[There is only one change today.] My son was burned by a motorcycle exhaust and went to the doctor for treatment. I'm sorry! 】

In the Tang Dynasty, people's names were absolutely different from those now, and the reading habits of people were mainly based on the reading habits of today. Otherwise, it will be very awkward. Now let's sort out the title of the Tang Dynasty and some related materials.

[Lady]: In the play, between husband and wife, there are many "fathers" and "mothers" and the like. But in the Tang Dynasty, basically, men and women greeted each other, regardless of whether they knew each other or not, they could all be called "ladies". The younger ones can be called "little ladies". Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, "lady" did not mean wife.

[Xiang Gong]: In the Tang Dynasty, only the prime minister was called "Xiang Gong". So this minister can't scream indiscriminately.

[Elder brother]: In the Tang Dynasty family law, the father called himself elder brother to the son, or called his father as the elder brother when he spoke to others. But not universally. Calling my father my brother, but not just my brother. Generally, it depends on how much the father ranks in the family, and then uses the ranking to call the brothers. For example, if the father is the fourth in the family, the child can call the father "fourth brother". The Tang people call their fathers and brothers brothers, and the elders call their younger generations, brothers to younger brothers, and friends of the same generation by their names or lang.

[My Lord]: In the Tang Dynasty, it was used as an honorific title for fathers, and it was not used to address officials whose status was higher than oneself, and when lower-level officials met higher-level officials or the people met officials, they were not as subservile as later generations.

[Emperor]: The emperors of the Tang Dynasty often used "saint", "lord", and "everyone". As for those close to him or his close attendants, they are called "everyone", and the people around the emperor use them, but the ministers generally do not use them. Interestingly, in the Tang Dynasty, women called their mother-in-law "everyone".

[Queen Mother]: Calling herself "I".

[Crown Prince]: Often called "Lang Jun" by people around him.

[Princes, Kings]: Sometimes they call themselves "widows".

[Guogong]" calls himself "Lonely".

[Lord, Mrs.]: Slaves in the Tang Dynasty called the male master "Ah Lang" or "master"; Hostesses: Lady and Lady; and called the young master "Lang Jun"; Calling both the housewife and the lady "lady".

[Inferior]: Call someone with a lower status than yourself, such as a nephew, you can directly call him by his big or small name, and use "you", "you", "you" and "er" when speaking to your face. When you are angry, you can scold "dog slave", "cheap maid", etc., but don't call it "slave". Your slaves and maids will not call themselves "slaves", a word that was not a title in the Tang Dynasty. The self-proclaimed slaves and maids include "cheap slaves", "slaves", etc.

[On the street]: Elderly male elders are called "old men"; If it is an old woman's words, she is called "grandma" and "old lady"; is a young and middle-aged man, called "Lang Jun"; Young and middle-aged women are called "Niangzi"; Young men and women are called "Xiao Langjun" and "Little Lady".

[Lang, Niang]: In the Tang Dynasty, familiar men were mostly called by their surnames plus the line or finally "Lang", such as: Zhang Sanlang; And the women are mostly called by their surnames plus "Niang", such as: "Gongsun Auntie", "Li Twelve Niang" and so on. Or "Xiao Lang" and "Xiao Niang" as universal pronouns.

[Husband's younger brother]: for "Xiaolang"; And the son-in-law is also called "Langzi".

[Officialdom]: In the Tang Dynasty, "adult" was only used as an honorific title for the father, and was not used to address officials with a higher status than themselves. When the prime minister sees an assassin, he will call himself "so-and-so", and call the assassin "so-and-so" or "so-and-so". And the self-title of this assassin to the prime minister is also "so-and-so", and in the same way, the people under the rule of this assassin call this assassin envoy, which is also "a certain assassin" or "a certain envoy", and the self-title of the assassin to the people is also the same as the self-proclaimed "so-and-so" of the people to the assassin. Similarly, for a squire, whether it is his superiors or his subordinates or even the people, they all call him "a certain squire", and for Dali Siqing, even if he is a prisoner in prison awaiting trial, he is also called "a certain secretary". Even in the public court, if the people are men, they call themselves "so-and-so," and women call themselves "sons" as usual. For example, a person of Guo Ziyi's status refers to a worker who repairs a wall to his house by referring to himself as "so-and-so", and the worker responds by also calling himself "so-and-so".

In the Tang Dynasty, there were roughly the following names for officials.

1. "Surname" + "Official". The "official" here does not have to be the full name, for example, Liu is a "free rider and a regular attendant", and is often only called "Liu Changshi". Basically, each official has some conventional titles, the surname Zhao "Bingbu Shangshu" and the surname Qian "Rite Department Shangshu" are called "Zhao Shangshu" and "Qian Shangshu", and the surname Wang surnamed Li "Si Xun Chief, Examination Chief" is called "Wang Chief" and "Li Chief", and so on.

Second, it is an honorific title such as "surname" + "public", which is widely used, can be used by the people, and can also be used in officialdom. If you travel to the Zhenguan period, see Fang Xuanling and say "Fang Gong is good", and see Wei Zheng and say "Wei Gong Wanfu", people will think that you are a very educated child.

3. It is "surname" + "official name alias". For example, the Tang people called the county order "Ming Mansion", so the Zhang County Order and Li County Order would be called "Zhang Ming Mansion" and "Li Ming Mansion".

[The people see the emperor]: Like the hundred officials, they also call themselves "ministers".

[The emperor called himself]: "I". In addition, sometimes "I" or "I" is also used. Others call the emperor: In the Tang Dynasty, the emperor was often called "saint", and as for the ** son of heaven like Emperor Tang Ming, those close to him called him "San Lang".

[The queen calls herself]: When the queen mother issued an order, she called herself "Yu", and when she saw the ministers in the palace, she was called "I", and many times she also used "I".

[Concubine self-proclaimed]: On formal occasions, "concubines, etc.", "concubines" can also be used, and "I" or "I" are usually used.

[The princess calls herself]: To the emperor, she also calls "I" or "I".

[The emperor's name to his son]: If you are intimate, you can call him a nickname, and you can usually call him by his name or call him ranked, such as Jiulang and the like

[The crown prince calls himself]: I usually use "I" or "I", in addition, the emperor or the queen or the time can use "sons", and the subordinates can use "little king".

[Eunuchs, palace maids]: In the Tang Dynasty, eunuchs were called "eunuchs", "eunuchs" or "envoys". The female ones are "palace people", "palace maids", and "maids", which are not much different from later generations.

[Self-proclaimed:] Boy, contemptible, "so-and-so" is the kind of humble title that is not humble or arrogant, and it is common to the whole society.

[Clothing, food, housing and transportation]: The costumes of the Tang Dynasty still have the difference between the noble and the inferior in terms of shape, material and color. In the fourth year of Wude (621), Tang Gaozu initially established the system of clothing, stipulating four kinds of clothing systems: sacrificial clothing, court clothing (also known as clothing), official clothing (also known as provincial clothing), and regular clothing (also known as swallow clothing). Among them, the regular dress stipulates that the red yellow color is for the emperor, and the yellow robe has become a symbol of the emperor since then. Subsequently, Tang Taizong, Gaozong, Dezong, Wenzong, etc. also issued orders to make clear regulations on the difference between the clothing of civil and military officials and ordinary people.

Generally speaking, the costumes of the nobles, bureaucrats, and wealthy families were made of brocade silk, while the common people could only wear coarse linen clothes, and there were strict hierarchical restrictions on the wearing of clothing.

The fashion of men's clothing in the Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into two stages. From the early Tang Dynasty to the prosperous Tang Dynasty, it was fashionable to wear trouser pleated clothing, wearing a hood on the head, wearing a round-necked, right-handed, knee-length narrow-sleeved robe, a leather belt at the waist, and long boots or soft leather boots. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the men's clothing of the upper class was restored to the wide robes and long sleeves and long skirts and high shoes of the Qin and Han dynasties, but the trouser pleated clothing style was still popular among the lower class people.

The costumes of women in the Tang Dynasty were rich and gorgeous, and there were many changes before and after, but the basic clothing had several styles of skirts, undergarments, shirts, and drapes. In the early Tang Dynasty, due to the old Sui Dynasty, most of the women's clothing wore narrow-sleeved shirts on the upper body, and long skirts on the lower body, and the feet were bowed or high-headed, that is, the so-called "small-headed shoes and narrow clothes". With the development of social economy, ethnic relations, and the close relations between China and foreign countries, especially the emancipation of women's minds, the shape of women's clothing in the Tang Dynasty tended to be exposed and open. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, upper-class women went out a lot, and their whole body was disabled. Since Yonghui, all use hats,

The hat skirt reaches the neck, gradually revealing it. When Wu Zetian was in full bloom, the hat was in full bloom. At the time of Zhongzong, it was extinct. At the beginning of the new century, topless women's clothing was prevalent, and beautiful makeup appeared, without covering, and the scholars competed to imitate it. Soon, he rode a horse with a bearded hat, galloped with a haircut, or wore men's clothes, boots and shirts, and swaggered through the market. In the early years of Tianbao, "the nobles and the people were good at wearing beards and hats, while the women were shaking hairpins and hairpins, and the sleeves were narrow", and there was an open clothing style of "pink breasts and half covering the dark snow" and "long white snow occupying the chest"[1]. After the Tang Dynasty, narrow-sleeved clothing gradually became obsolete, replaced by wide-sleeved shirts, and women's clothing became fatter and more praised.

The hairstyles of women in the Tang Dynasty were very varied, with combing high buns as beauty, and the hairstyles included cloud buns, snail buns, reverse buns, semi-turned buns, triangular buns, double-ringed fairy buns, Uighur buns, and black buns. The facial makeup is also very complicated, and the makeup sequence is roughly to apply lead powder, wipe rouge, graffiti yellow, draw eyebrows, point lipstick, draw facial nightmare, appliqué, etc., among which the eyebrow style has more than a dozen kinds such as mandarin ducks, hills, five mountains, three peaks, weeping beads, moon shuttles, etc.

The diet of the Tang Dynasty was richer and more diverse than that of the previous generations, with wheat, millet and rice as the main staple foods, and a variety of miscellaneous grains in between. Wheat pasta is the most important food, both high and low are eaten, with the most types of cakes, there are soup cakes, Hu cakes, steamed cakes, pancakes, Fandang cakes, red silk pies, five-color cakes and so on. The trowel has also been made zuò, which is called nail sitting, gluttony or mantou, and is mostly set up for sacrifices. Among the staple foods are dumplings (i.e., baked cakes), cold utensils (i.e., steamed dumplings), wontons, etc. Non-staple foods are mainly onions, leeks, garlic, ginger, spinach, bamboo shoots, apricots, pears, dates, melons, grapes and other vegetables and fruits. Meat is also very common, especially in wealthy families, where cows, sheep, pigs, and chickens are the mainstay, and animal water and internal organs are also beginning to be cooked into various delicacies. Fish products such as clams, mandarin fish, shrimp and crab are also included in the diet. Condiments include salt, vinegar, sauce, pepper, sucrose, etc.

Wine has become a necessity in the life of the Tang people, and drinking is very popular. There are many famous wines all over the country, only in the area of Chang'an, Beijing, there are Xishi dialect, Langguanqing, Apoqing, Xinfeng wine, Qiujia wine, Huxian wine and so on. There are many hotels and flag pavilions in urban and rural areas, and the liquor business is booming, and there are hotels opened by orchids in Chang'an, Beijing, which specialize in selling Hu liquor, and become a place for literati to drink and feast.

Tea has become an inseparable thing for the Tang people, since the early years of the first century, the wind of drinking tea has swept the whole country, tea shops are lined up all over the country, sencha is sold, and the tea ceremony is popular. Lu Yu's "Book of Tea" is the first work on the study of tea ceremony in China. Tea has become a good tribute, reward, and gift. Tea tasting and tea fighting have become the elegance of scholars. "Between the fields and the Lu, the hobby is especially keen"[2], and the working people are no longer inseparable from tea.

A striking feature of the Tang Dynasty's diet was the prevalence of Hu food, especially after the Kaiyuan Dynasty, when "the nobles served all the food of Hu food"[3], which became a fashion. The above-mentioned Hu cake is a kind of Hu food, which is the result of ethnic integration in the Tang Dynasty.

Living conditions in the Tang Dynasty varied greatly depending on the political and economic status. The palace where the emperor lived was the most luxurious. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the Taiji Palace in Chang'an was the place where the emperor discussed politics and lived, and there were five halls: Taiji Palace, Liangyi Palace, Ganlu Palace, Yanjia Palace, and Chengxiang Palace. Since the eighth year of Zhenguan (634), Tang Taizong thought that his father Li Yuan Qingxia was named after the new palace in the east of Taiji Palace, which was originally named Yong'an Palace, and later renamed Daming Palace.

In the Tang Dynasty, from the princes and nobles to the common people's private residences, there were restrictions on form and scale: that is, the residence of the princes, no heavy wood and caissons; three products, five rooms and nine frames in the hall, and five frames in three rooms for the door; Five products, five halls and seven frames, three doors and two frames; Six products, seven products, three halls and five frames, four people, and the door are one or two. However, the royal family and high-ranking officials and ministers mostly built houses and competed for luxury. In contrast, ordinary people cannot afford to buy bricks and tiles, and most of them live in thatched huts, and fires occur from time to time, and they often suffer from house leakage.

The transportation in the Tang Dynasty was very developed, the land transportation network centered on Chang'an, the capital division, and the waterway transportation network composed of the Grand Canal and the southern water towns extended in all directions, at the same time, the post station system was sound, the land post had a land post, the water had a water post, the land post had a car and horse, and the water post had a boat and boat, which provided very convenient conditions for public and private travel and business exchanges. In the Tang Dynasty, the horse breeding industry experienced a process of decline and prosperity, and when the Kaiyuan Dynasty was in its heyday, not only the government owned many official horses, but also the number of private horses was considerable, and horse-drawn carriages became an important means of transportation. However, the dignity and humility of the car ride are very obvious, and the emperor has the purpose of serving the ride

Five chariots (jade chariot, golden chariot, elephant chariot, leather chariot, wooden chariot) and the root car, the car, the four cars, as well as the guide car for the guard of honor, the drum car, the egret car, the evil car and other twelve cars. The queen has Chong Zhai, tired Zhai, Zhai Che, Anche, Siwang Che, Jin Gen Che and so on. The crown prince and the princes and ministers also had their own cars. Folk carriages were mainly used to transport supplies.

In addition to horse-drawn carts, ox carts and donkey carts are also more common. Shoulders and cornices are also important means of transportation. The shoulder is also called the shoulder, the soft one, the soft one, etc., and the eaves are also called the bamboo and the cage, all of which should be carried on the shoulder.

[Social Expressions and Dating Titles]

When we first met, we said "long admiration"; Waiting for guests with "waiting";

The letter from the other party is called "Huishu"; Ask someone to help say "hard work";

Entrust someone to do things with "please"; Ask for guidance and use "teaching";

Praise people's opinions with "high opinions"; Ask for forgiveness and say "forbearance";

The age of the old man asks "high longevity"; Guests come with "Visit";

Use "farewell" separately with others; Visiting others with "visit";

Please do not send people to "stay"; bothering others to say "bother";

Ask for convenience and say "borrow light"; Ask for advice and say "ask";

Welcome to buy called "patronage"; It's been a long time since I said "long time gone";

Go first halfway and use "loss compensation"; I give a work with an "axe".

Affectionate salutation among relatives and friends

The parents are called Gao Tang, Chunxuan, both parents, and knee.

Parents are called fathers and strict families; Mother, kindness.

The father died and said: first father, first strict, first exam.

The mother died and said: first mother, first kindness, first concubine.

Brothers and sisters are called brothers, brothers, brothers, sisters, and sisters.

The brothers are called Kunzhong and siblings.

Husbands and wives are called husband and wife, spouses, and partners.

The death of the same generation is called: deceased brother, deceased brother, deceased sister, deceased wife.

Other people's parents called: Ling Zun, Ling Tang. Other people's mothers called: Nian Ci.

Although the brothers and sisters are called: Brother Ling, Sister Ling.

Although the sons and daughters of people are called: Ling Lang, Ling Yuan.

The wife's father is called: father-in-law, father-in-law, Taishan.

Other people's families are called: Fushang, Zunfu.

Their own family is called: cold house, house, grass hall.

Men and women are collectively referred to: men are called shaved eyebrows, and women are called women.

The death of the husband and wife is called widowed.

The teacher is called: Teacher, Master.

Students are called: protégés, employed.

The school said: cold window, chicken window.

Classmates said: classmates.

A small collection of ancient age titles

Swaddling: under the age of one.

Child: 2 to 3 years old.

Beginning, hair year: the girl is seven years old.

The first year: the boy is eight years old.

Description: According to the physiological condition, boys at the age of eight and girls at the age of seven change their teeth, remove their baby teeth, and grow permanent teeth.

Total horn: a general term for juveniles.

Year of the Bun: Refers to children. (In ancient times, children's hair drooped, and by extension, they referred to underage people.) ）

Huangkou: Under 10 years old.

Preschool: 10 years old. "Ten years of life is young, learn." Because there is no punctuation in ancient characters, people intercept the word "kindergarten" as a ten-year-old pronoun.

The Year of the Golden Hairpin: The girl is twelve years old.

Cardamom years: The woman is thirteen years old.

Zhixue: 15 years old. "Five out of ten I am determined to learn ......"

Girl: 15 years old. "Women are five out of ten."

The year of jasper and the year of broken melons: the woman is sixteen years old. (In the old days, the literati dismantled the word "melon" for the twenty-eighth year, which was sixteen years old, and was mostly used for women.) ）

Weak crown: 20 years old. "Twenty is a weak crown."

Tao Li Nianhua: The woman is twenty years old.

Hua Xin Nian: The woman is twenty-four years old.

And Li: Thirty years old.

Don't be confused: forty years old.

Destiny: Fifty years old. "I am five out of ten and am determined to learn, thirty and stand, forty and not confused, fifty and know the destiny of heaven, sixty and obedient, seventy and do what I want, do not exceed the rules."

The year of knowing wrong: 50 years old. "Bo Yu is fifty years old, and there are forty-nine years." It is said that there is a Boyu in the Spring and Autumn Guard, who constantly reflects on himself, and when he is fifty years old, he knows the mistakes of the previous forty-nine years, so later generations use "Zhifei" to refer to him as fifty years old.

The year of the ear and the sixtieth year: sixty years old. (Since ancient times, China has used the heavenly and earthly branches to intricately combine the years, which can form sixty pairs of stem branches, so it is called "sixty stem branches" or "sixty flower nails", so sixty years old is also called "the year of the sixtieth year".) ）

Gu Xi: Seventy years old. "Wine debts are commonplace, and life is rare for seventy years."

Elderly: 80 or 90 years old. "Eighty-ninety." According to this interpretation, people use the word "elderly" together to refer to the age of 80 or 90.

Expectation: A 100-year-old man. "A hundred years of anticipation." It means that life lasts for a hundred years, so it is called "the year of expectation." Yuanren Chen Hao explained: "Life is for a hundred years, so it is called a period; The diet and daily life are moving, and they have never been nourished, so they are called Yi. ”

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PS: There are so many of them, and there are so many of them. You said that if you follow what is written above, according to our current reading habits, is there a way to read it?

Therefore, I can only write with my current reading habits. Thank you for your understanding!