Recently, I have consulted a lot of information because of writing, and some of my observations are shared with you, and the content comes from**.

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1. The origin and evolution of caesarean section.

In the first year of Yongzuo (989 AD), the great thief Fujiwara Yoshi, before being arrested, cut open his abdomen in a row, and then used the tip of a knife to pick out the internal organs and throw them at the official army, which is said to be the earliest source of disembowelment.

The beginning of the prevalence of caesarean section was after the Kamakura shogunate, and the caesarean section was caused by the loss of the position, or the disembowelment before being captured, which accounted for the vast majority and continued until the Warring States period. After the opening of Edo, social rule was relatively stable, and the disembowelment of martyrdom and the "disembowelment" as a punishment gradually became the mainstream. Although the shogunate strictly forbade martyrdom, it was unable to stop this historic trend.

As for why the disembowelment was chosen as the noblest way of death for samurai, it is now generally believed that many countries and nations in ancient times advocated that the human soul rests in the belly; Therefore, when it was necessary for the samurai to reveal their souls to the outside world, they resorted to the method and ritual of disemboweling their souls to show the public. 2. Types and methods of laparotomy.

The types of caesarean section mainly include:

Categories: Type ------------ motivation. —————————————————————————————————————————————————————— () Self-blade: - self-cutting------------ defeat in war (e.g. Asai Hisasa).

——-- induces responsibility ------------ liability for negligence.

——-- sacrifice------------ sacrificing oneself to save the lives of subordinates or colleagues (e.g. Soharu Shimizu).

——-- admonished to death------------ in order to advise the lord (such as Hisho Masahide).

——-- reputation ------------ to save his face.

Martyrdom: - The first belly ------------ embark on the road of death before the sovereign.

——-- chasing the belly------------ the righteous abdomen in order to fulfill the morality and righteousness.

——-- talk about belly------------ in order to establish a reputation.

——-- business belly------------ in order to bring favors to the family and children and grandchildren.

Abdomen: - Thoughtless abdomen----------- disembowelment of tears of remorse.

——-- indignant ------------ indignant at the disembowelment of the sin of nothingness.

——-- death penalty ------------ a punishment reserved for samurai (e.g. Takizenzaburo).

Illustration of a cruciform abdomen

According to the position, laparotomy can be divided into two types: "standing abdomen" and "sitting abdomen". There are four main methods: "one word", "two words", "three words" and "cross". 3. Detailed explanation of laparotomy method.

When disemboweling, first of all, prepare a rib gap - if you really can't get it, the dagger is okay, and it is definitely not recommended to use a kitchen knife or fruit knife. Tools should be sharpened and cleaned, and if you are not afraid of tetanus, you can try a rusty blunt knife...... If the situation is not urgent, it is best to sit in a sitting position with a neat cloth or blanket underneath you.

Start by unbuttoning the placket to reveal your belly, then ...... By the way, decide which laparotomy method to use first. The zigzag abdomen is to use the right hand to hold the rib difference (the book says so, I don't know what to do with the left-handed) deep under the left rib, and then the blade is slightly turned up, and the right side of the abdomen is pulled horizontally in a zigzag shape. The so-called zigzag and trigram abdomen are pulled with one or two knives above or below the wound of the zigzag abdomen. These three are the easier ones.

Of course, caesarean section is a very artistic and beneficial (and definitely not good for the body) exercise, and there are many tricks to master. First of all, as a samurai, in order to show his heroism, he could not close his eyes when he disemboweled. Secondly, the direction of the body should be straight forward, and it is very faceless to fall on the back, so during the whole process, the knees should be together, not separated, the body should be slightly forward, and in order to ensure that the front falls, if the sleeves are long enough, they can be pressed under the legs. It is best to wrap the ribs in absorbent white paper, so as not to stain the ground with blood. The piercing into the flank should not be too shallow, otherwise you will be more painful and you will die (it is said that if you do not have a caesarean section, it will take up to 72 hours to lose your breath instead of the usual short and easy six hours), and be sure to let the tip of the knife touch the intestines. Of course, don't pierce too deeply, otherwise you will be unable to pull due to the softness of your hand.

Then I will introduce you to the most domineering cross-shaped belly. Please prepare your tools and follow the actions of Mr. Kusunoki Masafumi, a retainer of the Sanada family, whom I have asked me to demonstrate—first cut the stomach in a straight line, and then draw it back to the place close to the umbilicus, open it to the umbilicus, and then draw it up from the umbilicus to the throat. This is a very elegant and heroic method, and it is recommended if you want to pull out your intestines and throw them at someone after a caesarean section (very physically demanding, forbidden for pregnant women and infants).

Finally, let's talk about the issue of intermediary. In fact, it is not necessary to make mistakes, if you still have the strength to spare after the stomach section, you can pull out the ribs by yourself and prick the heart (stabbing the throat is similar to what a woman does, so it is not recommended). If you are afraid that you will not have enough strength and need to make mistakes, it is recommended to find a swordsman to take charge. The moment you lean forward, you must take the knife and cut off your head and neck from behind (you must leave a piece of neck skin to implicate you, so that the skull bones don't roll away and you can't pick it up) - okay, come on, carry Mr. Kusunoki out.

Of course, it is up to the individual to decide what tools to use and how to do them. You can also try the thrill of deviance with a dirty, rusty kitchen knife that slashes your stomach in a thousand-character or even 10,000-character (note, it's a traditional swastika) shape, and then find a super inept who can cut your neck with 300 knives...... (cold).

It refers to the beheading of a person who commits suicide by seppuku in the Japanese seppuku ceremony, so that the person can die faster and avoid the pain and suffering.

Because the process of seppuku is so painful, many times the seppuku person will entrust his trusted person to "mediate the error" for him. This is quite an honorable thing for those who have been entrusted with the execution of the intermediary. Generally speaking, those who need seppuku will find a close friend, family member, brother, or person who is skilled in kendo to perform it.

Seppuku evolved into a symbolic ritual in the Edo period. In order to avoid the pain of the seppuku, many times, the katana used for seppuku is changed to a fan or a wooden knife, and the seppuku uses it to make a gesture on the stomach, and the wrong knife comes down, and such a "seppuku" is only nominal, but in fact it is the same as decapitation, which is called "fan seppuku (fan belly)".

Caesarean section, the Japanese call it "seppuku", "seppuku", "butchery", etc. Suicide by caesarean section began in the Heian period in the 12th century, and became popular among samurai after the Genpei War (1180-1185). By the 17th century, the Edo period had developed a set of ceremonial ceremonies and methods, and it became a fixed form of execution for the upper class samurai. The complete laparotomy method is to use a short sword to first pierce the left abdomen, cut the right abdomen horizontally into a "one" shape, and then pierce the lower abdomen from the chest into a "ten" shape, and finally pull out the sword and pierce the throat.

Caesarean section, a rare method of suicide in the world, is painful and not fatal. The reason why the samurai chose this part of the body to commit suicide was because in this way, they wanted to cut open the red heart to see loyalty to their master. In his book "Bushido", Shintodo Inazo wrote: "Open the window of the soul and ask you to see, whether it is red or black, please judge yourself." In addition to committing suicide by disembowelment in order to avoid the shame of being captured in the event of defeat, there were also "disembowelment" (disembowelment after the death of the master) and "disembowelment" (disembowelment after being condemned by public opinion). The samurai used it not only to show their loyalty to their master, but also to show their responsibility for a major mistake or misconduct. Loyalty, wisdom, benevolence, and courage are the spiritual pillars of the samurai, and the specific expression of loyalty and courage is revenge. In July 1702, the Ronin of the Ako Domain's 74 ronin (samurai who had lost their master) were all sentenced to disembowelment by the shogunate after avenging their old master, and the ronin felt very honored.

As a form of the death penalty, caesarean section began at the end of the 16th century, and by the Edo period, it was institutionalized in criminal law and ceremonial law, and at that time, it was regarded as a serious and solemn act, and the common people generally did not allow the punishment of caesarean section, and only the upper samurai called "squire" could be disemboweled. When a samurai was given a "disembowelment", they were also distinguished in terms of rituals and specifications according to the amount of their wealth and the size of their power. For example, the Edo Shogunate Law stipulates that samurai with assets of 500 koku or more can perform "disembowelment" in the houses of daimyo (powerful high-ranking samurai who have assets of more than 10,000 koku and are directly under the jurisdiction of the shogunate), and samurai below this rank can only be performed in prisons or other places.

As a disembowelment in the criminal law, it is actually a beheading punishment, and the reason why it is called caesarean section is a manifestation of the samurai's honor. Executions are generally carried out between the evening and the night. As the victim knelt on the stage, a 7.5-inch-long wooden dagger wrapped in fine white paper placed it on a small square table and placed it in front of the victim. The prisoner took off his shoulder coat, and the moment he reached out to the plan to take his sword, the main auxiliary prisoner swung his sword and beheaded him. This "caesarean section" continued until the early Meiji period. It was only in June 1873 that the Revised Act abolished this penal code. However, the suicide method, which has been inherited since ancient times, has been preserved.