up to him.

Gongsun Chao, the great doctor of the country, asked Zigong: Where did Zhongni learn such knowledge? Zigong replied: The way of King Wen and King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty has not been lost, and it remains among the people; Virtuous people can understand its roots, and unvirtuous people can only understand its details, and there is no place where there is no way of King Wen and King Wu; Our teacher can learn anywhere, and there is no need to have a fixed teacher to teach him.

Uncle Wu, one of the uncles of the Three Huans, said to the doctors at the court: I feel that Zigong is more virtuous than Zhongni! The eldest doctor, Zifu Jingbo, told Zigong what he said; After hearing this, Zigong replied: Take the wall as an analogy, the wall of my house is only shoulder high, but the wall of the teacher's house is several feet high, if you can't find the door to enter, you can't see the magnificence of the temple and the splendor of the house inside; Not many people can find the door to get in; Isn't it natural for Uncle Wu to say this?

Uncle Wu slandered Zhong Ni, and Zi Gong said after hearing this: It's useless for you to do this, Zhong Ni can't slander it! The virtues of others are like hills, and they can surpass the past, and the virtues of Jonny are like the sun and the moon, which cannot be surpassed; Although some people compare themselves to the sun and the moon, how does this damage the sun and the moon? It only shows that he is not self-sufficient.

Chen Ziyu said to Zigong: You are just modest, is Zhongni really more virtuous than you? Zigong replied: A gentleman's words can show his wisdom, and a word can also show his unwisdom, so you can't be careless in your words. The Master is unreachable, just as the heavens cannot climb up a ladder. If we teachers can get the right to govern the country, as we say, "If the people are based on society, the people will be based on society; Lead the people, and they will follow; to appease the people, and they will come to him; If you mobilize the people, they will be united and strong." It is very glorious for the Master to live, and it is a great pity for the Master to die. I am no match for the Master.

(20) "Yao Yue"

The Yao Yue is the 20th and last of the Analects. After writing this article, the entire classic content of the Analects is over. This one consists of three chapters, but the passages are relatively long, and the famous verses are: "When a gentleman gives favors to the people without spending it himself, he can make the people work hard and the people have no resentment; pursue benevolence and virtue without greed for financial gain; Solemn but not arrogant; majestic but not fierce"; "If you are generous, you will be supported by everyone, and if you are sincere, you will be appointed by others"; "Restore the destroyed country, continue the broken family, and promote the left behind." In this article, it mainly talks about Yao Chan giving the emperor the throne to Shun, and Shun Chan giving the emperor the throne to Yu, which is the so-called good governance of the three generations and Confucius's basic requirements for governing state affairs.