The examination subjects are divided into three sessions: scriptures, essays, and policy discussions, which are respectively tested for memorization, diction and political opinions, and a total of 50 people are recorded, divided into A, B, etc., and the top 10 are A. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 info

At the moment, the Gongyuan opened the door, thousands of candidates in turn to accept the preliminary examination, Yuguan entered, under the leadership of four lamp-holding children respectively entered the four examination rooms, and at the door again to accept the sergeant's body search before finally entering the examination room, according to the examination citation (that is, the admission ticket) to find their own seat, this examination in addition to the examination citation, candidates are not allowed to bring in any thing, pens, ink, special paper, etc. are provided by the examination room, the first two test days each, the third policy needs to be tested for two days, the overnight quilt is also provided by the examination room, each candidate is separated, Each has its place.

It is required to pass through the three classics or more, and those who pass the five classics are required to go through the "Book of Filial Piety" and "Analects"; The "Book of Rites" and "Zuo Chuan" of the Great Classics can choose one, or both; The "Book of Songs", "Zhou Li" and "Rites" of the Zhongjing can choose the first or second classic; The "Book of Changes", "Book of Changes", "The Legend of the Ram" and "The Legend of the Hub" of the small classics can choose one scripture and write silently according to the designated paragraphs, which can be used to test memory and calligraphy. You can rest three times a day, someone will bring you food and water, and if you want to go to the toilet, someone will guide and monitor you. At dusk, there are candidates who start to hand in their papers, as long as they pull the small bell next to them, two people will come over to paste their names, put the test papers in the special box, and take away everything, and the candidates can leave.

The picture on the right is the Langzhong Gongyuan in Nanchong City, Sichuan. It has a history of more than 2,300 years. Successive dynasties have set up counties, states, prefectures, and provinces here. During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhang Feizhen, a famous general, guarded Langzhong for seven years.

The Qing Dynasty examination shed was rebuilt in the city Xuedao Street, Jiajing period of the Qing Dynasty, and was originally composed of the mountain gate, the corridor, the examination room, the main hall, the second hall, the apse and the candidate's dormitory.

There is a roll-shed type corridor, which is more than 50 meters long in length and width, and there are flying fairy chairs on the wooden railings on both sides of the corridor. There are two rows of examination rooms on the left and right, each separated by a carved one. So far, it has been well protected and is one of the only two remaining examination sheds in the country.

The Qing Dynasty examination shed is the common name of the Gongyuan in North Sichuan Province. The imperial examination system is a one-bell system for the selection of reserve talents for civil and military officials by examination in feudal dynasties. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Langzhong acted as the provisional provincial capital of Sichuan for 10 years, and a total of four township examinations were held here. After the relocation of the provincial capital, the examination shed of the Langzhong Gongyuan was used as a county examination and a government examination place until the imperial examination system was abolished.

Editing entries for the college exam

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The college examination is a kind of examination that must be taken first in order to obtain the qualification to participate in the official imperial examination, also known as the children's examination. Candidates from all over the country take the examination in the county or government, presided over by the provincial governor Xuezheng, and the examiner is called a student, commonly known as Xiucai (Maocai) or Xianggong.

The college examination is a kind of examination that must be taken first in order to obtain the qualification to participate in the official imperial examination, also known as the chapter examination. Candidates from all over the country take the examination in the county or government, presided over by the provincial governor Xuezheng, and the examiner is called a student, commonly known as Xiucai (Maocai) or Xianggong. In the Qing Dynasty, the provinces were called Xuezheng (in the early Qing Dynasty, Shuntian, Jiangnan, and Zhejiang, and the rest were called Xuedao; Later, it was changed to the level of the incumbent's former official, which was called Xuezheng and Xuedao, and Yongzheng abolished Xuedao and began to be called Xuezheng) to preside over the examination. Children who have been admitted by the government examination can participate. Because Xuezheng is called Admiral College, it is called the Academy Examination, and it follows the old name Xuedao, also known as the Taoist Examination. The registration and other procedures are slightly the same as those of the prefectural trial. Xuezheng is stationed in the nearest prefecture and county where the examination is located (generally a provincial capital, but there are exceptions, such as Shuntian Xuezheng stationed in Tongzhou). The rest of the prefectures will take the exam in phases. One main game, one retest. It was revealed that it was "out of the case". Those who are admitted are students, sent to the government and county school palaces, called "admission", and receive monthly classes and examinations by instructors.

Examination Venue: Academic Administration Circuit Case Temporary Examination Room (Prefecture, County)

Examiner: Provincial School Politics

Participant: Tong Sheng (Confucian Sheng)

Name of the middle: Shengren (Xiucai)

Date: Twice within three years

1st place: the head of the case

Township test edit entries

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One of the imperial examinations in ancient China. In the Tang and Song dynasties, it was called "Xianggong" and "Solving Tests". The examination is presided over by the local states and governments, and is generally held in August, so it is also called "Qiufu". In the Jin Dynasty, the county test was used as the township test, and the county order was the test official, and only those who won the test could take the government test. The Yuan Dynasty was held in the province, but in the abdomen it was held in Hedong, Shandong Erxuanwei Division and Zhending, Dongping, Dadu, Shangdu four roads, a total of 17 places. The exam is divided into two lists, only two tests for Mongolians and Semu people, and three tests for Han and Nanren. The Ming and Qing dynasties were set to be held once every three years, held in the provincial capitals of the provinces (including the capital), and all the students of the province and the supervisors, the shadow students, the official students, and the tribute students, who passed the scientific examination, the age of the subject, and the record of the legacy, can take the examination. Every child, noon, mao, and unitary year is the main subject, and the celebration plus the branch is the enke, and the examination period is also in August. The chief examiners of each province were appointed by the emperor. In Chinese, it is called "Juren", the first name is "Xie Yuan", the second name is Yayuan, the third, fourth, and fifth names are Jingkui, and the sixth name is Yakui. In principle, the person who is selected for the examination is qualified to be elected as an officer. All Chinese students can participate in the examination held in Beijing the following year.

History

The imperial examination was a system in which officials were selected through examinations in successive feudal dynasties. Because of the method of selecting scholars by subject, it is called the imperial examination. The imperial examination system was implemented from 605 A.D. (the first year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty) to 1905 (the 31st year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty) and the last imperial examination was held in the Song Dynasty

Song Dynasty "Imperial Examination Map"

So far, it has been more than 1,300 years.

The imperial examination system in ancient China first originated in the Sui Dynasty. After the overthrow of the Sui Dynasty's rule, the emperors of the Tang Dynasty inherited the talent selection system handed down from the Sui Dynasty and made further improvements. As a result, the imperial examination system was gradually completed. In the Tang Dynasty, the subjects of the examination were divided into two categories: regular subjects and system subjects. The annual periodical examination is called the regular department, and the examination held temporarily by the emperor's edict is called the system department. The state and county examinations are called the Jiekao, and the examinations in Shangshu Province are commonly known as the provincial examinations, or the Ministry of Rites examinations.

The imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty relaxed the scope of admission and role, and formally established a three-level imperial examination system of state examinations, provincial examinations, and palace examinations.

The imperial examination system of the Yuan Dynasty basically followed the Song Dynasty, and the imperial examination was divided into local township examinations, and the general examination and palace examination conducted in Beijing.

The official imperial examination in the Ming Dynasty was divided into three levels: the township examination, the meeting examination, and the palace examination. The township test was held by the southern and northern Zhili and the political envoys of each country

Guozijian

Local exams. The location is in the south, Beijing Mansion, and the residence of the political envoy.

The imperial examination system in the Qing Dynasty was basically the same as that in the Ming Dynasty, and the township examination was held every three years, that is, in August of the four years of Zi, Mao, Wu and You. It is Xiucai who participates in the township examination, but Xiucai must first pass the scientific examination held by the provincial academic and political circuit before participating in the township examination, and only those with excellent results can be selected to participate in the township examination. After passing the township examination, it is called a person who is raised, and the person who is actually an alternate official is qualified to be an official.

The imperial examination system developed to the Qing Dynasty, gradually declining, and there were more and more drawbacks. Although the rulers of the Qing Dynasty punished the fraud in the imperial examination field very severely, due to the shortcomings of the imperial examination system itself, the fraud became more and more serious, and the imperial examination system finally died out.

The township examination is presided over by the chief examiner ordered by the Son of Heaven, and all students who belong to the province, tribute students, and supervisors (including those who have not been appointed and those who have been examined by the official council

Will try the list

In principle, including the first and second grades of students who have passed the scientific examination and the top three of the third class, but in fact, all candidates who have passed the scientific examination and passed the examination can take the examination. However, officials who have been deposed by negligence, street performers, brothels, and parents who have been deposed for less than three years are not allowed to take the examination.

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Folding time

Because the township test is mostly held in August, it is also called the autumn test and the autumn test. The regular subjects in the imperial examinations were held on a regular basis, except for the Gongyuan

Gongin

In the event of a major event in the country, the general examination time will not change. Therefore, there is no need to issue notices in advance, and candidates across the country will automatically prepare for the exam at that time. In case of celebrations such as the birthday of the imperial court and the enthronement, it will also be temporarily added to be called Enke. The chief and deputy examiners who preside over the examination are appointed by the central government and formed by local government officials to conduct the presiding activities. On the sixth day of the first month, the examiners entered the court, and first held a banquet on the curtain, and all the internal and external curtain officials had to go to the banquet. After the banquet, the inner curtain officer enters the inner curtain of the back hall, the invigilator seals the door, the inner and outer curtain officials do not interact with each other, and the inner curtain official cannot have anything to do with him except for reviewing the test papers. The exam is divided into three sessions, each of which lasts for three days, and all three need to enter the exam room one day in advance, that is, the eighth day of junior high school, the tenth day of junior high school, and the fourteenth day of junior high school, and the day after the exam.

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The provinces mostly set up the tribute institute in the southeast of the city, as the examination room of the township examination, and hung the big plaque of "tribute institute" in the middle of the gate.

Folding field

The examination booth is also called "No. room" is one by one, as a "examination room" and "dormitory test candidates' rest statue" for candidates in the Gongyuan, answering papers, eating and lodging

Statue of the township test candidate resting

house". The imperial examination is a single room for each candidate. The invigilation in the Gongyuan is very strict, and when the candidates enter the Gongyuan, they must be strictly searched to prevent the candidates from hiding "entrainment" on their bodies. When candidates enter the examination booth, they must lock the door. During the test, the candidates were not allowed to come out until the end of the test.

The room is very narrow, with only two planks on the top, the upper board is used as a table for writing the answer sheet, and the lower board is used as a chair, and the two boards are used as a bed when sleeping at night. There is also a charcoal fire and a candle for the candidates in the examination shed. Charcoal fires can be used both for heating and cooking. Candidates are isolated from the outside world during the exam, and they have to solve the problem of eating by themselves. The invigilator only cares about cheating in the exam, and the invigilator does not ask about the other actions of the candidates in the number room.

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The township examination was selected by the imperial court to send Hanlin and cabinet scholars to the provinces to serve as the chief and deputy examiners, preside over the township examination, and examine the statue of the Jiangnan Gongyuan Township Examination

Jiangnan Gongyuan Township Test Statue

The examination mainly examines the "Four Books", "Five Classics", Strategy, Bagu Wen, etc., and the subjects tested in each dynasty are different. The provincial school administration is not allowed to preside over the township examination, and the academic administration is responsible for presiding over the college examination, selecting talents, and supervising the school officials of the government and county.

Example: On the ninth day of the eighth month of August, try to take the article "Analects", the article "The Mean" or the article "University", the article "Mencius", a poem with five words and eight rhymes, and four poems of scripture and meaning, each of the three four-book questions in the initial field must write more than 200 words, and the four scripture questions need to write more than 300 words. On the 12th, the second session was to try the Five Classics, and to try the edict, judgment, table, and edict, and the argumentative essay required more than 300 words, and there were changes in the future. On the 15th, the third session was held, and five current affairs were tried, that is, combined with scripture theories, to express opinions or opinions on current affairs and government affairs at that time. From the content of the examination, it can be seen that Confucian scriptures are the main core content of the imperial examination.

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The person who is called in the township examination is commonly known as filial piety, and the first name is Xie Yuan. In the township examination, it is called B list, also known as B department. When the list is released, it is the time when the osmanthus is fragrant, so it is also called the laurel list. After the list is released, the governor presides over the deer banquet. During the banquet, the poem "Deer Song" was sung and the Kui Xing Dance was danced.

The township examination is an integral part of the imperial examination system within the provincial and regional scope. It is not only a necessary step for the general examination and the imperial examination, but also makes good preliminary preparations in terms of content, rules, and procedures. In the twenty-ninth year of Guangxu, Enke Shandong Township test questions

In the twenty-ninth year of Guangxu, Enke Shandong Township test questions

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Fraud anecdotes

In the fifteenth year of Daoguang (1835), it was verified by the Zongren Mansion in conjunction with the Criminal Department that Ye Zhuogui had been dismissed for fraud. After the report, the emperor issued an order: "Ye Zhuogui sent to the nearby border to fill the army."

In the seventeenth year of Daoguang (1837), after the end of the Ding Youke Township Examination, Li Baoguang, the governor of Jiangxi Province and the supervisor of Yutai, and others exposed the "joint" plagiarism of the old text by Huang Youxiang. Emperor Daoguang then sent a message to the cabinet: "In the township test in Jiangxi this year, Huang Youxiang, the tenth person in the Duchang County middle school test, was the first artist, plagiarized the old text, and it was difficult to ensure that there was no coercion to pass on the disadvantages of love." Li Baoguang, a member of the Supreme People's Republic of China, did not do anything for himself, concealed his real name, and changed his name to Song Hongwen and others, and jointly controlled it, which was obviously suspected of blackmail, and should be thoroughly investigated. “

Consequences of fraud

Once the scholar is found to be cheating, it will be a catastrophe, not only will he be dismissed, but he will even be assigned to the army.

Folding anecdote

"Fan Jin Zhongju": Fan Jin was originally a poor scholar, but he was ridiculed and ridiculed by his neighbors and his father-in-law, Hu Butcher. In order to gain fame, he did not hesitate to let his wife and mother go hungry, and finally, with Fan Jin's efforts, he was admitted to the examination, which impressed everyone, but because he didn't believe in this exciting news. Fan Jin turned out to be insane and went crazy, and was finally woken up by a slap from Hu Butcher and returned to normal.

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The township examination is the latest first-level examination at all levels in the history of China's imperial examinations, and it is also the most competitive first-level examination, and it is also the first first-level examination to withdraw from the historical stage. The township test is a major event in the humanities and education activities of various provinces, which has had a profound impact on many aspects such as regional politics, culture, education, and folk customs. The content of the examination of the township examination has been detached from the pattern of taking scholars in eight shares, and has been changed to emphasize the application of the world. Although the imperial examination system has undergone unprecedented reforms, from the content to the form of examinations, it has tried to keep up with the pace of the times, but it still cannot escape the fate of extinction. At that time, it was difficult to coordinate the development of the imperial examination and the school, which eventually led to the end of the abolition of the imperial examination and the revival of the school.

Negative

The Qing Dynasty's township test system was basically the same as that of the Ming Dynasty, but it implemented a policy of ethnic discrimination. Therefore, the development of the imperial examination to the Qing Dynasty gradually declined, and there were more and more drawbacks. Although the Qing rulers punished the fraud in the imperial examination field very severely, due to the shortcomings of the imperial examination system itself, the fraud became more and more serious, and the imperial examination system finally died out in 1905. Replaced by the school, the imperial examination has thus completed its historical mission.

front

In its more than 1,300 years, it has constituted a three-in-one talent system of feudal society with the ancient education system and the official system. Although the imperial examination system was born in a feudal society with strict hierarchies, the spirit of "open competition, equality and merit" has the characteristics of surpassing the feudal era, and it is a relatively fair system that is rare in China's feudal society.

Try to edit the entries

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The examination was the central examination in the ancient Chinese imperial examination system. It is the examination of the tribute, and the examination is the meaning of the examination of the whole country. The participants are lifted people, in the spring (March) of the second year after the township test, so it is also called "Chunfu" or "Lifu". In the second year after the township examination, people from all over the country gathered in Beijing to take the examination. The examination is presided over by the Ministry of Rites, and the content of the examination is the same as that of the township examination. After the person obtains the qualification of "Gongshi", he can participate in the palace examination. The palace test is the Son of Heaven's personal plan in the court, and it is regarded as the "Talent Ceremony".

The examination was the central examination in the ancient Chinese imperial examination system. The candidates are the people of the provinces and the supervisors of the country, and the admitteds are called "Gongshi", and the first name is "Huiyuan".

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Will test, will test the Zhu paper

Will test the Zhu paper

One of the imperial examinations of the four dynasties of the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The so-called test takers will have a total of one place to test science and art. Conducted by the Ministry of Rites, the examination was held in Kyoto.

Those who are selected for the Jindai Fan Fu Examination can participate in the general examination. In the second year of Taihe (1202), it was decided that three people should take one of the three people of the strategy, and one of the five people of the word endowment scripture and righteousness.

300 people were selected from the Yuan Dynasty Township, and one-third could participate in the examination, of which Mongolians, Semu, Han and Nan each accounted for a quarter.

The content of the exam is heavy on scriptures and meanings, and light on poetry. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the provinces and townships of the Ming and Qing dynasties took the Chinese-style examination and entered Beijing in February of the following year (after Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty changed to March) to participate in the examination presided over by the Ministry of Rites. Those who have not passed the previous session of the examination and the inmates of the Guozijian can also take the examination together.

Because the exam is in the spring, it is also called the spring test or spring exam. If there is Enke in the township test, the next year will also hold the examination, which is called the Enke.

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Will try poetry

Will try poetry

The one who will try to take it is called "Gongshi", also known as "Chinese-style Jinshi", and the first name is "Huiyuan". The number of admission places is uncertain, about 300 in the Ming Dynasty, and the admission is proportional to the south, north and middle regions; In the Qing Dynasty, there was no quota, and each subject ranged from more than 100 to 2,300 students, the largest one was in the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), 406 students were admitted, and the least one was 96 students in the 54th year of Qianlong (1789). The number of places to be admitted in each province is determined by the number of candidates and the size and population of the province. After the results of the examination are announced, the Chinese-style candidates will take the palace examination next month.

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The test was held at the Gongyuan in the southeast of Beijing's inner city. The chief examiner of the examination 4 people (2 people in the Ming Dynasty) is called the total load, and the bachelor who was born in Jinshi, and the officials above the deputy capital of the imperial history below the Shangshu are invited to be filled by the ministry.

In addition, there are 18 examiners (8 at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, and later increased, sometimes reaching 20 people), most of whom were served by Hanlin. The procedures for sealing, transcription, proofreading, marking, and filling in the list during the examination are the same as those for the township examination. Those who participate in the examination should be re-examined first, and those who are far from the road can be re-examined after the examination.

The examination will be held in three sessions, one on three days, the first on the 9th of the first month, the second on the 12th, and the third on the 15th. The three test items, four books, five words and eight rhymes, five scriptures and questions, are the same as the township test.

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Will try the ink

Will try the ink

The Ming and Qing dynasties held an examination in the capital every three years, and the township examination was held in the following year, that is, in the spring of the year of Chou, Chen, Wei and Xu, presided over by the Ministry of Rites, and the emperor appointed the president and vice president, and the provincial people and the Guozi supervisors could take the examination. Also known as "Liyu" and "Chunyu", there are three exams, each three days.

Those who pass the examination are all called Gongshi, and the first name is Huiyuan. After the examination, the tribute will be re-examined by the emperor himself, and the best will be selected as the jinshi. The palace examination period is one day, and according to the grades, the first and first, the birth, and the same origin, and then the brown is awarded. The Qing Dynasty stipulates that every Chen, Xu, Chou, and Wei Nian, that is, the next year of the township examination, if the township examination has Enke, the next year will also hold the examination, called the examination Enke. The examination period was in February at the beginning, and it was changed to March during the Qianlong period, and it was also divided into three sessions. Those who pass the examination are called tributes, and those who pass the palace examination are called jinshi.

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The most intact preserved examination place in Nanjing Confucius Temple, each person's examination place is very small, called a single room. In ancient times, this kind of single room was called five feet long, four feet wide, and eight feet high.

Before entering, they were searched and each person was given three candles, and the door was immediately blocked after entering, and the candidates answered the questions inside, and rested in it at night. It is also in this environment that candidates write brilliant essays.

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The palace examination was one of the imperial examinations in the Song (Jin), Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Also known as: "Imperial Examination", "Imperial Examination", "Imperial Examination", that is, the emperor personally issued the examination. Only those who have been selected for the examination will be able to participate. The purpose is to distinguish the ranking of those who pass the examination. The palace examination is the highest stage of the imperial examination. It was created by Tang Gaozong, but it has not yet been customized, and it was a regular system in the Song Dynasty. After the Ming and Qing Dynasty palace examinations, it was divided into three grades: one and three Cijin Shi and the first, commonly known as the champion, the list eye, and the flower; The second class was born as a jinshi, and the first place is commonly known as Chuanlu; The top three are given the same Jinshi background. It was founded from the time of Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty.

The palace examination was one of the imperial examinations in the Song (Jin), Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Also known as: "Imperial Examination", "Imperial Examination", "Imperial Examination", that is, the emperor personally issued the examination. Only those who have been selected for the examination will be able to participate. The purpose is to distinguish the ranking of those who pass the examination. The palace examination is the highest stage of the imperial examination. It was created by Tang Gaozong, but it has not yet been customized, and it was a regular system in the Song Dynasty. After the Ming and Qing Dynasty palace examinations, it was divided into three grades: one and three Cijin Shi and the first, commonly known as the champion, the list eye, and the flower; The second class was born as a jinshi, and the first place is commonly known as Chuanlu; The top three are given the same Jinshi background. It was founded from the time of Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty.

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In the fourth year of Xianqing (659), Tang Gaozong personally opened a branch on the main hall, and the emperor personally supervised the selection of talents, which was the first "palace examination" in the history of the imperial examination, and the scale of the palace examination was not large. In the first year of Zai Chu (690), Wu Zetian was about to be called the emperor, she personally presided over the examination, elites from all over the world gathered in Luoyang, there were tens of thousands of candidates, and the examination lasted for several days. This palace test left a deep impression on the world, so much so that "Zizhi Tongjian" simply erased the palace test presided over by Tang Gaozong, saying that the palace test was created by Wu Zetian. However, the earlier "Old Tang Book" recorded the palace test of Tang Gaozong: (Xianqing) in the spring of the fourth year of February Yihai, the pro-policy test was raised, and there were 900 people, but Guo Zhifeng and Zhang Jiuling were the first five people, and they were ordered to be enshrined in the Zhaohong Wenguan. (The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty: The Book of Gaozong)

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Emperor Wu of Jin personally questioned Ruan Chong, personally reviewed the examination papers, and the nomination was the prototype of the palace examination, and the palace examination in the history of the imperial examination was initiated by Tang Gaozong. In the fourth year of Xianqing (659), Tang Gaozong personally opened a department on the main hall, and the emperor personally invigilated the selection of talents, which was the "palace examination" mentioned by later generations. Those who pass the imperial court examination are jinshi. The Song Dynasty was officially formed, and the Jin, Yuan, and Ming palaces tried the volume

Temple test papers

It was used by the four generations of the Qing Dynasty. It is also known as the imperial examination and the court examination, which refers to the examination made by the emperor himself. Only those who have been selected for the examination will be able to participate. The purpose is to distinguish the ranking of those who pass the examination. The Jin Dynasty and the first are divided into upper, middle and lower three. Yuangong is divided into one, two, and three grades, and two lists. Mongolia and Semu are on the list, and Han and Nanren are on the list. The Ming and Qing dynasties were divided into three along the Yuan system, but not into two lists. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the imperial examination was an annual two-level examination, and the first level was the "solution examination" held by each state; The second level is the "provincial test" held by the Ministry of Rites in the inner Gongyuan of Kaibao Temple. It was then held every other or every two years, and finally every three years.

In the sixth year of Song Kaibao (973), Li Fangzhigongju, a scholar of Hanlin, presided over the national examination held in the Tokyo Gongyuan. After each examination, a total of 38 students were admitted. Among them, 2 people were deposed by Song Zhao Hengdian because of "the ugliest material and the wrong question" when they were called

Song Zhao Hengdian tried to do something

。 Xu Shilian, the first jinshi, beat the drum and accused Li Fang of "choosing with affection" and asked for a palace test in order to seek justice. Song Taizu issued an edict to select 195 people and 36 people who had been selected from the first place, and conducted a re-examination in the lecture hall, which was presided over by Song Taizu himself, and the result was that 127 people were ranked, and 10 people were unsuccessful among the original admissions. After the list, there was an uproar in the government and the opposition, and Li Fang was demoted. This imperial examination case not only became the beginning of the palace examination, but also established the three-level examination system of feudal society.

In the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Yuan Shun, the palace test was divided into first, second, and third, and the Ming and Qing dynasties were divided into three along the Yuan system.

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In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the procedure was roughly as follows: before the examination, the examination must be re-examined, and the examination must be taken in the Baohe Hall in the Forbidden City. After the re-examination, in April Baohe Hall (Qing Dynasty palace test place)

Baohe Hall (Qing Dynasty Palace)

On the twenty-first day, he took the temple test, and he was also in the temple of Baohe. The palace examination is only a test of policy questions, and the candidates enter from dawn, and go through roll call, scattering, praising and bowing

Temple Examination

Temple Examination

and so on, and then issue the policy. In the early Qing Dynasty, the topic of policy was used as a current policy, with a length of two or three hundred words, and one or two things were asked; After Kangxi, the question was five or six hundred words long, or even about 1,000 words. In the twenty-sixth year of Qianlong (1761), the title was changed to four of the eight articles circled by the minister who read the papers. There is no limit to the length of the essay, generally about 2000 words, the beginning and end and the middle of the writing have a certain format and word limit, especially emphasizing the writing, must be written in the right style, that is, the so-called "courtyard style", "pavilion body", the word to be square, light garden, jet black, large. From a certain point of view, calligraphy is often more important than writing. The palace examination is only one day, and the papers are handed in at dusk, and they are accepted by the officials, such as the rolls, the palm scrolls, and the seals. To the day of marking, 8 people are handed over to the reading officer, each person has a table, and they are circulated in turn, each with "○", "△", "\", "1", "×" five kinds of marks, and the one who gets the most "○" is a good volume, and then in all the volumes, select the most ten copies of the ten books to submit to the emperor, and the first, second and third places of the first and second and third are the champions, the eyes of the list, and the flowers, and the first three people are called "Jinshi and the first", also known as "the three tripods". A number of people in the second class, accounting for one-third of the admitted, are called "Jinshi origin", and the first name of the second class is passed on. There are a number of top three, accounting for two-thirds of the admitted. Finally, the list is filled in by the list filling officer. The first three of them immediately conferred the examination papers

The planning of the palace examination

, the champion awarded the Hanlin Academy for editing. Second, if the top three jinshi want to be appointed to the official, they must also go through the court examination in the Baohe Palace, and the results of the examination before and after the comprehensive selection of the best will be admitted to the Hanlin Academy as a Jishi. That is, it is commonly known as "Dianhanlin", and the rest are distributed to various departments to serve as directors or go to other places to serve. "Ming Xi Sect Record Volume": "On March (14th) of the second year of the Apocalypse, Gengxu, to test the world's tributes to the court, and his life was ...... The general political envoy left the general government Yuan Keli, the left temple of Dali Temple, Guo Shangbin served as the official of the volume. “

Collapse and edit the results of this paragraph

County → government test→ hospital test→ township test→ meeting test, → palace test

Those who pass are called:

Tong Sheng→ Shengren (Xiucai) → raised people→ Gongshi → Jinshi

After filling in the results of the palace examination, the emperor held a ceremony in the Taihe Hall to announce the results of the palace examination. Jinshi is divided into three grades. A first-class three, called the champion, the eye of the list and the flower, give the jinshi and the first; A number of second-class scholars, born as Jinshi; A number of top three names were given the same test papers for Zhu Jiujiang Palace

Zhu Jiujiang Hall test papers

Born as a scholar. The first place in the second and third grades is called Chuanyu. After the ceremony, the new jinshi participated in the court examination in the Baohe Palace. The examination papers of the dynasty are divided into three classes, the first class is called Chaoyuan.

The first three people in the Jinshi were awarded immediately after the palace examination, and the champion was awarded the Hanlin Academy for revision, and the Bangyan and Tanhua were awarded for the compilation of the Hanlin Academy; Other Jinshi, according to the ranking of the palace examination and the court examination, were respectively awarded the positions of Shu Jishi, director, Zhongshu, pedestrian, evaluator, doctor, pusher, governor, and county.

In the ancient Chinese imperial examination system, the first, second, and third jinshi (champion, bangyan, and tanhua) in the palace examination were collectively called, also known as "three tripod armor".

The first three are given to the Jinshi and the first, commonly known as the champion, the list eye, and the flower; The second class was born as a jinshi, and the first place is commonly known as Chuanlu; The top three are given the same Jinshi background.

Later, the top three names of various competitions were called "top three".

The top three refer to the three grades in the first rank produced in the temple examination.

The first three people are widely known, and they are the champions of the Tanhua list, known as Jinshi and the first.

A number of people in the second class are called born as Jinshi.

A number of people in the top three are called the birth of the Jinshi.

Gilles edits the entry

B Add a meaning?

Shu Jishi, also known as Shu Chang. Its name is derived from the meaning of "Shu Chang Jishi" in the chapter of "Shujing Lizheng". It was a short-term position in the Hanlin Academy during the Ming and Qing dynasties of China. It is one of the important sources of auxiliary ministers for the Ming Cabinet, who are selected from among the people who have passed the imperial examination and have the potential to serve as close ministers of the emperor, responsible for drafting edicts and explaining scriptures to the emperor.

Brief introduction

Official name. Also known as Shu Chang, the name is derived from the meaning of "Shu Chang Jishi" in the "Book of Books and Politics"; In the early years of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, the Jinshi was selected to observe the government under the six departments and the Hanlin Academy. Those under the Hanlin Academy are called Shu Jishi, and those under the six departments are called Guan Zheng Jinshi.

Related information

In the second year of Yongle (1404), he began to be affiliated with the Hanlin Academy, and selected scholars who were good at literature and calligraphy. It was a short-term position in the Hanlin Academy during the Ming and Qing dynasties of China. The purpose of selecting potential candidates for the imperial examination is to allow them to study in the Hanlin Academy before being awarded various official positions. The situation was similar to that of today's trainees or graduate students. After the practice of Yingzong in the Ming Dynasty, those who entered the first class of the imperial examination were awarded Hanlin for revision and editing. In addition, from the second and third grades, young and talented people are selected to enter the Hanlin Academy as Jishi, which is called "Xuanguan". After the Yongzheng Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, the selection of the museum was more strict, and it was decided by the imperial examination presided over by the emperor. The general duration of the gloss is three years, during which the knowledge is taught by experienced people in the Hanlin area. Three years later, the assessment will be conducted before the next examination, which is called "dispersal". Those with excellent grades will stay in Hanlin, and will be awarded editing or reviewing, and will officially become Hanlin, called "Liuguan". others were sent to the Six Ministries as directors and imperial historians; Some were also sent to various places to serve as officials. Hanlin in the Ming Dynasty was a place for government timber storage. There was a convention after Emperor Yingzong: non-Jinshi did not enter the Hanlin, and non-Hanlin did not enter the cabinet. Therefore, the Kujishi is known as the "storage phase", and those who can become the Shujishi have the opportunity to rise to the top. In the Qing Dynasty, most of the Han ministers were also from Hanlin Shujishi.

Collapse edit this paragraph? Famous people

Fold Li Dezhang

Li Dezhang, a native of Yongchang in the Ming Dynasty, was an official to the Hanlin Academy, and was later demoted to the capital to be responsible for the custody of jewelry and jade. After returning to his hometown, he used the agate, jade, amber and other raw materials that were abundant in Yongchang to make "Yongzi". Emperor Jiajing's edict listed Yongzi as a tribute. [1]

Fold Yang Tinghe

Yang Tinghe (October 15, 1459 [1] - July 25, 1529), known as Jiefu, known as Shizhai, Han nationality, native of Xindu, Sichuan[2], a famous political reformer in the Ming Dynasty, and the father of the writer Yang Shen. The four dynasties of Shixianzong, Xiaozong, Wuzong, and Sejong were the two dynasties of Wuzong and Sejong, and the power was overwhelming.

Yang Tinghe became famous at a young age, and he was a scholar in Chenghua for 14 years, and he was given a review, and he served the crown prince when he was in Hongzhi. Zhengde served as the first assistant for seven years. In the third year of Jiajing, because of the disagreement between the "Great Rites Discussion" and Shizong's intentions, he returned to his hometown, and was later reduced to the people's post and died in his hometown. Long Qingchu was reinstated, posthumously presented to the Taibao, and was nicknamed Wenzhong. He is the author of "Yang Wenzhong Gong Sanlu".

Fold Zhang Juzheng

Zhang Juzheng (1525-1582), a native of Jiangling, Hubei, was a famous cabinet chief assistant in the late Ming Dynasty, and was praised by Liang Qichao as "the only great statesman in the Ming Dynasty". Handsome, daring to do things, extremely wise. In the twenty-sixth year of Jiajing (1547 AD), he was awarded the title of Jishi, and was appreciated by Xu Jie, an important minister of the dynasty, and rose step by step. Later, in the first year of Wanli (1573), after Mingshenzong ascended the throne, with the support of Empress Dowager Li, he implemented new policies such as the examination law and a whip law as the first assistant of the cabinet, and at the same time strengthened the border defense, so that the Ming Dynasty, which had been poor and weak since Zhengde, took on a new look - the new policy made the treasury fill a large amount of silver every year. The test method has improved the efficiency of the work that was already extremely low. A whip law and measures such as clearing acres of land have dealt a powerful blow to land annexation. In terms of border defense, famous generals such as Li Chengliang, Qi Jiguang, and Wang Chonggu were appointed, and efforts were made to improve relations with the Mongolian Tatar tribes. However, due to the fact that the reform violated the interests of the big bureaucrats and the big landlord class, and Zhang Juzheng's power was high, it caused dissatisfaction with Mingshenzong, and after Zhang Juzheng's death in 1582, he was immediately raided by Mingshenzong and deprived of his official rank.

Zhang Juzheng

The folding beam is clear and wide

Liang Qingkuan, a native of Zhending (now Zhengding County, Hebei Province), was a political figure in the early Qing Dynasty. For the third year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1646), the first Jinshi (Chuanyu) in the second class of the Bingxu Branch, the selection of Shu Jishi, the scattered museum awarded the Hongwen Academy to edit, and the official to the Ministry of Servants. Liang Qingkuan is the great-grandson of Liang Menglong, an important minister of the Ming Dynasty. He and his cousins Liang Qingyuan and Liang Qingbiao are all famous for their talents, and they are known as "one door and three jinshi".

Fold He Shixuan

He Shixuan (1666~1729), the word Tang'an, also known as Tanyuan, No. Tieshan, was born in Chenzhuang, Xincheng County, Shandong. In 1709 (the forty-eighth year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty), he was a jinshi. Choose the Hanlin Academy. He served as the compiler of the "Unification Chronicles of the Great Qing Dynasty". In the 59th year of Kangxi, he served as the deputy chief examiner of Shanxi Province. Later, he served as the compiler of the "Holy Ancestor Record Museum". In April of the first year of Yongzheng, he served as an examiner in Jiangxi. He successively served as a scholar and politician in Zhejiang, an envoy to the salt transport of two Huai, the governor of Guizhou, and the acting governor of Zhili.

Fold Pan Shaolie

Pan Shaolie (1796-1881), the name Zijun, No. West Village, is a native of Yangjia Town, Zhangjiawa Office, Laicheng District, Laiwu City. Yiyouke Bagong, Wuzi Keju people, Jichou Kelianjie Jinshi, awarded the Hanlin Academy Shu Jishi, Wuyingdian Assistant, and the Wenlin Lang Scattered Museum. Later, he was the magistrate of Yuanshi County (now Hebei Province), and then served as the magistrate of Ouning County (now Fujian Province), and returned home to Ding Wei for three years and did not come back, and went to the Hanyuan Academy in this county as a lecturer, good at calligraphy, and made contributions to the cause of education in China [2]

Fold Zeng Guofan

Zeng Guofan (November 26, 1811 - March 12, 1872), the first name Zicheng, the word Bohan, the number Disheng, and the text of Zhen. Born in a landlord family in the late Qing Dynasty, he was diligent and studious since childhood, and entered the school at the age of 6. At the age of 8, he was able to read Bagu Wen and recite the Five Classics, and at the age of 14, he was able to read the anthologies of "Zhou Li" and "Historical Records". Father Linshu, has a field of property, does not farm, is obsessed with fame, but the child tried 17 times and did not rank, and his father set up a museum to teach apprentices. Zeng Guofan learned from his father at an early age. In the thirteenth year of Daoguang (1833), he entered the county school as a showman. In the following year, he studied at Yuelu Academy in Changsha and was promoted in the same year. After that, he went to Beijing to take the exam, but repeatedly failed the list. In the eighteenth year, the thirty-eighth tribute scholar of the first middle school went to the palace examination, and the forty-second place in the third class was given the same jinshi background. The court examination was selected as the Jishi of the Hanlin Academy.

Fold Cai Yuanpei

Cai Yuanpei (1868-1940), the word Heqing, also known as Zhongshen, Minyou, Xiaomin, the milk name Apei, and the pseudonyms Cai Zhen and Zhou Ziyu. He was praised by ****** as "the master of the academic world, the model of the world", was the first director of education of the Republic of China, served as the president of Peking University from 1916 to 1927, and his 72 years of life course have experienced the era of the Qing government, the era of the Nanjing Provisional Government, the era of the Beiyang government and the era of the Kuomintang government, all the way through the ups and downs, always adhere to the political concept of patriotism and democracy, committed to abolishing the feudal education system, and is the founder of China's modern education system in the early 20th century.

Cai Yuanpei's family origins, has a very deep private school skills, in the autumn of the fifteenth year of Guangxu (AD 1889), he participated in the township examination, in one fell swoop, a total of 155 people in Zhejiang Province, Cai Yuanpei ranked 23rd. At the age of 21, he embarked on the fast track of the imperial examination system.

In the second year of the township examination, the Enke examination was held, and Cai Yuanpei then went to Beijing in the spring of 1890 to catch the examination, and successfully passed the Gongsheng examination. After passing the Gongsheng examination, you must pass the palace examination to become a Jinshi. After Cai Yuanpei took the Zhonggong Examination, because the rankings of the palace examination were based on the character standard, and he did not write well, he took the initiative to ask to stay in the next palace examination and take the re-examination, and went home to practice calligraphy hard.

In the spring of 1892, Cai Yuanpei felt that he could do it, went to Beijing to participate in the palace examination, and won the 34th place in the second class in one fell swoop, and was elected as a Shujishi. [3]

Fold Chen Jingzong

Chen Jingzong (1377-1459) was a native of Cixi, Zhejiang. It is a Jinshi in the second year of Yongle. He was selected as a scholar, studied in Wenyuan Pavilion, and participated in the revision of the Yongle Canon. After the completion of the revision of the book, the head of the Criminal Department will be awarded.

Guanzheng edited the entry

B Add a meaning?

Guanzheng: Shizi Jinshi and the first were not immediately conferred, but were sent to the six ministries and Jiuqing and other yamen to practice political affairs, which is the Ming Dynasty Jinshi Guanzheng system. This system began in the eighteenth year of Hongwu, ran through the Ming Dynasty, and survived until the end of the Ming Dynasty.

origin

The system of Jinshi Guanzheng in the Ming Dynasty began in March of the 18th year of Taizu Hongwu.

"History of the Ming Dynasty" volume 70 "Election II": "(Hongwu) eighteenth year of the court examination, promoted to the first class of Jinshi Ding Xian and others for the Hanlin Academy to revis, the second class Ma Jing and others for the editing, Wu Wen for the review. Jinshi's entry into Hanlin has been since then. The people who make the Jinshi observe the government in the departments, and those who are in the yamen such as Hanlin and Chengyi Prison are called Shu Jishi. Jinshi is a Jishi, and it has been since then. In the six departments, the Metropolitan Procuratorate, the General Administration, Dali Temple and other yamen are still called Jinshi, and the name of Guanzheng Jinshi has also been since then. Since then, the test quota has increased or decreased, the regulations have changed, the examiner has internal and external importance, and there are gains and losses in affairs. Regardless of the details, it is not unreasonable to say that it is about the country.

"Ming Taizu Record" Hongwu 18th March Bingzi (15): "The first Jiaci Jinshi and the first Ding Xian were revised for the Hanlin Academy; The second Jiaci Jinshi was born in Ma Jing and others for the editor, Wu Wen for the review, Li Zhen for the Cheng Lang, and Chen Guang for the Zhongshu Sheren; The third Jiaci Tongjinshi was born in Wei Zhen as Weifu Jishan, Li Minggang was the Tanfu Fengci Zheng, Yang Jing was the official Keshu Jishi, Huang Geng was Cheng Yulang, Jian Ying and others were the Zhongshu Sheren, Zou Zhongshi was the assistant teacher of the Guozijian, and the name was given to the queen. Its scholars, with their unchanged things, want to give preferential treatment, so that they can observe the government in the divisions, give them their background, Lu Mi, and let them know how to practice the political system, and then promote them. Those who serve the yamen in the Hanlin Academy, Cheng Yi Jian and other close to the yamen, adopt the meaning of "Shu Chang Jishi" in the "Book of Books", and are called Shu Jishi, and those who are in the six departments and the divisions are still called Jinshi. “

Zhu Guozhen's "Yongbu Sketches" volume 7 "Imperial Policy Question": "Hongwu eighteenth year Yichou will test, the first Deng Qiwei (a Weiqi - original note), the word Zicai, Hengzhou Anren. Emperor Gao asked Zhongyun in a personal policy: 'There are capable people or people who have different aspirations, those who are virtuous or those who have nothing to build upon, the corporal of Zhongcai, and the incorruptible and shameful', these three words, the song is wonderful, who can get it? In the palace examination, Ding Xian was the first, and Qi Wei was second, all of whom were awarded revision. Second class: Ma Jing is the editor, Wu Wen is the review. Top three: Danger is Ji Shan, Yang Jing is the official Keshu Jishi, Jian is the Zhongshu Sheren, and Yu Guan is the political secretary. Later changed its name to righteousness. Huang Zicheng and Lian Zining are both in the science institute. “

Judging from the above historical data, the first few Jinshi of the Ming Dynasty went straight to the Hanlin Academy, the eunuch was a Jishi, and the scholars did not go through the observation of politics, and the rest had to go through the test of observing politics. According to the record of "Ming Taizong Records", with the increase in the number of scholars in the country and the completion of the official system of the central government, by the early years of Yongle, the system of viewing politics has changed-except for the first few Jinshi who still directly entered the Hanlin Academy, and those who were imprisoned as Shujishi and Zhongshu Sheren, not all the remaining Jinshi were to observe the government, but only part of the Guanzheng was left, and the rest had the direct distribution of the princes as auxiliary officials, and more were "sent back to study". This is supposed to be a temporary measure that cannot be remediated for a period of time, and is not the rule. In addition, in the later period of the Yongle Dynasty, he began to directly appoint and the first jinshi as the pedestrian division.

"Ming Taizong Record" Yongle in the second summer and June of the second year of Jichou: "The official department of Shangshu and Zhan Shifu Jianyi and other words: ...... This year's Jinshi, all the divisions are not lacking in the note, the royal professors, companions are missing, to be selected in the third Jia, still make the food into the eight products of the Lu, the second Jia, the third A to retain 70 people, subordinate to the division of the government, in case of shortage, the rest of the send to return to the school, where the crown with the person also let the return to the school, to wait for the later examination. The superintendents of the various departments should be conferred after three months, and those who have not been awarded for one year due to a lack of proximal shortages, and the superintendents of the internal government affairs are transcribed from the transcription, Charlie's papers, and the number of audits, and there is no other government affairs, than the internal officials and supervisors, and the superintendents of the past have government affairs, and the officials and late, in the future, it is advisable to order the division, the internal government superintendents who have completed the month and day, and the regulations will give rewards, and they will still be ordered to return to the prison to study, and they will be born in turn. All from above. “

"Ming Taizong Record" Yongle 13th March Ding Si: "Ordered the first Jinshi Chen Xun to revise for the Hanlin Academy...... Shi Chang, Wang Da, Liu Jin, Xu Qi, and Xia Zhong were pedestrians, and the rest of their lives were spent in the departments to observe politics. “

Collapse and edit this paragraph: the Ming Dynasty Jinshi view of the political system

From the Hongwu Dynasty to the Yongle Dynasty, the Jinshi Guanzheng system was an important measure of the central government in the Ming Dynasty to cultivate administrative talents, and it was also widely valued by the government and the opposition. After that, this system gradually became a fixed form, and the attention of the government and the opposition declined, and by the Wanli Dynasty, it had become a "story". It gradually loses its original selection function.

Taking the record of the Ming Dynasty as an example, the Yongle Dynasty lasted for a total of 22 years, and the Ming Taizong Records recorded the Ming Dynasty in March of the second year of Yongle, March of the ninth year of Yongle, March of the thirteenth year of Yongle, and March of the sixteenth year of Yongle. Since then, such accounts have gradually decreased. The Jiajing Dynasty is 45 years old, but there is no record in the "Records of Ming Shizong". On the contrary, there are more and more records that reflect the malpractices of Jinshiguan.

It should be said that the original intention of Jinshi's view of government affairs is good, and if it is strictly implemented, it should be able to play a role in tempering talented people and enabling them to become familiar with political affairs as soon as possible. However, any policy that has been implemented for a long time will be full of drawbacks. "Ming Xianzong Record" recorded a title book of Ma Wensheng, which also praised Guan Zheng Jinshi for being released as a state and county official "often wins people", "Ming Xianzong Record" Chenghua five years of September Wuxu: "Governor of Shaanxi Left Deputy Capital Yu Shi Ma Wensheng played: To govern Mo first to calm the people, and the people are choosing to obey the order." Today's observance of orders, those who are born from Jinshi and Renren often win people, and those who are removed from prison students are often incompetent. …… From now on, the beggar officials will listen to the electors regardless of the age and distance and the supervisors are middle-aged and handsome, and the qualifications are handsome, and the old scholars are well versed in the selection of scholars, and those who are worthy of being appointed as officials, and the political and advanced scholars are also awarded to the state and the county...... The lower court. from it. “

On March Bingchen of the eighth year of Chenghua, Huang Lin Shangshu said that the purpose of the country's order to enter the government and then select and appoint officials is to let them understand the political system, expand their knowledge and experience. It does not mean that if you observe politics in the Ministry of Rites and the Ministry of Households, you don't need to understand the affairs of the Ministry of War and the Ministry of Punishment; If you observe the government in the Ministry of War and the Ministry of Crime, you do not need to understand the political system of the Ministry of Rites and the Ministry of Households. However, the current situation is that because the Jinshi election officials have both Beijing posts and external releases, those who observe politics in the Criminal Department and Dali Temple are only familiar with the names of the criminal punishments, and the Yamen often wants to be appointed on the spot. This is just a move of favoritism, opening the door for the people to compete and destroying the laws of the ancestors. At present, the Criminal Department and Dali Temple have to appoint Jinshi who observe the government in the Yamen, but the selection of the Nanjing Criminal Department and Dali Temple is based on established rules and is widely selected, but I have not heard of any mistakes in the use of punishment. Please immediately order the officials to send them to the various yamen to observe the government according to the jinshi and the rank in the future, and not to disturb the regulations and establish personal favors. ("Ming Xianzong Record" Chenghua 8th March Bingchen: "Huang Linyan in the Rite Branch: The old system of the country, Jinshi must work in the six ministries, the Metropolitan Inspection Yuan, Dali Temple, and the General Administration Department, and then select from the Ministry of Officials. He wants to observe political affairs all over the world, and to know the governing body, so as to expand his knowledge and knowledge. At the beginning, those who did not say the politics of etiquette, music, money, and grain did not need to know the punishment of soldiers; Those who observe the politics of military punishment do not need to know etiquette, music, money, and grain. In recent years, the Jinshi has been eliminated both internally and externally, and those who are in the Dali Temple of the Criminal Department will be exempted? The title of the department said that he knew the name of the criminal and specialized in the appointment of this yamen. It's just using one's own selfishness and distorting favorites, and I don't know the end of its competition, and the law of the bad ancestors. The officials of the Ministry of Criminal Affairs and the Dali Temple must want to detain the original Jinshi to be appointed in this yamen, but the choice of the Dali Temple of the Nanjing Criminal Department is not heard of as a common practice. In the future, the begging officials will follow the order of the first order, and select each yamen in order, and shall not disorderly choose the law, and fake justice to establish private favors. “)

Xianzong handed over this title to the Ministry of Officials for processing, and Yao Kui, the secretary of the Ministry of Rites, repeated: According to the precedent of the Hongwu and Yongle periods, Jinshi Guanzheng was half a year, and it was indeed not divided into six departments and three law divisions at that time, and they were appointed with vacancies, but in the orthodox years, there began to be an example of observing the government in the three law divisions except for this yamen. Because of this example, the Jinshi wanted to stay in the Three Dharma Divisions to get a position in the capital, and the exiles complained because of this. There is indeed the situation that Huang Lin said. The old practice of Hongwu and Yongle should be restored. Kenjong agreed to this suggestion. ("Ming Xianzong Record" Chenghua 8th March Bingchen: "The edict is in the Ministry of Officials.") Shangshu Yao Kui and others repeated: Hongwu and Yongle Jinshi assigned the divisions to work for half a year, and the officials were selected by the second, not divided into six departments and three law divisions, and were appointed with vacancies, and there were cases of punishment and punishment in the orthodox room. At the age of the year, Jinshi was selected for internal and external differences, so he was more willing to ask about the punishment and punishment, and he was removed from the Beijing post. It is advisable to continue the routine. from it. “

However, it is clear that there is a problem with the implementation of the old precedent. "Wanli Ye Won Ed" volume 11 "Choosing the Dao": "Between Cheng Hong, those who avoid foreign officials in Jinshi seek more than three law divisions to observe politics. For a long time, the name is called 'the court official after three years of punishment', and he is proficient in the name of the sentence, that is, he is awarded the imperial history. Even those who have been in prison for a long time will also get it. At this time, the yamen were allocated to observe the government, and the routine has not yet been limited, so the clever can get more and more. However, if you must first give a probationary position, or if you do not take the examination after a year, you will be transferred to the yamen, and then it will gradually become different. “

From the above historical data, it can be seen that in the orthodox year, the Jinshi who watched the government in the three law divisions had a precedent of local appointment. In order to get a job in Beijing, the door to competition has been opened.

After arriving in Wanli, the disadvantages of Jinshi Guanzheng were fully revealed, and a good policy not only became a "story", but even became a tool for some people to seek small profits.

"Mingshenzong Record" Wanli 35th month of the first month of Jiaxu: "Like Du gave Shao Shu and others in the matter: the style is inferior, the scholar is learning to compete, and Meng Xia Jinlu seems to be the later stage, and the court test and the observation of politics are all stories. Not reported. “

Some Jinshi pretended to use their status as a politician to defraud them of post treatment.

"Mingshenzong Record" Wanli 43rd November Gengzi: "The Ministry of War Discusses Postal Regulations: ...... 1. It is forbidden to borrow the title, and if there is a foreign appointment in the future, it is still the old title of Guan Zheng, and the license and summons are borrowed from the husband and horse, and it is not allowed to deal with it in violation of the regulations, so as to start the ...... of luck"

"Mingshenzong Record" Wanli 46th November Ding You: "Baoding Governor Jin Yuzhong is tired of the six counties of Jinan, please pass through the application...... 1. The prefecture and county are not allowed to have a private ministry card and a government card, and in case of this, even if they are blocked, they are not allowed to deal with it. “

In the Apocalypse Dynasty, the so-called Jinshi Guanzheng became a fiction and completely lost its original meaning.

"Ming Xi Zong Records" in April of the fifth year of the Apocalypse: "The military department gave things to the middle and land literature: Jinshi Guanzheng Yamen in March, it was the beginning of the election. Since recent times, the government has only been a virtual text, and I don't know what politics is?! In addition to drawing a book, a minister cannot say what the government should look at and instruct, and there is some omission. There is no way to ask for leave to return to the house, and there is no place to choose. From now on, please observe those who are actually holding government decrees. It is said that the inquiry is examined, or the argument is obtained, or the retreat is perfunctory, and the product is examined, and the material is exhausted, and the dense cabinet is known. The cabinet department added another consultation, and the election was removed. Discretion in the precedent, transferred to the selection of the law, will make the liberal arts the office, the scheming master of the valley, the liberal arts and sciences of the ceremonies, the scheming of the military affairs, the discerning of the punishment of the name, the shrewd supervision of the work, the abundance of talents can lead the people who are the people of the vulgar and the complicated drama to serve as the state guard, and the inference of the counties and the rocks. In the meantime, there may be more than enough and too much, more than virtue and not enough strength, so that they can see their strengths. Fu is more knowledgeable, powerful and windy, can eliminate big difficulties, solve big doubts, support the outline of the usual, and save to be used unusually. Such as Mengzheng's bag, Yunwen's talent hall, pottery casting and simplicity. Shuji, the emperor's lofty cultivation is not a document, and the ancestors' responsibility and talent can be effective. Shang said: 'Observing the political jinshi, the ministry and the ministry will take the provincial examination and assessment from time to time, and the election method is still the same. ＇“

"History of the Ming Dynasty: The Biography of Gu Yuncheng": "Shen Sixiao, the imperial servant of Nanjing, said: 'In the past two or three years, today I will defend people with advice, and tomorrow I will increase the crime of overstepping my duties, and I will move the priests to prohibit it, and those who enter the government will be restrained by the officials. The husband forbade him to be a traitor, and forbade him to speak bluntly; It is okay to teach them to be disciplined, and to be silent and tolerant of anti-religion. As soon as this wind opens, there are many disadvantages. The official avoids trouble and wants to be favored, and the official should not say anything; The minister is silent on his support, and the minister is not allowed to speak. In case of a traitor who is in danger of the sect, His Majesty will hear about it. The story of the first dynasty of the minister, Lian Wang, Zou Zhi, Sun Pan, Zhang Xuan and scholars suggested, and they thought it was a crime to show it, so why should they wait for Yuncheng and so on? ＇“

The election law of the Ming Dynasty can not be described as refined, it can not be said that it is not secret, but "the law is played for a long time", this kind of government has no function of improvisation, and good policies cannot be implemented well, and in the end it is not only reduced to a virtual text, but even becomes a beetle government that corrupts the country and erodes the people.

"Ming Ji Beiluo" records a comment on Li Chuang's trilogy on the Ming Dynasty election system, which is thought-provoking

"Ming Ji Beiluo" volume 23 "Song Xiance and Li Yan discuss the disadvantages of the Ming Dynasty": "Offering advice is sparse, out of the court to meet Li Yan for a walk, suitable to see the two monks, set up two cases, offering Chongzhen spiritual position, chanting and confessing from the side, descending to embroider clothes and riding horses, and passing by, there is no tragic feeling. Yan said: 'Why is the yarn hat not as good as a monk?' He said: "These gauze hats are originally ugly products, and the products of non-monks can surpass those of ordinary generations." Yan said: "The Ming Dynasty elects scholars, from the township test to the examination, from the examination to the court examination, and then to observe the political candidates, which can be described as a strict core." Why is there something wrong with the country, and the people who serve it can't be seen often. 'Advice: 'The national politics of the Ming Dynasty were mistakenly remade in the department, and the imperial court was high-ranking and generous, and once the monarch was in trouble, they each thought about protecting themselves. Its newcomer, Gai said: It is not easy for me to make a name, and I have worked hard for 20 years to win a yarn hat, and nothing has been done. It is not easy for me to be the best official, and I have been careful in my career for 20 years to get to this status. If the minister is not alone, I will die alone. This qualification is not acceptable. Both of them are said to be caused by their own fame, so they have no sense of wearing the imperial court. It is no wonder that it abandons the old and the new, and is indifferent. It can be seen that such an employment does not show the court's kindness to the scholars, but wants to blame them for their service, which is not stupid! In the meantime, there are more powerful families, those who advance with favoritism, develop arrogance, blindly greedy, do not know filial piety, how can they be loyal? There are also rich families, those who enter from the Yin Yuan, who are not only wealthy, but also think about the power of their children and mothers, and have not learned the article, so they know loyalty? This is also a big disadvantage for taking people. If the parties can correct their shortcomings and oppose their policies, they will have no honor in the court, and there will be no virtuous people left behind. ＇…… Yan said: 'The military adviser's discussion is extremely correct, but I hope that the Lord will believe in what he says, wash away the ugliness of accumulated habits, and be honest with the happiness of the world and the country. 'After speaking, each returned to camp. “

Every time I read and this comment, I am amazed, the past and present lives can be used as a reference!

Collapse and edit some details of the Jinshi Guanzheng system in this paragraph

Collapse the official title of the Kanzheng Jinshi

It is called "a certain ministry of affairs" - "Wanli Ye Won the Compilation" volume 9: "The secretary office is a common name for the clerk, so the cabinet of the secret palace, all with the title of the Chinese calligraphy, are all in the title, this is not enough." If the auxiliary ministers worship, they will be ordered to enter the cabinet to do things; At the end of the period of observing the administration of each yamen of the first section, those who have not been awarded the official will be said to be a certain department of affairs, and they will be covered by the government affairs office. “

Fold which yamen examples have jinshi view of politics

According to the "History of the Ming Dynasty and the Second Election Chronicle", these yamen include six departments, the Metropolitan Procuratorate, the Dali Temple and the General Administration. (See "History of the Ming Dynasty" volume 70 cited above), but considering other historical materials, the six departments and even the five military governors all have jinshi to view the government.

"Ming Xianzong Record" Chenghua 8th year March Bingchen: "Huang Lin said in the matter of the rites: the old system of the country, Jinshi must work in the six departments, the Metropolitan Inspection Yuan, Dali Temple, and the General Administration Department, and then select from the Ministry of Officials."

"Hezha Cong Tan" volume 1: "The fourteenth year of Hongzhi...... April...... On the 25th, the temple of the ancestor of Yitaixue carried out the release of the vegetable ceremony, the beginning of the release of brown, divided into the six departments, the Metropolitan Inspection Yuan, the General Administration Division, and the Yamen of the Dali Temple to observe the government. “

Volume 7 of "Yishan Tang Collection": "(Hongwu - Introduction) In the eighteenth year, he ordered the six subjects of Jinshi Guanzheng, Cheng Yu, and the prisoners who tested their merits, and called Shu Jishi, and took the righteousness of Shu Chang Jishi, and took Yang Jing, Shen Wei, etc. This is evidence that there are six subjects to observe the political jinshi.

"Wanli Ye Won the Edition" volume 14 "is the branch, Shu Chang Chen Shiqi, Jiangxi Taihe people, first to Jinshi view the government in the military capital governor's mansion, when the person in charge of the government is Chengguo Gong Zhu Neng, the instrument scholar Qicai, very know each other, it can be seen that the five mansions also have a view of politics. Today, I don't know when it started?" And the examination of the "Ming Xuanzong Record" Xuande six years in August of the sixth year: "Shandong Buzheng Division right participation in politics Chen Shiqi died. Shiqi, the word Zhenzhi, Jiangxi Taihe people. From the Jinshi Guanzheng Left Army Governor's Mansion, when Chengguo Gong Zhu Neng was in charge of the government, the scholars were ......very happy" "Wanli Ye was compiled" volume 16 "Guanzheng Jinshi Ceremony is Different": "At the beginning of the country, the governor's mansion of the five armies all had Jinshi Guanzheng, and I don't know how to get along." This is evidence that the Governor's Mansion of the Five Armies still has a view of politics and Jinshi at least in the Yongle Dynasty.

Collapse the responsibilities and powers of the Guanzheng Jinshi

"Ming Xuanzong Record" Xuande seventh spring first month Gengchen: "Ordered to be in the criminal department of the Metropolitan Procuratorate Jinshi Prison Prison." In the old system, Jinshi watched the government in various yamen, and did not sign copywriting. As for Gu Zuoyan, the right capital of the Imperial Procuratorate, Yongle tried to order the Jinshi to be punished in the Metropolitan Procuratorate of the Criminal Department, and now he still wants to order the division with the Imperial History, Langzhong, and the principal. Shu knows how to practice. from it. “

"Allusions and Chronicles" volume 10: "In the old system, Jinshi watched the government in various yamen, and did not sign copywriting. In the seventh year of Xuande, Gu Zuoyan of the imperial history of the capital, he ordered that according to the Yongle year, the Jinshi was in the criminal department and the Metropolitan Procuratorate to deal with the executioners, and the imperial history, Langzhong, and the chief affairs, and knew how to practice government affairs. “

This proves that in the Xuande Dynasty, the Jinshi who watched the politics in the Criminal Department and the Metropolitan Procuratorate could intervene in the trial of the criminal prison, and the other Jinshi who watched the politics still "did not sign the copy", and only watched and studied.

Collapse the time limit for Jinshi to view politics

According to the existing historical data, there are two theories: 3 months and half a year.

"Ming Xianzong Record" Chenghua 8th March Bingchen: "The edict is issued to the Ministry of Officials." Shangshu Yao Kui and others recited that Hongwu and Yongle were assigned to work for half a year, and the officials were selected by the second. “

"Records of Ming Xi Zong" in April of the fifth year of the Apocalypse: "The military department has given things to the middle and land literature: Jinshi Guanzheng and various yamen in March are the first to be selected."

Chapter 2 of the Ming Dynasty Zhanghui novel "Stone Nodding": "But when did the Mengxian family report also arrive, I knew that he was reading to Xishan." Mengxian Guanzheng March, in addition to the position of pedestrian. The 4th episode of "Happy Enemies": "It is said that Fengcheng County, Nanchang Prefecture, Jiangxi Province, has a soil, surnamed Zhang Mingying. In the spring test of that year, he won the first place in the second grade, and the criminal department watched the government. After March, he was elected as the governor of Quanzhou Prefecture, Fujian. “

For the time being, it is impossible to judge which of these two statements is right or wrong, but according to other historical evidence, the time for its enactment is not more than one year, but there must be a longer period of observation in the specific implementation.

"Ming Yingzong Records" orthodox five years of June first day: "The edict to the six departments, the Metropolitan Procuratorate, the General Administration, Dali Temple and other yamen officials said: ...... Jinshi and prisoners are all cultivated talents by the state, and those who are waiting to be used, why are they not recommended? From now on, those who have been in the government for one year, those who have been in prison for more than three years in the prison examination, and those who have been educated, will be awarded officials by officials. “

Collapse the welfare benefits of the Guanzheng Jinshi

"Ming Taizu Record" Hongwu 18th March Bingzi (15): "Its Jinshi, with its non-changeable things, want to give preferential treatment, so that the government is in the divisions, to give their origins, Lu Mi, so that they are proficient in the political system, and then promoted."

Taizu initially set the system of Jinshi Guanzheng, and there is no specific number record of Guanzheng Jinshi Lumi here. And the test of "Ming Taizong Record" Yongle in the second summer and June of the second year of Yongle has been ugly: "The official department is still the secretary and the Zhan Shifu Jianyi and other words: ...... This year's Jinshi, all the divisions are not lacking in the note, the professors of the palace, the companion is missing, and it is planned to be selected in the third Jia, and it is still the eight products of the Jinshi. If the direct election of the royal professor, the accompanying Jinshi eat "Eight Grades of Lu", then the Lu rice of the Guanzheng Jinshi should be basically the same or slightly reduced, "History of the Ming Dynasty" volume 79 "Career Official I": "Hongwu twenty-five years, re-establish the system of internal and external civil and military officials to give Lu Feng...... Eight pins, seventy-eight stones; From eight pins, seventy-two stones...... The rice banknote is both folded and supported. “

"Yong Building Sketches" volume 8 "Sui Chao Rice" records that Guan Zheng Jinshi still has a fixed income of "Sui Chao Rice": "Officials of all sizes have 12 stones of Sui Chao Rice, that is, they are removed from the product." Those who support white rice in Hanlin are worth one or two or four or five dollars per stone, which is still said to be superior; If each yamen stops supporting brown rice, it is only five dollars per stone, and those who are discounted by eight dollars depending on the true color of the right money will be reduced to the number. Mr. Li Linchuan Wuchen Jinshi, Guanzheng Rites Department, with one stone of rice, three buckets of white rice and three buckets. After the Emperor, Mr. Guanli gave the matter, Yun: "The rice is not as good as the first five times." The intention is to cut Gangneung. Now the four yamen are one, the road is particularly majestic, and its restoration of the old example is self-evident; If the yamen are separated, they must not be restored.

Chapter 11 of the novel "Drunken Awakening Stone" in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties: "He only blindly reads and does not take care of housework. Thanks to his wife's family, his wife is a little more diligent, and she suffers from the morning and twilight. His wife resented his studies, and paid for his money, and was poor. Wei Jinshi reluctantly said: "Don't complain, if you get Zhongding, you will be clothed and clothed, and you will be able to eat." Ten times the amount of makeup will be paid back to you, and it will not matter. Unexpectedly, he won the lifter, and Lianjie won the jinshi, and the palace was the top three. The election of the magistrate should first observe the political and metropolitan procuratorate. For a while, there were long shifts, hiring horses, and social expenses. “

It can be proved that the Guanzheng Jinshi has "long classes, hiring horses, and social expenses".

In addition, Jinshi can also ask for leave when he is not elected, and in the above-mentioned "Ming Xi Zong Records" military department to the affairs of the Lu literature, it is criticized as one of the maladministrations. Another test of "Wanli Ye Won the Compilation" volume 15 "Jinshi Gives Leave": "Recently, those who have not reached the selection date of the new branch Jinshi have mostly given the tomb of the fake province to the province as an excuse, and they have to return to the country temporarily. Those who are powerful will beg for silver, and take advantage of the difference between the idle words of the Cao Bureau, in order to save the cost of partial fundraising, otherwise the government yamen, the court officials will ask for it, and they will not change along the way. Occasional reading of "Jingdi Record", Jingtai five years Jiazhu Branch, take 350 Jinshi, when Dali Qing Xue Xuan, in addition to the first three of its unappointed people, begging to return to study with relatives. The emperor said: "Kebi is about to employ people, and he will take the middle and put it back, so it is better not to take it, and leave all the candidates." 'Emperor Jing worked hard to govern, and did not allow his subordinates to steal peace and do so. In the fifth year of Jiajing, hundreds of people, including Jinshi Yingyao, were still far away from the election period, and they begged to be released according to the rules, and they were not allowed to connect with them, and finally they were responsible: 'You wait for the first branch of the department, and you don't want to practice the form of government, but beg back for your own selfishness. 'Not allowed. To the first assistant Fei Hong and others on behalf of the request, but also did not follow. Sejong's holy age is twenty, just like Tai'a out of the box, the edict is solemn and big, and the acquiescence is in line with the first dynasty. Today's upstart is self-defeating, and you can look forward to it. “

(The thirty-sixth chapter of "The Words of the Golden Bottle": "An Jinshi said: 'The student is a native of Qiantang County, Zhejiang, and his name is Fengshan. In addition to the Ministry of Labor's observation of the government, he also gave leave to return to his hometown to continue his relatives. Dare to ask the number of the virtuous princess? Ximen Qing said: "In the military position of a lowly official, how can he be called!" According to the above quote from "Wanli Ye Compiled", it is a matter of Wanli after Guanzheng Jinshi to give leave, which can prove the time when "Golden Vase Plum" was written, and this memo is recorded. )

Folding the way out after the end of the Jinshi view of the government

Some of them stayed in Jingshi, and some of them were released. And most of the Jinshi wanted to stay in Jingshi, and they were afraid to let go outside.

"Ming Xianzong Record" Chenghua 8th March Bingchen: "Shangshu Yao Kui and others repeated: ...... At the age of the year, because of the inconsistency of internal and external selections, Jinshi was more willing to ask about the punishment and punishment, and was removed from the Beijing post, and the person who was appointed to the foreign office had suspicions. “

"Wanli Ye Won the Ed.", volume 11, "Choosing the Dao": "Between Cheng Hong, those who avoid foreign officials in Jinshi seek more than three law divisions to observe politics."

In the literary works of the Ming Dynasty, there are many corroborations of the release of Jinshi after the view of politics, and I will give a few examples

The 16th chapter of "Continuing to Rejoice and Revenge": "I don't feel that the spring field is near, and the human dragon reads it violently for a long time, and I will try the Chinese style, and the palace will enter the soil." In March, the officials watched the government and chose Dantu Zhi County, Zhenjiang Prefecture. “

Volume 20 of "Xingshi Hengyan": "The spring list has been released, and Shao Yiming and Chu Simao are among the hundred. When they went to the temple to test, the brothers were all in the second class. The view of politics has passed, Yi Ming elected the governor of Changzhou Prefecture in the south of Zhili, and Si Mao was elected as a Shu Jishi and entered Hanlin. “

Volume 10 of "Zhengxiao Pavilion Evaluation of Popular Romance Shiyan": "All the way to Beijing, submit essays for the exam. On the day of the announcement, the newspaper came to report, and the result was one hundred and eighty-two. The mountain is not surprising. When I went to the palace to test, it was one hundred and one of the top three. After observing the election for three months in the Ministry of Rites, he was the magistrate of Jiangxia County, Wuchang Prefecture, Huguang. Ibid., vol. 8: "In November of the following year, Ren Juren got up and went to Beijing, unexpectedly went to Beijing Lianjie, won the Jinshi, and watched the government in Beijing. A poor man suddenly changed his face. chose the Huangzhou magistrate, but he is also the ancestor of the township house tester. “

The 5th episode of "Stone Nodding": "Break up twice, Wangjing advances." Hungry and thirsty all the way, stay overnight in Xiaoxing, and come to the capital. The three games have been completed, and he became famous in one fell swoop and became a yellow armor. In March, he elected the magistrate of Yizheng County, received an official certificate, and went to work on the same day. “

"Ming Xianzong Record" Chenghua five years of September Wuxu: "The governor of Shaanxi's left deputy capital Yu Shi Ma Wen sheng: to govern Mo first to calm the people, and the people are choosing to obey the order." Today's observance of orders, those who are born from Jinshi and Renren often win people, and those who are removed from prison students are often incompetent. …… From now on, the beggar department, regardless of the age of the electors and the middle-aged and handsome qualifications of the prisoners, will pass the examination and selection of scholars, and the old Chengwen will be quite familiar with the official position, and the government and the scholars will be awarded the governor and the county...... The lower court. from it. “

Judging from the above historical data, those who are released from the government and Jinshi are awarded the county, prefecture and prefecture level officials.