Eighty Red Theory: Learning in the Teacher

In the thirteenth episode of "Dream of Red Mansions", Qin Keqing has two things to do with Sister Feng's Jia family, which is a good word for the declining status quo at that time. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 infoIn the powerful families of the past dynasties, ancestor worship represents the stability of the family, and the long-term nature of the family school, both of which should be the top priority in the internal construction of the family. But even if these two things may cost only a thousand taels of silver, in the end, Sister Feng did not complete Qin Keqing's entrustment, what is the reason?

In fact, the bibliography is connected, and the ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth chapters of the book use flashbacks to answer the reason why Sister Feng did not implement the content of the subsidized home school. Look at the ninth chapter of the introduction, "It turns out that this Jia Jiayi is not far from here, but it is a mile away, the original ancestor was established, and the children of the fear clan are poor and cannot ask for a teacher, that is, they will enter this middle school." All those who have officials in the clan are provided with silver taels, and the help is according to the amount of money, which is the cost of learning. A total of young and virtuous people are specially raised as school palms, especially for training children. "The Jiafu Juku looks good, but there is one section that is too close to Jiafu. As a result, the home school is not far from home, not far from the downtown area, and the children are not at ease with their studies. Therefore, the book says, "Although all the people in this study are the children of their own people and some relatives, as the saying goes, 'One dragon gives birth to nine kinds, and each of them is different.'" 'Inevitably, there are too many people, and there will be dragons and snakes, including obscene people. That is to say, the children of Jiafu are uneven, and there is Xue Pan in the middle, which leads to the later right and wrong. Jia Dairu, a teacher at the home school, saw from the text of the book that there were problems with the management of the children of Jiafu: Xue Pan tossed a miasma in it, and Jia Dairu couldn't control it and couldn't manage it; Therefore, Xue Pan was able to "fish for three days and dry the net for two days", while he was able to treat his grandson Jia Rui because he did not return overnight, "he was ruthless to the end and beat thirty or forty boards, and he was not allowed to eat, so he knelt in the courtyard to read articles, and he must make up for ten days of work", which is a bit ironic in terms of "being old and virtuous"; If Jia Dairu is not there, his grandson Jia Rui is in charge of management, then Jia Rui's academic ability in the family school is not the strongest, which leads to the emergence of "noisy school"; And Jia Rui's personal character is also poor, and later his obsession with Sister Feng made him cold, so Qin Keqing's hope that the family school would have a daily supply guarantee became a bubble.

So, does Qin Keqing's original idea make sense? You must know that the ancestors of the powerful families are all in the suburbs of the countryside, and Qin Keqing's intention to "buy more acres of grange houses near the ancestors, so that the expenses for sacrificial supplies come from here" is a strategic transfer of the family business from the city to the countryside, the purpose is "that is, with sin, everything can enter the official, and this sacrificial industry will not even enter the official." will be defeated, and the children and grandchildren will go home to study and farm, and there will be a regression, and the sacrifice can be continued forever", if these are combined with Cao Xueqin's later years, it is consistent with Huangye Village, Xishan, but it is not supported by the land industry as Qin Keqing said. Qin Keqing's consideration of "setting up the family school here" was based on the current situation of the private school in Jiafu; If the school is moved to the countryside, it can also wash away the habits of the children of Jiafu, although the idea is good, but the difficulty of realizing it is probably not small; Besides, Sister Feng didn't want to realize this plan at all when she saw that the children of Jiafu had no materials and no climate; Judging from the book, Jiafu pinned its hopes on the Baoyu Imperial Examination in the future, and had begun to refute the path that was not the path of the righteous education development family. And human nature is selfish, Sister Feng has doubts in her heart, which led her to the road of personal accumulation of wealth to protect herself.

The transmission of knowledge in ancient society in society was initially limited to family members, and individual learning was also for the service of individual families. To Confucius's preaching disciples of 3,000, education began to become independent from the family and became a social undertaking, such as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period of Qi Guojixia School Palace is a well-known place in the world, so the "Analects and Constitutional Questions" that reflects Confucius's doctrine has: "The scholars of the past are themselves, and the scholars of today are people." "By the advent of Taixue in the Han Dynasty, teachers began to be professionalized within the ruling class, Confucianism became the main content of education, and educational theories began to develop gradually. In addition to the "Four Books and Five Classics", various articles and theories have come one after another. For the teacher to learn, Xunzi's "Persuasion of Learning" and Han Yu's "Teacher Says" are among the famous articles. Han Yu's "Teacher Said" proposed that "people are not born to know", so "ancient scholars must have teachers"; oppose the behavior of recognizing teachers as shameful, and advocate respecting teachers; believes that "a teacher, so preaching and receiving karma to solve doubts", a good teacher must stick to his own responsibility, and teaching with conscience is a good teacher; With Confucius's "threesome, there must be my teacher", the germination can be a teacher of a word, a teacher of words, and a teacher of skills, and patience is the teacher; It is proposed that "the disciple does not have to be inferior to the teacher, and the teacher does not have to be better than the disciple", focusing on personal development. Xunzi's "Persuasion of Learning" systematically discusses the theory and method of learning; It is proposed that "learning is not a last resort", because everything in the world is infinite, human theories are incomplete, and progress and exploration are endless, so individuals must study for life; pointed out that "I try to think all day long, it is better to learn what I have to learn", and discussed the importance and necessity of learning; Then, the steps, contents, and ways of learning are discussed. To learn, we must first know the distance between the moral norms, the distance between the normative thoughts, and the normative behavior distance, so as to be cautious in words and deeds; When studying, people should pay attention to "erudition and daily participation in their own self-examination", maintain an attitude of continuous cultivation in learning, "do not climb the mountain, do not know the height of the sky", both climb high and look far away, but also know that there is a sky outside the sky, "the gentleman must choose the hometown, and the tour must be a scholar, so the evil is guarded against and close to the Zhongzheng" also knows how to choose the difference between people's profits and losses, pays attention to the accumulation of "accumulation of goodness", insists on patience, "perseverance", "real accumulation of strength for a long time"; The learning content should pay attention to the order: "The number begins with the recitation of the scriptures and ends with the reading of the ritual; Its righteousness begins with being a scholar and ends with a saint", proposing that learning is learning in learning, so "courtesy, and then it can be with the way of words; The words are smooth, and then they can be with the reasoning of the word; In the pure, "reciting the number to be consistent, thinking to pass it, and dealing with it for others", the teacher's words are like water, the heart is like germination, and the linkage of "can be sure to respond" can guide people's practical activities; It is pointed out that the differences in learning are "born with the same voice, long and different, and teach it to be so", "its quality is not not beautiful, but it is gradual", "there are few good people, and there are many bad ones", people should avoid backwardness in learning, adhere to the method of "gentlemen are united in one", and can "quickly be good to their people, and solemnly salute" to revere good teachers and advocate etiquette, and to run through "the respect of etiquette, the harmony of music, the breadth of poetry and books, and the microbties of spring and autumn" can be said to complete the learning process; For the future of mankind, we advocate "green, take from the blue, and the green is blue", "learn the number has an end, if its meaning is not necessary", "learn to nothing and then stop", emphasizing the development of things, and inspiring people to continue to explore and move forward. In short, "the beginning of things must have a beginning", there is a reason for the development of things, and only by studying hard can we achieve something.

Ancient Chinese thought has developed to a very high level during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in which ideology and theory penetrated into all fields of culture and still guides people's words and deeds. Although the later cultural ideas have developed, in essence, the integration of literature and culture is the majority, and the integration and unification of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism is the main trend. Confucianism and Taoism originally complemented each other, Confucius once asked Lao Tzu; Buddhism was introduced from the Western Regions, and after absorbing Taoist naturalism in China, Zen Buddhism developed into Zen Buddhism, which absorbed Confucianism and appeared in the "Baizhang Qing Rules", thus negating the difference between not working and not working, and becoming a monk at home. The Confucian Wang Yangming once again put forward the study of the mind by integrating the achievements of Buddhism and Taoism, which made the style of learning flourish in the late Ming Dynasty. Needless to say, the ancient people used most of the methods of learning from things in their daily lives were Confucian methods of learning from things, and there were chapters and sentences such as "Tao is virtuous, all are courteous, shameful and qualified" in the "Analects of Politics", and "Rites and Universities" have chapters and sentences such as "Enlightenment is in the study of things, and then knowledge is given". In the early days, Gewu contained the principle of rules and regulations, and later extended to reduce the position and origin of all things in the world, and then to observe the original origin of all things. For example, Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty proposed that "exhaustively studying the truth of things, so that the intellect can reach the extreme", and used the method of "the way of knowledge, caring about the truth of things, and using the grid of things", to achieve "as for the long time of exertion, once it is suddenly penetrated, then the surface of all things is fine and coarse, and the whole of my heart is not clear", so as to achieve the purpose of understanding the world. This method is very close to the study of the origin of all things from the micro and macro fields in modern physics and other natural sciences.

Finally, to sum up, the essential purpose of learning is that people go from learning to understand the original nature of social things to hoping to make human progress through discovery and creation through learning.

2016.7.23