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During the Eastern Crusade, Shangshu of the Military Department, Duan Wenzhen, Marquis of Beiping, and the general of Zuo Houwei led his troops out of the Southern Sudao to attack Goguryeo, but he was seriously ill on the way, and he knew that he would die soon, and he was the emperor who believed that the Goguryeo people were insidious and cunning, and would hinder the attack process of the expeditionary force by surrendering and making peace, and warned the emperor not to be deceived, resolutely not to negotiate with the Goguryeo, resolutely not to accept their surrender, and to destroy the might of Goguryeo to deter the northern captives.

In order to ensure that the army can cross the Liaoshui River and launch an attack within the scheduled time, it is necessary to supervise the rapid advance of the army without delay. After crossing the Liaoshui, it is even more necessary to strictly order all the armies to gallop forward, and the water 6 will advance and kill Pyongyang directly by surprise, so that the enemy will not be prepared to attack and will be able to go down with one blow. Pyongyang is the capital of the Goguryeo people, and it is the foundation of the Goguryeo people, as long as Pyongyang is conquered, it will destroy the fighting spirit of the Goguryeo people, and the Goguryeo people who have lost their confidence and courage will not be able to resist stubbornly, so the rest of the Goguryeo cities will be destroyed. If our expeditionary force fails to conquer Pyongyang as quickly as possible, it will inevitably be hindered by the rainy season in the Far East, and the difficulty of attacking will be greatly increased, and the supply of grain and grass will be extremely difficult.

The Eastern Crusade is related to the foundation of the country, related to the fate of Middle-earth, exhausted the national strength, in order to prevent accidents, must be decided, a war is decided, for this Duan Wenzhen pleaded with the emperor and the center, do not hesitate, do not hesitate, in one go, kill Pyongyang, there is no other way.

However, the emperor and the central center did not adopt Duan Wenzhen's last policy.

Duan Wenzhen was a Qilu native and belonged to the Shandong aristocratic group, and was greatly contained by the Guanlong people in both the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the current dynasty. But he is a man of civil and military affairs, has real skills, and has made the right choice especially at the critical moment of fate. In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, he was a close confidant of the first powerful minister, Otsuka Zaiyu Bungo. In the early days of the rise of the first emperor, Wei Chijiong and other powerful ministers raised troops to attack, and Duan Wenzhen supported the first emperor, and the result was valued by the first emperor. After the end of the Unification War, Duan Wenzhen, who was the king of Jin at the time, assisted Jinshang with the post of Sima, and was loyal to Jinshang since then, and made great contributions to Jinshang's seizure of the throne. After ascending the throne today, Duan Wenzhen was appointed as the secretary of the military department and entrusted with important tasks

The Ministry of War is mainly in charge of military administrative power, and the supreme commander of the Ministry of War is one of the central governors and participates in military decision-making. The generals of the Twelve Guards had the right to command the army, and in wartime they had military command under the authorization of the emperor, and also participated in military decision-making. Other core members of the center, such as Nei Shi Ling (Nei Shi Sheng Chief), Na Yan 丨 Lower Provincial Governor), Shangshutai Governor and Shangshu Six Ministers, etc., all have to participate in decision-making, but when it comes to how to fight the Eastern Crusade, it is the military decision-making, and the emperor, the Shangshutai Governor and the Shang Shubing Minister, as well as the Twelve Weifu Generals, participate in the decision-making

Duan Wenzhen, as the secretary of the military department of this dynasty, although he has a high position and power, he only has one vote in military decision-making. Of course, if he is a famous general in the military, with many merits, high morality, and huge power, and his protégés and disciples are all over the army, such as Yang Su, the Duke of Yue Guo who served as Shang Shuling, then he can definitely influence and even decide military decisions, but unfortunately, Duan Wenzhen cannot compare with Yang Su, the Duke of Yueguo, in any aspect, even if the emperor trusts him, even if the emperor believes that his decisions are the best, he cannot help him to make military decisions.

The complexity of the military does not necessarily pass through the political circles, but because of the particularity of the army, its group interests are more strict, tigers and wolves are packed, and the strength is strong, many times even the emperor, in the face of this group of murderous tigers and wolves who defend their "territory", they also feel tricky and even helpless, so the preparation of military decision-making is very difficult, especially the interests involved in the Eastern Crusade are too great, and many military forces do not hesitate to fight and fight fiercely in order to compete for interests, even if it is a high emperor, Forced by the convergence of military forces, they had no choice but to compromise and make concessions in the process of making decisions.

How to fight the battle of the Eastern Crusade in order to realize the strategic intention of Middle-earth, judging from the many encounters between the Middle-earth people and the Goguryeo people in history, it is nothing more than two strategies, one is deterrence, to force the enemy to surrender with the strength of the enemy, and to win the maximum benefit at the minimum cost, which has a successful example, and there are more diplomatic means than war methods; The second is the attack, which completely destroys the enemy with bloody killings, such as the Western Expedition, and finally evolves into the expansion of territory, and the means of war replace the means of diplomacy.

If the strategic intent of the Eastern Crusade is realized by diplomatic means, supplemented by war means, then the greatest credit is not the military's, and the military's interests are damaged; On the other hand, if war is the mainstay and the expansion of territory is the ultimate goal, then while realizing the strategic intent of the Eastern Crusade, the military has also obtained the greatest benefits, which is what the military is most happy to see, but it is resisted by the political bigwigs, especially the bigwigs who hold a radical reform stance, in order to weaken the military's influence on reform to the greatest extent, and have always spared no effort to contain and attack the military.

However, if diplomacy is difficult to achieve the strategic intent of the Crusades, then force must be used. If the Eastern Crusade is mainly based on the means of warfare, what tactics should be adopted?

Duan Wenzhen's strategy was to "slash", fly thousands of miles, and kill Pyongyang directly, depending on the battle. Historically, the way the Middle-earthites fought against the nomadic captives of the north was like this, striking a thousand miles with a single blow and the main goal of killing and injuring the enemy's living forces. I have killed all your men and horses, what are you going to fight? The reason why this tactic is used is because the distance between the battlefield is too far, and the transportation of grain and grass is inconvenient, so it can only be fed by war, and can only strike a thousand miles, but this tactic is extremely risky, and it is essentially a lone army to go deep, without backup, without grain and grass to help, and if you are not careful, you will fall into the opponent's strategy of "luring the enemy into depth" and the whole army will be annihilated.

However, for the initiators, for the emperor and the center with the reformists as the core, the political purpose was greater than the military intention, nominally to destroy Goguryeo, to establish and improve a new national defense and foreign affairs grand strategy, in fact, to strengthen the authority of the emperor and the center with supreme martial arts, to attack and weaken the conservatives with strong authority, and to add to the reform process, so the Eastern Crusade could only win and not lose. The emperor and the central government were forced by this political background and forced to win the Eastern Crusade, so the military strategy of the Eastern Crusade must be "safe" as the main purpose, and they will fight steadily and step by step to ensure that there will be no accidents.

In the last years of the emperor's reign, the first emperor had conquered Goguryeo, and the sailors were buried in the sea due to the storm, and the 6th Route Army had to withdraw due to the delay of the fighters due to the lack of food and grass, and the expeditionary force ended in failure before entering Goguryeo. The Crusade had learned its lessons, made sufficient preparations, exerted its national strength, and its fundamental intention was to ensure victory. Because in order to ensure victory, it is inevitable to seek stability in military strategy, and since he is bent on seeking stability, then Duan Wenzhen's "beheading" tactics will certainly not be recognized by the emperor and the center. Since neither the emperor nor the reformist center could agree with Duan Wenzhen's strategy, it is conceivable that Duan Wenzhen's extremely risky strategy was naturally rejected in the process of formulating the unprecedentedly fierce military decision.

Duan Wenzhen's strategy was vetoed, and the people left the center, which can be seen from Duan Wenzhen's ability to command the army at the front line as the general of the left guard. He was the secretary of the military department, one of the core members of the decision-making level, and his opinions were very important in both state and military decisions, but the emperor and the central government temporarily "expelled" him in order to ensure that during the Eastern Crusade, the decision-making level spoke with a "voice".

Duan Wenzhen was obviously very stubborn, insisted on his own opinions, and did not waver or give up his opinions even in his deathbed performance. Duan Wen Zhenning's unbending personality may also be one of the important reasons why he was temporarily "expelled" from the decision-making level by the emperor and the center, and his existence will definitely increase the contradictions and conflicts of the decision-making level, which is obviously not conducive to the Eastern Crusade.

However, the course of the war was as Duan Wenzhen expected, starting from the forced crossing of Liaoshui, the expeditionary force did not go well, and bad luck was repeated, especially one of the twelve generals of David's Mansion, the emperor's absolute confidant in the military, Jiangzuo's famous general Zuo Tunwei General Mai Tiecane died in Liaoshui, which cast a shadow on the Eastern Crusade.

The death of the wheat iron rod was due to the fact that the construction of the pontoon bridge was very unsmooth, and the reason why the pontoon bridge was blocked was due to the sudden rise of the Liaoshui, which was due to the continuous spring rains. Duan Wenzhen had already predicted in his last policy that the Liaoshui would skyrocket and the difficulty of the attack would increase, so he warned the emperor that the march must be fast, and the earlier the time to cross the river, the more beneficial it would be for the expeditionary force, but the speed of the march of the various armies varied, and the best time to cross the river was missed, so that the initial battle of the Eastern Expedition was unfavorable. Liaoshui was crossed along the way, but the morale of the expeditionary force was hit head-on because of the death of Mai Tiecane.

Next, it was even worse, a Liaodong city, which had not been fought for more than two months, completely delaying the course of the war

The reason why the expeditionary force was unable to conquer Liaodong City for a long time was due to the mistake of decision-making. The decision-making level always tried to exchange the minimum cost for the maximum benefit, always intended to force the Goguryeo people to surrender unconditionally by strong force, and always did not have the determination to realize the strategic intention of the Eastern Crusade by means of war. The Goguryeo people were indeed frightened and wanted to surrender, and the envoys came one after another, negotiating every day, negotiating peace every day, and then the negotiations broke down, and the expeditionary force fought again, and then negotiated, and so on, and so on, and as a result, the time was delayed, the morale of the expeditionary force was low, and of course the city could not be defeated.

This approach of the decision-making level made the officers and soldiers of the expeditionary force know that the emperor and the center are bluffing, and in fact there is no intention to destroy the Goguryeo people by force at all, that is to say, even if the Eastern Crusade is victorious, it is the diplomatic means of the decision-making level that are used well, and the credit is mainly due to the political bigwigs, who eat meat, and the military drinks some soup at most. One can imagine how much of a blow this has dealt to the morale of the officers and men of the expeditionary force.

The exhibition of the battle situation was said by Duan Wenzhen again. Although the emperor was angry on the battlefield south of Liaodong on June 11 and scolded the military commanders to the blood, the military commanders also scolded the emperor and the center in their hearts. If you had decided to destroy the Goguryeo people by force, resolutely refused the Goguryeo surrender negotiations after crossing the Liaoshui, and attacked the city all the way to Pyongyang, why did you fall into today's passive situation? Now that the rainy season has arrived, the rivers and rivers in Goguryeo are about to swell, and there is not much time left for the expeditionary force to carry out the attack, unless a miracle occurs, from a military point of view, the possibility of conquering Pyongyang and destroying Goguryeo this year is gone, and there is only waiting for the next year.

The emperor and Zhongshu Xun made a new decision, rejecting the surrender of the Goguryeo people and resolutely destroying Goguryeo by force.

The emperor and the central government ordered the military to immediately formulate a new attack strategy based on this decision, requiring the military to conquer Pyongyang before the onset of winter, destroy Goguryeo, and win the victory of the Eastern Crusade.

The change in the attitude of the decision-making level is what the military is willing to see, and this is in line with the interests of the military, but the change in the attitude of the decision-making level is too great, and the change from blindly seeking stability in the past to taking risks at the present time has made the military feel very uneasy.

In the process of discussing the attack strategy, Liu Shilong, the right minister of Shangshu, Hu Sizheng, Ming Ya and other central officials of the military department, naturally obeyed the decision of the emperor and the center, and decided to end the war before the arrival of winter. If we ignore reality and have to implement this strategy, we will inevitably be in danger of defeat, so it is the military that is now "seeking stability."

Yu Zhongwen and other commanders built yì, fought steadily, step by step, first conquered Liaodong City, and then conquered Wugucheng, an important town in central Goguryeo, after the rainy season, and then Chen Bing Yalu Water before the winter came. The advantages of this plan are obvious, Chen Bing Yalu Shui, can ensure that the expeditionary force will take Pyongyang with an advantage in the spring of the next year, and the Goguryeo people may surrender unconditionally under the double blow of the heavy pressure of the country and the exhaustion of financial resources, so that if the internal political crisis becomes increasingly severe because of the prolongation of the Eastern Crusade, the emperor and the central government can also accept the surrender of the Goguryeo, and the political and military bigwigs will equally share the work of the Eastern Crusade, and everyone will return triumphantly, and everyone will be happy.

But at this moment, the emperor and the center with the reformists as the core had already seen the crisis from the changes in the political situation and the domestic situation in the eastern capital. If the Eastern Crusade is delayed until next year, the battlefield of the Eastern Expedition will be completely constrained by the domestic financial endowment and the domestic political situation, and whether the financial endowment is unsustainable or the political situation is turbulent, it will deal a fatal blow to the Eastern Crusade, so the Eastern Crusade must be ended this year, the war must be decisive, and the expeditionary force must take some risks in the attack strategy, even if it is worth paying a considerable price for this.

At the critical moment, the military commanders who supported the emperor and the center, or did not dare or want to offend the emperor and the center, and held a neutral position in the military, such as the left Yiwei general Yu Wenshu, the right Wuwei general Li Jing, the right Houwei general Wei Wensheng, and the right Yiwei general Xue Shixiong, repeatedly weighed the pros and cons, and after comprehensively considering the battle situation, they decided to "work around" and kill Pyongyang first, meet with the sailors of Laihuer and Zhou Fashang, and join forces to attack Pyongyang, absolutely obeying and implementing the decision of the emperor and the center, but the attack time is definitely not enough, The supply of grain and grass will definitely not be available, and at that time, the emperor and the center will only order a retreat and retreat to Yalu Water, so that the intention of the military will be achieved.

As a result, Duan Wenzhen's last policy was carried out in the wrong place at the wrong time.