readx; In a long telegram sent to Yanjing, the Amur Overseas Chinese Association even enumerated in detail the reasons for sending troops, and in addition to protecting the personal safety and property safety of overseas Chinese, it also clearly pointed out that this was a good opportunity to recover from Russia the rights and interests lost in the late Qing Dynasty, and to take advantage of the turmoil in Russia to carry out economic preemptive arrangements in the Far East. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 ｉｎｆｏ

In addition to Yanjing, Zhang Zuolin, the patrol envoy of the three eastern provinces and Sun Liechen, the overseer of Heilongjiang, also received a large number of urgent telegrams asking for help, "The telegrams of businessmen calling for help must be counted", and the Heihe Chamber of Commerce even sent representatives to live in Shenyang and vowed not to give up if they did not send troops.

Chinese diplomats in the turmoil-stricken areas expressed their understanding and support for the overseas Chinese's call for the motherland to send troops. Lu Shiyuan, the Chinese consul general in Vladivostok, immediately sent an urgent telegram back to Yanjing about the progress of the crisis in Vladivostok, the difficult situation of overseas Chinese, and their ardent hopes, and suggested that the central authorities "make early preparations for a rainy day."

However, Yanjing seems to be quite embarrassed and has not been able to immediately determine the dispatch of troops. Overseas Chinese, who are impatient, don't like what they say very well.

The "Heihe Jiangbei Overseas Chinese Association in Russia" openly criticized the Beiyang political axe: "Chinese businessmen run Amur Province on the border of Russia, which is now in a state of civil strife and political turmoil, the two parties are vying for power and profit, and the whole province responds, the overseas Chinese population is hundreds of thousands, and the property is tens of thousands. ”

The State Department immediately held discussions, and finally decided on 13 March that the Navy Department would be responsible for sending a warship to Vladivostok to protect overseas Chinese. On 20 March, the Admiralty designated the cruiser "Hairong" to undertake this groundbreaking mission of escorting overseas Chinese.

In fact, the day after the Ministry of Foreign Affairs received the report from the Consulate General in Vladivostok, it immediately began consultations with the Admiralty. At this time, it was December 12, 1917, only 35 days before the outbreak of the October Revolution.

The Admiralty has no objection to sending warships to protect overseas Chinese, and takes it for granted, but "at present, there are many troubles in the country, and there are not enough warships to distribute," and there is nothing it can do to help, so it can only do its best to provide assistance to overseas Chinese through diplomatic channels.

The Admiralty's refusal was by no means prevarication, and it was indeed an eventful time at this time in the country.

In July of this year, Sun Wen united with the warlords in the southwest of Guangdong and launched the first "Protector War". Cheng Biguang, the commander-in-chief of the navy, led the Beiyang First Fleet and defected to the southern camp, which led to a great weakening of the naval power that the political axe could control. At a time when the Russian civil war had led to an emergency for overseas Chinese, the civil war in the motherland was also in full swing, and various forces refused to give in to each other under the beautiful slogans, accusing each other of being a "fake republic" and declaring that they were the "new republic." The fate of overseas Chinese in distant Siberia can only be left to the Beiyang political axe, who is in charge of the house.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs was not discouraged by the Admiralty's refusal, and sent another letter on the same day, demanding that the Admiralty give priority to overseas Chinese and the overall situation. The Admiralty was in a dilemma for a while, and it was not until Christmas Day, half a month later, that it replied: it was still unshipless.

More letters of appeal poured into Yanjing. On January 8, 1918, Consul General Lu Shiyuan sent another telegram to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, asking the central authorities to resolutely mobilize warships to escort overseas Chinese, "to comfort the panic of overseas Chinese" and "to strengthen the courage of overseas Chinese," and to "send effective army troops to Dongning, Hulin, Tumen River, and Suifenhe" to ensure the smooth passage for the evacuation of overseas Chinese.

On January 19, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs submitted a telegram from the Consulate General in Vladivostok to the State Council for consideration. The central political axe, which was still in chaos by the turmoil in the south, agreed to protect overseas Chinese. The State Council decided that the War Department, together with Fengtian and Jilin provinces, would send troops to the Tumen River to protect the border areas and protect overseas Chinese. On February 16, the State Council decided that the Jilin Overseer would transfer troops to Suiyuan to protect the overseas Chinese in Boli. However, in view of the fact that sending troops into Russia will cause complicated international problems, the military is not allowed to move across the border, and the main purpose is to maintain the safety and smooth evacuation routes.

Zhang Zuolin and other Feng warlords who control the northeast, and the Anhui warlords who control Yanjing, are not comrades and brothers, each with their own little Jiujiu. However, on the issue of protecting overseas Chinese, the two sides have rarely maintained agreement. The two provinces of Fengtian and Jilin were ordered to immediately transfer a large number of troops. Zhang Zuolin and others also popularized self-protection methods among overseas Chinese: "1. A register of property should be sent to the Russian official as the basis for compensation for losses. 2. In case of emergency, hang the national flag to mark overseas Chinese. 3. Each merchant shall set up a regiment for self-defense. ”

However, this kind of boot-scratching approach is no longer able to cope with the deteriorating situation in Russia. In February, the Bolsheviks rioted in Vladivostok and overthrew the old regime, but failed to control the situation, and the social order in Vladivostok completely collapsed. Ben, the United States, and Britain have also sent warships to carry out armed demonstrations.

At this time, the southern "Dharma Protector" camp was divided over whether to support Sun Wen or the Covenant. Sun Wen hoped to take the opportunity of the Protectorate War to build up his own army, and asked the commander-in-chief of the navy, Cheng Biguang, to lead a fleet to coordinate with him to attack the Gui army stationed in Guangzhou. Gui Jun is a comrade who "protects the law", and such infighting was rejected by Cheng Biguang. Sun Wen then led people to forcibly board two warships, Tong'an and Yuzhang, and bombarded the city of Guangzhou. Cheng Biguang later ordered the removal of the captains of the Tong'an and Yuzhang ships, but on February 26, he was assassinated in broad daylight. Sun Wen and Gui accused each other of being the murderer behind the scenes.

The infighting of the Protector Army greatly eased the pressure on the central government. On 27 February, the day after Cheng Biguang was assassinated, the central authorities received an urgent report from Shao Hengrui, the new consul general in Vladivostok, pointing out that Britain and the United States had sent warships in the name of "protecting overseas Chinese," and as one of the members of the Entente, "since China has already joined the war group, it should also send warships to the war group as soon as possible, so as to not only protect the lives and property of overseas Chinese, but also to make demands on Russia in the event of a discord and Russia to make concessions. The three countries are bound to take the lead in this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, and our expatriates are more numerous than those of other countries, and if there is no force to back them up, they will inevitably be in the corner. ”

Shao Hengrui said in a telegram sent to Yanjing: "The number of overseas Chinese in our country, the huge relationship, the difficulties in dealing with the usual, and the danger of dealing with emergencies are far from being compared with other countries. If I am really in a position of breaking off diplomatic relations or belligerents, or suddenly changing violently, people have the power to defend themselves, what can I do? People can drum up and go, and I will go. I will be hungry first, and I will suffer first."

The State Department immediately held discussions, and finally decided on 13 March that the Navy Department would be responsible for sending a warship to Vladivostok to protect overseas Chinese. On 20 March, the Admiralty designated the cruiser "Hairong" to undertake this groundbreaking mission of escorting overseas Chinese.

The cruiser "Hairong" was the main warship of the Chinese Navy at that time. After the First Sino-Japanese War, Qing Zhengaxe ordered three warships with a displacement of 2,950 tons from the German Volzen Shipyard, which were named "Hairong", "Haichou" and "Haichen", and were collectively referred to as "Hairong-class cruisers" in military history. In the 1937 War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the three ships tragically sank themselves in the Yangtze River channel near Jiangyin to block the offensive road of the Navy.

China sent warships to Russia to protect overseas Chinese, which angered Yuben. At this time, he was working hard to establish a common defense system between China and China in order to seize his own privileges in the "North Manchurian region." China's single action has greatly disrupted the plan to sign the "Sino-Vietnamese Military Agreement on Mutual Defense against the Enemy."

It can be said that the "Hairong" was ordered to go to Russia, and because its strength was still weak, it was of little practical significance to the protection of overseas Chinese, but this was not only the first time that the Chinese rulers expressed concern for overseas Chinese through armed escort, but also a "soft" confrontation against the persecution of the Chinese people in the weak environment at that time.

Under the high pressure of the book, the central political axe tried its best to perfunctory the book on the one hand, and urged the "Hairong" to make the trip as soon as possible and cook the raw rice into rice. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has constantly urged the Admiralty to "set sail immediately" and telegraphed to the Consulate General in Vladivostok to earnestly do a good job in supplying the "Hairong" with coal, fresh water, food, and so on. On 9 April, under the repeated rebuke of Yu Ben, the "Hairong" sailed out of the domestic military port, and on 16 April, amid the cheers of overseas Chinese, it entered the port of Vladivostok.

At this time, in the port of Vladivostok, there was already another merchant ship flying the Chinese five-color flag "Flying Whale". The "Flying Whale" belongs to the state-owned enterprise "China Merchants Steamship Bureau", and this time it was sent to Vladivostok to evacuate overseas Chinese. This is also the first time that China's political axe has used civilian transportation to evacuate overseas Chinese. As early as the "Hairong" cruiser was confirmed to go to Russia, the Chinese Foreign Ministry asked the Ministry of Communications and the localities of the three eastern provinces to urgently dispatch additional locomotives and merchant ships to speed up the evacuation of overseas Chinese by land and sea. The "Flying Whale" departed on April 10 and arrived in Vladivostok in advance.

After the arrival of the cruiser "Hairong," the evacuation of the "Flying Whale" received tremendous support; when the Russian side forbade the overseas Chinese to carry the two coffins onto the ship, when diplomatic representations were ineffective, the cruiser "Hairong" "sent 40 troops to the shore and lined up." In the face of force, the Russian border inspectors could only back down and "have to ship the ship." On the third day after the arrival of the cruiser "Hairong", the "Flying Whale" was loaded with 1,165 overseas Chinese and returned to Yantai Port.

The cruiser "Hairong" was in Vladivostok and repeatedly sent troops to land to protect Chinese laborers who were surrounded by locals for job opportunities. After several armed demonstrations, violence against the Chinese was greatly reduced.

At the same time, the central authorities announced that the embargo on grain from Russia, which had been in force since Christmas last year, would be released as soon as possible for all grain convoys or convoys destined for Vladivostok, so as to alleviate the food crisis in Vladivostok. All localities in the country immediately suspended the issuance of passports to work in Russia, and the whole province of Shandong, which has the largest number of Chinese workers in Russia, mobilized to make preparations for the resettlement of overseas Chinese.

Less than a month after the cruiser "Hairong" was stationed in Vladivostok, the "Czech Legion" launched a rebellion, and the situation in the Far East became even more chaotic.

The full name of the Czech Legion is the "Czechoslovak Legion"

, which was part of the armed forces of the Entente. At that time, Czechoslovakia was still under the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and in order to win the national reading power, the Czechoslovak expatriates organized volunteer troops and joined the armies of Russia, France and other Allied countries. On the eastern front, many Czechoslovak soldiers defected to the Russian army among the German and Austrian troops who fought against the Russian army, and by the time the February Revolution broke out, the number of Czech regiments in the Russian army was as high as 50,000.

After the October Revolution, Lenin made peace with Germany alone. The Czech legion declared that it would join the ranks of the French army and continue the fight against Germany and Austria-Hungary. In order not to anger Germany and Austria, the nascent Soviet political axe ordered the regiment to be transferred to Vladivostok, and an agreement was reached with the regiment: upon arrival in Vladivostok, it would be disarmed, and then board a ship from Vladivostok and return to Western Europe. Lenin's move, first, was to avoid provoking Germany and Austria, second, to delay the Czech Legion from joining the French army, and third, to have the Czech Legion carry a full set of weapons and equipment to the Far East to strengthen the Bolshevik forces in the Far East. But that wish was then frustrated.

Immediately after entering the fighting Siberia, the Czech regiment opened fire on the Bolsheviks, with the strong support of the "White Guards", Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, overthrowing the unstable Soviet power along the way, and by early August it had occupied the Urals, the Volga valley and most of Siberia. Siberia, which had just been "red", returned to a "white" color.

Lenin, having miscalculated, immediately set about making amends by creating the Red Army "Eastern Front" to launch an attack on the Czech Corps and the White Guards. The "white" side gradually lost to the "red" side and began to retreat eastward step by step. And the Entente countries that supported the "white" side, including China, began to actively deploy missions to rescue the Czech Legion.

There is no doubt that saving the Czech Legion provided an excellent excuse for the Entente to intervene in the Russian Civil War, and also provided an excellent opportunity for China to send troops to Siberia to protect overseas Chinese.

The Czech Legion incident made the situation of the overseas Chinese in the Far East even more tragic. The Czech Corps cut off the Trans-Siberian Railway, and at least 200,000 Chinese laborers were stranded in Omsk and Irkutsk, causing a serious food crisis. Although the army came to provide relief to the victims on several occasions, it clearly announced that overseas Chinese were not within the scope of relief and were not even qualified to purchase relief grain.

At the same time, Kolchak, the "White Guard" who managed the Far East, actively plundered the wealth of the people in order to prepare for war, and overseas Chinese, especially the slightly wealthy overseas Chinese, became the main targets of exploitation. The Belarusian political axe constantly demanded that overseas Chinese exchange "residence tickets" for extortion, 1 ruble of "residence tickets", but 10 rubles for Chinese, the military and police strictly interrogated, and those who did not have tickets and expired would be fined or even imprisoned. When the Chinese leave the country, they can only carry 500 rubles in cash, and the excess amount will be confiscated. On New Year's Day in 1919 alone, the Semenov "White Guards" with the support of Ben confiscated a huge amount of 6.65 million rubles in cash from more than 70 Chinese businessmen seized.

In addition to the White Russian regime, the Bolsheviks and the Bunjun also printed their own banknotes and forcibly exchanged them, making the Far East the region with the largest number of paper money and the most outrageous prices in the world. Coupled with the imposition of high taxes by various regimes, the Chinese merchants in the Far East were completely transformed into "proletariats". Moreover, personal safety is not guaranteed in any way, and the burning and killing of silver against the Chinese are endless. "Property can be disposed of at will, and life is trampled at will", "The lives of hundreds of thousands of overseas Chinese are at the bottom of the kettle, and millions of assets are like eggs." ”

Overseas Chinese in the Far East once again appealed to the motherland:

Dispatch troops! Dispatch troops!

At this time, the Entente countries were also actively negotiating to send troops to intervene in the Russian civil war, and the United States, Britain, France, etc. gradually formed a consensus, and the Beiyang political axe was not far behind, and launched diplomatic representations with the Allied powers, saying that China would accompany the troops to Siberia, "If we negotiate the public dispatch of troops from various countries, our country should unanimously send 1,200 people to participate in the war, and protect the consulate and overseas Chinese businessmen." At the same time, the Beiyang political axe took action, planning to use this good opportunity to regain some of the sovereignty forcibly occupied by Tsarist Russia, including the control of the Eastern Railway.

Beiyang Zhengaxe's request to send troops was resolutely opposed by Yuben. What we hope is to bring China into the so-called "China-China joint defense against the enemy" system, and China only needs to provide bases and supplies, and the army will help protect overseas Chinese. He said that his wishful thinking was to seize the opportunity to seize greater interests in Northeast China.

The Beiyang political axe did not show weakness, and although it could not go toe-to-toe with Yue himself, it still carried out a soft confrontation, and revised the purpose of China's military dispatch from protecting overseas Chinese to "assisting Chik (Czech Legion)." This reason was supported by the United States and France, and the United States even made it clear that the Beiyang political axe should control the Middle East Railway on its own. It is inconvenient to continue to oppose this, but it is proposed that the number of Chinese troops should not be large.

After the end of diplomatic mediation, the Beiyang political axe decided to send troops to Siberia. The real purpose of sending troops is twofold: first, to take precautions to protect China's sovereignty, including the navigation rights of Heilongjiang, and to prevent the great powers from reaching any agreement that harms China in their absence; The second is to protect overseas Chinese.

From 2 to 8 August, the United States, and Britain issued declarations to formally intervene in the Russian civil war. The number of troops was as high as 72,000 at the peak, and the American, British, Italian, and French teams reached 9,000, 5,800, 1,400, and 1,200 respectively.

On 3 August, Lin Jianzhang, captain of the destroyer "Hairong," who was already in Vladivostok, was appointed "commodore general" and was responsible for the full command of the troops stationed in Russia.

On August 22, the Beiyang political axe officially issued a declaration of dispatch, and the Ninth Division of the Army transferred a total strength equivalent to two regiments, with a total number of 4,000 people, including infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineers, baggage troops, and machine gun units, which were successively marched into Siberia in six batches, under the command of regiment commander Song Huanzhang. The main mission is to ensure the evacuation route of Vladivostok-Shuangchengzi-Suifenhe.

The arrival of the Chinese [***] team has greatly increased the ambition of overseas Chinese. At the request of overseas Chinese, the troops stationed in Russia have continuously sent small detachments to carry out rescue and protection tasks. In cities where the troops stationed in Russia could not be stationed, overseas Chinese began to set up their own militia organizations, "merchant groups", and the consulate quietly assisted them in purchasing guns and ammunition to enhance their self-defense capabilities.

Under the majesty of the troops stationed in Russia, on the front line of Irkutsk, where the civil war was most intense, Chinese diplomats braved the hardships and dangers, contacted and dispatched trains from Moscow and Harbin, escorted the whole process, and rushed out 30,000 trapped Chinese workers in 1918~1919 alone.

Although the stated purpose of China's troops was to rescue the "White Russians", the attitude of the White Russians towards the Chinese did not change in the slightest.

The head of the White Guards, Semenov, continued to massacre and rob overseas Chinese, and on January 1, 1919, he said that he had "confiscated" the high cash of 6.65 million rubles from Chinese businessmen, and in July he broke this record again, with more than 10 million rubles "confiscated" by Chinese businessmen.

Semenov did not care in the slightest about the friendship of "friendly countries" and the anti-Chinese atrocities became more and more intense, and simply announced that within his jurisdiction, all the property of overseas Chinese would be confiscated and overseas Chinese would be forbidden to live.

It's tolerable, it's intolerable.

While protesting diplomatically, they did not cower in the shell of a turtle that "took into account the overall situation", but bravely resisted and opened fire on the "friendly countries" and "White Guards" who dared to come and harass. At the same time, the troops stationed in Russia were also stationed in Boli, Shuangchengzi, Hailanpao and other places to protect overseas Chinese.

In order to confront Semenov's army, under the repeated urging of Bao Guiqing, the overseer of Heilongjiang, the central government formulated a more detailed "draft plan for sending troops abroad", which planned to station troops in Dawuli, Glimsk, Chita, Dauginzi, Irkutsk and other places on the Russian border, but in the end it was not implemented.

Among them, the biggest "friction" incident is the so-called "Temple Street Incident", in which the [***] team bravely defended itself with guns in the face of the Russian White Guards and the Chinese army.

At the same time that the Beiyang political axe sent troops into Russia, in order to strengthen the defense of the Sino-Russian boundary river, the central authorities announced that they would transfer three small gunboats, including "Jiangheng," "Lijie," and "Lisui," and the armed tugboat "Lichuan," stationed on the Yangtze River, to the northeast to expand the "Jihei River Defense Fleet."

This is a river fleet with a very shallow draft, but it must be rushed to the northeast by sea. For this purpose, it was towed and escorted by the sea transport ship "Jing'an". The fleet was commanded by Gan Lianzhao, captain of the "Jing'an", and arrived at Miaojie in early September 1919 and entered the Heilongjiang River.

China took back the navigation rights of the three rivers, which the Russians and the Russians themselves did not want to see. The fleet had to rush to Harbin, the headquarters of the "Jihei River Defense Fleet" before the Heilongjiang River froze over, but when it marched near the Trans-Siberian Railway Bridge, it was blocked by the artillery fire of the White Guards and the Japanese army, and it was not allowed to go west. Therefore, the fleet was forced to anchor at Temple Street, and subsequently, the Heilongjiang River froze, and the fleet could only wait here for the beginning of spring.

At this time, Temple Street was stationed with the Russian White Guards and the Yue Army, and the Yue Army also had 4 destroyers and 1 cruiser. In Pingyueli, the White Guards and the Yue Army seized more than 2,000 overseas Chinese here, and the contradictions between the two sides were extremely deep.

In October, when the Soviet Red Army began to attack Temple Street, the White Guards asked Chen Shiying's fleet to help defend them, but Chen Shiying refused. Soon, the Red Army invaded Temple Street, the White Guards withdrew, and the Red Army surrounded the stubborn Yue army in the Yue Gong Consulate, but it was difficult to overcome it because of the lack of heavy weapons. The discipline of this Red Army unit was not bad, and it did not disturb the overseas Chinese. Therefore, when they visited Chen Shiying and wanted to borrow a few cannons from the gunboats of the Chinese fleet, Chen Shiying and the commanders of the boats readily agreed. As a result, one side gun of the "Jiangheng" ship, one Grimm gun of the "Icheon" ship, and a batch of shells were "loaned" to the Red Army. With the help of Chinese artillery, the Red Army quickly captured the Imperial Palace, killing dozens of Japanese soldiers and capturing more than 130 people. In the spring of the following year, when the river thawed, the Red Army, which was weak in strength, took the initiative to withdraw, and during the evacuation, the commander ordered all the prisoners to be executed.

After the army made a comeback, it discovered the "scene of the tragedy" and found evidence of the Chinese [***] team's support for the Red Army through shell shells, and became angry, sending warships to surround the Chinese fleet and protest through diplomatic channels.

On the one hand, Chen Shiying flatly denied it, shirked everything, and on the other hand, actively prepared for war, preparing to fight to the death with the Yue army on Temple Street. The two sides held each other for several months, and with the mediation of the Entente countries, the investigation could not confirm that the [***] squadron assisted the Red Army in the offensive. As a result, the Chinese People's Court only sentenced Chen Shiying to dismissal and "never use it", and the Yue army had no choice but to lift the encirclement of the Chinese fleet. After the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, he was already the political secretary of the Admiralty and the commander of the First Fleet, and personally commanded the Jiangyin sea and air defense battle against the navy. As for the commander of the Soviet Red Army, who ordered the execution of the prisoners, he was sentenced to death by the Soviet military tribunal during the negotiations between the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union on the "Temple Street Incident."

In addition to the "Temple Street Incident," the Beiyang political axe also took advantage of the favorable opportunity of China's dispatch of troops to Siberia on the issue of the Middle East Railway.

In December 1917, a Bolshevik riot broke out in the Harbin Eastern Railway area, and at the request of the Russian side, the Beiyang political axe sent troops to intervene to disarm the Bolsheviks, and partially recovered the management and supervision rights of the Eastern Railway, providing a guarantee for the evacuation of overseas Chinese and the dispatch of troops in the near future. In August 1919, Beiyang Zhengaxe announced the formal establishment of a police headquarters in Harbin, reclaiming most of the police power from the Russians.

During the Entente Mutual Intervention, the Eastern Railway was brought under international condominance, but in practice it was mainly managed by China. In 1920, the Allies withdrew their troops from Russia, and the international condominium of the Eastern Railway was coming to an end. In order to oppose the Semenov regime supported by himself, Khorvat, the director of the China Eastern Railway Administration, who was appointed by the former Tsarist Russian government, publicly issued a proclamation declaring that he was in charge of "the state rule of the Russian people" within the scope of the Eastern Railway.

Bao Guiqing, the overseer of Heilongjiang, immediately issued an ultimatum to Horvat that the China Eastern Railway was entirely part of Chinese territory and that no second country would be allowed to exercise its right to rule. With the support of the central government, the two sides launched more than 10 talks, and the Chinese workers began a full-scale strike. When Horvat planned to mobilize the Russian road guards to suppress the striking workers, Bao Guiqing issued him an ultimatum: the Russian army and the Russian police must be disarmed. Horvat tried to resist, but Bao Guiqing quickly dispatched troops and forcibly disarmed the Russian road guards and the Russian [***] police in Harbin. This is the first time in modern history that the Chinese [***] team has relied on force to recover national sovereignty.

The Beiyang political axe also launched a series of actions to recover national power:

The "Sino-Russian-Mongolian Agreement" was abolished, and troops were sent to Outer Mongolia, and in November 1919, Outer Mongolia revoked its autonomy and almost successfully returned to China; Actively proposed the revision of the Sino-Russian Ili Treaty, and signed a new partial trade agreement with the Soviet local government in May 1920, abolishing many unequal clauses in the old Testament; In September 1920, the Great Presidential Decree was issued to abolish the consular jurisdiction of Russian overseas Chinese and recover the Russian Concession; In August 1921, the fourth ten-year term of the Sino-Russian Ili Treaty expired, and in January 1922, the presidential decree announced the abolition of the privilege of tax reduction and exemption for Russian merchants on land routes, as there was no Russian political axe to negotiate and amend the treaty

A new image of China, which is still weak but rising, is appearing in front of the world.

However, it is a pity that under the indaction of the two powerful powers, especially the two powerful neighbors of the Soviet Union, China, which should have focused on national construction, was deeply involved in the civil strife of the struggle for power and profit.

With the withdrawal of the Entente [***] team one after another, the Beiyang political axe also announced the withdrawal of troops from Russia. For the first time in China's history, the armed protection and evacuation of overseas Chinese has come to an end.

The Soviet regime issued two declarations on China, renunciating the privileges in China seized by Tsarist Russia. This was once praised as the great friendship of the Soviet Union, but in fact, most of the privileges it announced to have waived had been actually withdrawn by the Beiyang political axe during this period, and the Soviet Union could not actually exercise it even if it did not give it up.

Speaking of this, Chang Changyi said in a heavy tone: "The benefits that China has obtained from the Sino-Soviet negotiations are not necessarily the ones that Soviet Russia is happy to give, in fact, Soviet Russia simply does not have the ability to provide these benefits." For example, the unequal treaties concluded between the former Russian Empire and China were no longer recognized by China after the fall of the Russian monarchy in the sixth year of the Republic of China. Even if the Russian government refused to renounce the treaty concluded between the former Russian empire and China this time, Soviet Russia had no way to get China to recognize it.

The beautiful song of 'isms' in the newly-born Soviet Union was only a strategy to delay the army and a policy of 'combining vertical and horizontal' in a state of international isolation and embattlement. In fact, before it could gain a foothold, the Soviet power in the Far East brazenly declared that the boundary area of the Eastern Railway was the territory of the Soviet Union.

At the beginning of 1921, the anti-Chinese incident occurred again in Hailanpao, Boli and other places, and at the request of overseas Chinese, the Beiyang political axe again 'sent the warship Jiang Heng to Heihe, Lijie to Sanjiangkou, and Lisui and Lichuan to Boli in June, specifically for the purpose of protecting overseas Chinese'. ”

"It's a pity, it's a pity." Goofy sighed softly there, too.

At that time, the Beiyang political axe was overwhelmed, and on the one hand, it had to face the complicated international situation, and on the other hand, it had to deal with the various domestic forces on the mountain, and the revolutionary party, which was pulling the flag and setting off artillery to carry out an armed insurrection, contained a large number of troops of the political axe. But even in this case, the "dark, decadent, and reactionary" Beiyang political axe withstood the pressure from all sides and ordered to send troops to Siberia to protect overseas Chinese, even ignoring the threats and warnings of Yu Ben.

This is the first time in China's thousands of years of history that the ruling party has used military force overseas to protect the interests and security of overseas Chinese. That year, the whole world was impressed with China.

Gao Fei even went back to that year, and he saw 4,000 Chinese army and 1 Chinese [***] ship, under the guidance of the five-color national flag, sailing into Vladivostok, into Siberia, and into the forest and snow fields!

(To be continued)