Black porcelain: porcelain with a black high-temperature glaze. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 INFO is a variety developed on the basis of celadon, and iron oxide is also used as a coloring agent for glaze, and the iron content is increased to become black porcelain, and the content of ferric oxide in the glaze is more than 5%. Black porcelain was created and fired in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the black porcelain fired in Shangyu kiln in Zhejiang Province was glazed thick and uniform.

Shangyu kiln: one of the famous celadon kilns in ancient China. In present-day Shangyu, Zhejiang. The kiln sites in the territory are dense. The site of Xiaoxian Altar and Shandong Han porcelain kiln is one of the earliest porcelain kilns in China, firing celadon, black porcelain and printed hard pottery. The celadon produced by the Three Kingdoms Wu and the two Jin Dynasty is extremely exquisite, the celadon tiger of the 14th year of Chiwu (251) unearthed from the tomb of Zhao Shigang Wu in Nanjing, and the celadon press unearthed from the tomb of Zhenjiang Jin Dynasty are all products of Shangyu kiln. Most of the porcelain from this period unearthed from tombs in Jiangsu and Zhejiang also belongs to this kiln. The Southern Dynasties, Sui and Tang dynasties declined slightly. The Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty were revived, and it was one of the important production areas of the famous Yue kiln. In 1984, two dragon kilns with complete Shang Dynasty structure, large firing capacity and high kiln temperature were found in Shangyu.

Celadon: After the development of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was a major breakthrough in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Henan, Gansu and other places of the Eastern Han Dynasty tombs and sites, the Eastern Han Dynasty celadon ware has been unearthed.

Shangyu County, Zhejiang Province has found four Eastern Han Dynasty porcelain kiln sites, among which the scientific determination of porcelain pieces at the Xiaoxiantan kiln site shows that

1) Less iron content than the original celadon,

2) The carcass is grayish-white,

3) The fetal quality is sintered, and the lowest water absorption is only 0.16%.

4) The firing temperature is 1310°C,

5) Roasting with dragon kiln,

6) The structure of the microscope is basically the same as that of modern porcelain, and the transparency has also reached a high level.

It shows that the celadon firing technology has reached a mature stage in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Because the area of Shangyu County, Zhejiang was the hometown of the ancient Yue people, it was under the jurisdiction of the Yue State during the Warring States Period, and it was called Yuezhou during the Tang Dynasty, so the porcelain kilns in this area are collectively referred to as Yue kilns. and the black porcelain produced by the porcelain kilns in Henan, Shanxi and other places is also very distinctive. The black glazed porcelain of the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties has always been the daily porcelain of the people.

Collapse and edit the basic ornament of this paragraph

Folded common ornamentation

Common ornaments are: Hundred Flowers, Landscape Figures, Fishing Wood Ploughing and Reading, Cultivation and Weaving Map, Sixteen Sons, Hundred Sons, Bogu, Eight Immortals, Eight Treasures, Three Stars, Cloud Dragon, Wearing Flower Dragon, Nine Dragons, Nine Dragons, Sea Dragon, Cloud Crane, Group Crane, Cloud Phoenix, Phoenix Wearing Flowers, Cloud Bat, Group Butterfly, Peony, Phoenix Peony, Danfeng Chaoyang, Narcissus, Orchid Grass, Orchid Stone, Pomegranate, Lotus Pond Lotus, And Lotus, Okra, Chrysanthemum, Yueji, Begonia, Four Seasons Flower, Magnolia Flower, Tuan Flower, Tuan Chrysanthemum, Broken Branches, Peony, Tangzhi Lotus, Mountain Stone Plantain, Mountain Stone. Peony, autumn leaves strange stones, mountain stone bamboo magpie, flower butterfly, magpie plum blossom, seahorse beast, eagle independence, eagle stone, three fish, lotus kingfisher, flower and bird, Jinwei peony, pine deer, pine crane, pine eagle, Panasonic old man, two old people to appreciate the moon, human deer, ladies, cattle herding, three sheep Kaitai, five sons of Dengke, rice belt view inkstone, high mountains and rivers, longevity without borders, living and working in peace and contentment, singing and dancing Shengping, double swallow, five grains harvest, Nianjing, pine shou plum, Chongyang chrysanthemum, Qixi map, lion ball, sea beast, swan, Tianma, flower butterfly, gourd, bamboo stone, ammonite, turquoise, Broken branch flower, broken school fruit, Ganoderma lucidum, grapes, cockroaches, flowers, sycamores, tangled branch flowers, group lotus, lotus, hook lotus, ice plum, grass insects, fish algae, grasshoppers, crickets, Buddha's hand, cabbage, West Lake ten scenes, Lushan ten scenes, Yangcheng eight scenes, Taibai reading, ladies singing and dancing, Yinpu, Qin bricks and Han tiles, Jinshi text, bright moon, Milky Way in the sky, seven treasures and eight treasures, birthday star, Zhong Awkward, Luohan, Erlaotu, Wulun Tu, Taiping Youxiang, butterfly Tanhua, happy words, eight immortals to celebrate longevity, Yanlin, Fu Lushou, bee butterfly, plum sparrow, apricot forest spring swallow, Water Floating Lotus, Xifan Lotus, Gou Yao, Hibiscus, Fugui Baitou, Panasonic Three Elders, Hehe Two Immortals, Liu Hai Jinzhan, Zhulan Meiju, Descendants Gourd, Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest, Four Spirits, Ten Deer, Bailu, Three Autumns, Nine Autumns, Eight Peaches, Nine Peaches, The Legend of the West Chamber, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Fengshen Bang, King Wen's Visit to Xian, Water Margin, Empty City Strategy, Sui and Tang Romances, Chen Ping Selling Meat, Mulan in the Army, Jiaguan Jinjue, Chibi Fu, Eight Immortals in Drinking, Da Qiao Erqiao, Four Concubines and Sixteen Sons, Infant Play Hundred Sons, etc. There are many decorative patterns conceived, with intriguing and profound meanings and expressions of people's inner yearning for happiness and blessings for life. The following focuses on some of the ancient traditional decorative patterns of our country.

Fold the two dragons playing with beads

for two cloud dragons and one fireball; The dragon is said to be the chief of the "four spirits", and the "four spirits" are the dragon, the phoenix, the turtle, and the lin. "Guangya" contains "There are scales and dragons,

There is a dragon called Ji, a dragon with horns, a dragon without horns, and a dragon at the end of the ascension. "Legend has it that the Dragon Ball is considered to be a type of jewel that protects against fire and water. If the pattern is multiple dragons playing with beads, it is called "group of dragons playing with pearls". If the pattern is two cloud dragons hovering and there is a longevity character in the middle, it is called "cloud dragon holding longevity". It means auspicious and auspicious.

The folded dragon and phoenix are in an auspicious pattern

for a dragon and a phoenix; Legend has it that the dragon is the chief of the scale insects, and the phoenix is the honor of the feathered insects. Where there is a dragon, there is a phoenix, there will be peace in the world, and there will be a bumper harvest. The dragon and phoenix are auspicious beasts and birds in people's minds, which is a symbol of auspiciousness and auspiciousness. In addition, it is also called "Dragon Xiang Fengrui".

Folded turtle and crane age-hugging pattern

for a turtle and a crane; Legend has it that the turtle is one of the four spirits and is the chief beetle. It is a symbol of longevity, and it can be auspicious. Therefore, in ancient times, it was engraved with tortoise shell. "Erya Shi Worm" records that "ten turtles: one divine turtle, two spirit turtles, three turtles, four treasure turtles, five turtles, six basket turtles, seven mountain turtles, eight translation turtles, nine water turtles, and ten fire turtles." "The Japanese have a special affection for turtles, and they often use the word turtle as their name, which means longevity.

The legendary crane is a kind of fairy bird, according to the "Ancient and Modern Notes on the Bird and Leopard", "the crane will become blue for a thousand years, and it will turn black at the age of two thousand years, and the so-called Xuan Crane is also." It can be seen that the ancients thought that cranes lived a long life. Therefore, cranes are often considered to represent longevity among birds. The turtle and crane are the same age, which means to enjoy a long life.

Folded pine crane longevity pattern

for cranes and pine trees; In ancient times, people believed that the pine was the length of a hundred trees, and in the ancient books, there was also a "pine and cypress with a heart, and it would run through the four seasons without changing Ke Yiye." Therefore, in addition to being a symbol of longevity, pine is also often used as a representative and symbol of ambition and moderation. The pine crane prolongs the life of the implication of longevity or the meaning of the high ambition. It is also known as "pine crane with spring".

Fold the pattern of the three friends of the year

for pine, bamboo, plum or bamboo, plum, stone pine; "Run through the four times without changing Ke Yiye". Bamboo, high and knotty, rather unyielding, generous, people

They often use the festival of bamboo to allegorize the festival of qi. After Zhou destroyed Shang, Boyi and Shuqi entered Shouyang Mountain, did not eat Zhou Su and died, and they were virtuous people. Mei, not afraid of wind and snow and severe cold, Yang Weizhen of the Ming Dynasty once had a poem praising Meiyun "Ten thousand flowers dare to come out of the snow, a tree alone to see the world green". The character of plum blossoms has been praised by people throughout the ages. Pine, bamboo, and plum are known as the "Three Friends of the Cold". And praise morality, noble righteousness.

Su Dongpo, a famous scholar in the Song Dynasty, was a man of the Qing Dynasty, Zeng Yun: "I would rather eat no meat than live without bamboo", which shows that he has a habit of bamboo. Su Dongpo also inscribed a poem "Mei is cold and beautiful, bamboo is thin and long-lived, stone ugly and literate, and he is a friend of Sanyi." ”

Fold the Shoubi Nanshan pattern

for landscapes, pine trees or sea waters, green mountains; In the Book of Songs, there is "such as the longevity of Nanshan." In the common couplet in the past, "Blessing is like the long flowing water of the East China Sea, and the longevity is better than the old pine of Nanshan." Or "Blessing is like the East China Sea, Shoubi South Mountain." And it means to live long and eternal. It is also called "Shoushan Fuhai".

Fold the Samsung high-profile pattern

for the three old immortals; The legend of "Samsung" is the lucky star, the Lu star, and the birthday star. Or known as Fu, Lu, Shou Samsung. Legend has it that "Samsung" is in charge of the world's blessings and misfortunes, the lucky stars are in charge of the blessings and misfortunes, the Lu stars are in charge of wealth and wealth, and the birthday stars are in charge of life and death. "Three-star Gaozhao" symbolizes happiness, wealth, and longevity.

Fold the pattern every year

for two whales; With the homonym of "clam", "year", "surplus" and "fish", it expresses a yearning for a rich life with a surplus every year. If two whales are connected head to tail, it is called "continuous year (clam) surplus (fish)". A woman who lifts fish is called "rich (woman) has more than (fish)". A boy hits the rock, and a boy holds the fish, which is called Ji (hit) Qing (Pan) Yu (fish).

Fold and seal the pattern immediately

for a horse, a bee and a monkey; "Hou" was a high-ranking official in ancient times. The implication of sealing (bee) and waiting (monkey) immediately expresses a desire to rise immediately. The pattern is a big monkey and a small monkey, called the generation (back) seal monkey (waiting). The pattern is a maple tree and a seal, a monkey or a bee and a monkey holding the seal, called the seal waiting for the seal, the seal waiting for the seal.

Fold the Taishi and Young Master pattern

for a big lion and a small lion; In the name of the ancient palace, there is a Taishi, with the same sound of "lion" and "division", and the sound is borrowed to take the lion as the teacher, and the meaning is "Taishi".

(Big) Young Master (Small)", and the meaning is a wish of the godson Jackie Chan, a high-ranking official from generation to generation. There is also a pattern of a big dragon and a small dragon, called "godson Jackie Chan".

Folded eight-treasure couplet pattern

for eight treasures; The Eight Treasures are divided into two categories, one is the Eight Treasures of Buddhism and the other is the Eight Treasures of the Immortal Family. The eight treasures of Buddhism are: conch, treasure umbrella, white cover, lotus, treasure vase, goldfish, and plate length, a total of eight treasures. It is generally known as "wheel, snail, umbrella, cover, flower, tank, fish, intestine", referred to as "eight treasures".

The Eight Treasures of the Immortal Family are the talisman of the Eight Immortals. It is a fishing drum, a sword, a flower basket, a hedge, a gourd, a fan, a yin and yang board, and a flute. Also known as the "Eight Treasures".

Folded pattern of eight immortals crossing the sea

for the eight immortals, each holding a treasure; There are waves of the sea below. As the saying goes, "Eight immortals cross the sea, each showing its magical powers". The eight immortals include Zhang Guolao, Lu Dongbin, Han Xiangzi, Cao Guoshu, Tie Guan Li, Han Zhongli, He Xiangu, and Lan Caihe. Legend has it that the Eight Immortals passed by the Oriental Sea on their way back from celebrating the Queen Mother's birthday, and each used a magic weapon to protect themselves into a boat.

Folded goddess scattered flower pattern

for a fairy basket to make a scattered flower; In the Buddhist scriptures, it is said that the goddess sprinkled flowers on the bodhisattva's body to test the quality of the Buddhist disciples' deeds.

Folded longevity motif

It is a rooster with a long crowing shape and a number of ears of grass beside it; In ancient times, children often wore a lock plate around their necks, on which they wrote that they would live a long life. It is a kind of talisman for children to live a long life and avoid disasters. The rooster crows long (longevity) and countless ears of grass (100 years old) to express the hope of "longevity and longevity".

Folded unicorn send-off pattern

Ride a doll on the back of a unicorn; The unicorn is the length of the caterpillar and one of the four spirits. The "Jade Chapter" says that it is a "benevolent beast", and the unicorn is a symbol of auspiciousness and a sign of good luck. There is a doll on the back of the unicorn to express the desire of people to have a child at that time.

Fold the flower blossom rich pattern

When the peony flower is in full bloom, the peony is known as the "national color and heavenly fragrance" and "the king of flowers", and has long been regarded as a symbol of wealth and auspiciousness, prosperity and prosperity. Therefore, the blooming peony is considered to mean wealth

Fold the five-bat longevity pattern

It is a peach or a clump of five bats in the middle; In ancient times, people believed that the five blessings were "one longevity, two wealth, three Kangning, four good morals, and five days of life." "Hope for a blessed long life.

Fold the peace and happiness pattern

For a bottle, magpie collection, wishful; With the bottle meaning "Ping", with the magpie crow meaning "An", plus a Ruyi, it is called Ping An Ruyi. For a desire to pray for peace.

Fold the godson fame pattern

for a rooster with five chicks beside him; The rooster teaches the chick (son) to sing (name), and it means "teaching the son to become famous".

In addition, there are "five sons of Dengke", "godson Jackie Chan", "hope son Jackie Chan", "one product when the dynasty" and so on.

Folded Yutang rich pattern

magnolia, begonia and peony; Magnolia flower (jade), begonia flower (hall), and strong dan flower (wealth) means "Wang Tang is rich and noble". If the pattern is five

Persimmon and begonia flowers are called "the fifth (persimmon) with the same hall (Tang)" and so on.

Fold the Hero Fighting Wisdom Pattern

for an eagle and a bear; Eagle "Materia Medica" contains "Tiger Eagle Wingspan Surplus, Can Bo Tiger". Xiong, "Book of Poetry, Xiaoya" contains "Wei Xiong Wei, the appearance of a man." "It's a symbol of strength. With the same sound as Eagle Ying, Xiong Xiong agrees, and Eagle Xiong is a hero. The two birds of prey and beasts fight, and the two brave fight for the wise to win, which is a metaphor for the wisdom and courage of the hero.

On the whole, the development of ceramics in China to the Ming and Qing dynasties, opened a new page, and entered a new historical period with a variety of colored porcelain, especially blue and white materials as the mainstream. During this period, whether it is on blue and white porcelain or colored porcelain, you can see a perfect decorative pattern of landscapes, people, flowers, fish and insects, birds, animals and other patterns. The material is vivid, the painting method is imposing, not stagnation, free and unrestrained, pungent and fresh, concise and simple, rich in the atmosphere of folk life, so that the spirit of people is steep and healthy. This is a precious folk cultural heritage in the history of ceramics in China.

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1. Dragon and phoenix presentation: the pattern is a dragon and a phoenix. There are many legends of dragons, and there are many documents recorded, but the connection between the dragon and the emperor is Sima Qian's "Historical Records", "Gaozu Benji" said: "When the thunder and lightning are obscure, the prince looks at it, and he sees the mosquito dragon on it, and he already has a body, so he gave birth to Gaozu." "The phoenix began to be called the auspicious bird in Liu An's book "Huainanzi", the male is called the phoenix, and the female is called the phoenix. The dragon and the phoenix are the auspicious beasts and birds in people's hearts, where the dragon appears, there is a phoenix, symbolizing the peace of the world and the abundance of grains.

2. The picture of two dragons playing with pearls is two cloud dragons and one fire pearl. There is a saying in "Tongya" that "the dragon ball is in the jaw". Dragon Balls are considered to be a type of orb that protects against fire and water. There are two dragons playing with pearls, there are also dragons playing with pearls and cloud dragons holding longevity, all of which express auspiciousness and peace and longevity.

3. The ichthyosaur changes the pattern to have a cloud dragon in the sky and a carp in the water. or a dragon's head carp; Or a carp jumping over the dragon gate. In ancient times, there is a legend that the carp jumps over the dragon gate, where the carp can jump over the dragon gate, it can change into a dragon, can not jump over the dragon gate, and return with a point, so the carp of the Yellow River has more red on the forehead, and it is the fish that has not jumped the dragon gate. The fish leaping over the dragon gate means that the green clouds have the way and the change is flying.

4. The crane longevity turtle age, turtle and crane age patterns are all a turtle and a crane. "Yunhui": "The turtle is the head of the beetle". The turtle lives for 10,000 years, which is a symbol of longevity; The crane is a fairy bird, "Cui Bao Ancient and Modern Note": "The crane will become blue for a thousand years, and it will turn black at the age of two thousand years, and the so-called Xuanhe is also." "Turtles and cranes are the same age, which means sharing a long life.

5. The pattern of pine crane longevity is crane and pine tree. "Words Say": "The length of pine trees"; "Rites, Rituals": "The pine and cypress have a heart, and they will not change Ke Yiye at four times." In addition to representing a symbol of longevity, pine is also used as a symbol of ambition and moderation. Therefore, the pine crane prolongs life not only to prolong life, but also to have the noble meaning of the festival.

6. The crane deer with the spring pattern is the crane deer and the pine tree. The ancients called the deer "fairy beasts". There is a myth about the birthday star riding a sika deer. The deer and Lu have the same sound, and the crane is homophonic with the combination, so there is also the meaning of "Liuhe" (referring to the sky, the earth, the east, the west, the south, the north) and the meaning of wealth and longevity.

7. The pattern of the three friends of the year is pine, bamboo, plum or plum, bamboo stone. Loose, "through the four times without changing Ke Yiye"; Bamboo, clear and knotted; Mei, not afraid of the wind and snow and the cold. Su Dongpo loves bamboo, he once said: "I would rather eat no meat, not live without bamboo", and also inscribed: "Mei Han and beautiful, bamboo thin and longevity, stone ugly and literate, is a friend of Sanyi". Songzhumei is known as the three friends of the cold year, which means that people should have moral character and ambition.

8. The pattern of the eyebrows is two magpies standing on the branches of plum blossoms. The ancients believed that the magpie spirit could report good news, so it was called the magpie. Two magpies mean double happiness. Plum and eyebrows have the same sound, borrowing magpies to climb on the plum branches, meaning "happy eyebrows", "double happiness", "good news spring".

The pattern is a magpie and a leopard, which is called the "Annunciation Map". The pattern is a spider hanging from a spider's web, which is called "joy falling from the sky". Because of the folk customs of our country, the spider is called the happy spider.

The pattern is a badger and a magpie, and it is called joy. Two badgers frolicking with each other, called "Joy Picture"; The two boys smile at each other, which is called a happy meeting. The four boys who are connected hand and hand in hand are called four happy people.

9. The three-yuan pattern of good news is magpie three, Gui Yuan three or ingots three. In ancient times, the first place of the township examination, the meeting examination, and the palace style of the imperial examination system were Xie Yuan, Hui Yuan, and Zhuangyuan, which were collectively called Sanyuan. In the Ming Dynasty, the imperial examination was called "Sanyuan" before the court examination, namely the champion, the list eye, and the flower. "Sanyuan" is the dream of the ancient literati, the ladder of ascending Shi to take, the magpie is the auspicious bird of the good news, with three gui yuan or three yuan treasure to three yuan, is to express a kind of hope and yearning pattern, in addition to the three yuan and the first, the champion and the first, even in the three yuan, five sons of Dengke and other patterns.

10. The pattern of Xianglu Suki is a bat, a deer, a peach and a happy word. In the past, people used to use bats to convey happiness; borrowed the same sound as Lulu; Shou peach means longevity, coupled with the word happiness, which is used to express the yearning for happiness, wealth, longevity and festivity.

11. The pattern of five blessings holds longevity for five bats and one longevity. "Shu Hongfan": "Five blessings: one is longevity, two is wealth, three is Kangning, four is good virtue, and five is life. "Good virtue is good virtue; The test is life-ending, and it is said that the good end is not a bad death. There is also the pattern of "Five Blessings".

12. The pattern of many blessings and longevity is a longevity peach and several bats.

13. The Fushou boundless pattern is a bat, a longevity peach and a plate length.

14. The pattern of the eyebrows is bat, longevity peach, water chestnut and plum blossom.

15. Fushou Shuangquan pattern is bat one, longevity peach one, ancient money two. These motifs all represent the ancient people's desire for happiness, wealth, and longevity.

16. The pattern of Fushou Sanduo is a bat, a longevity peach, a pomegranate or a lotus seed. "Zhuangzi Heaven and Earth": "Yao Guan Huhua, Huafeng people said: 'Hey, saint, please bless the saint and make the saint live.'" Yao said: 'Resignation'. 'Make the saints rich'. Yao said: 'Resignation'. 'Make the saints many. Yao said: "Resignation." The ancients used "three more" (more blessings, more longevity, and more men) as a blessing. The pomegranate takes the meaning of its many sons, and "lotus seeds" means even sons.

17. Three more nine such as the pattern for bats, longevity peach, pomegranate, ruyi. "Poetry, Xiaoya, Tianbao": "Which mountain is like Fu, such as a hill like a mausoleum, such as a river, so as to increase...... Such as the eternity of the moon, such as the rise of the sun, such as the longevity of Nanshan, not collapsed, such as the pine and cypress, all or inherit". In the "Tianbao" chapter, nine words are used in a row, which means to congratulate the longevity of happiness. In the pattern, Ruyi represents nine Ru.

18. The pattern of the blessing in front of the eyes is a bat and an ancient coin. The ancient money is the outer circle of the hole, borrowing the hole as the eye, and the money is the same as the front, also known as "the front is the blessing".

19. The pattern of the soul of Fuzhi is bat, longevity peach, and Ganoderma lucidum. The peach is longevity and its shape resembles a heart, borrowing the spirit of Ganoderma lucidum, indicating that happiness will make people smarter.

20. The pattern of Shoubi Nanshan is a landscape pine tree or a sea green mountain. "Blessing is like the long flowing water of the East China Sea, and the longevity is better than the old pine of Nanshan" is a common couplet. This pattern is also known as Shoushan Fuhai.

21. The three-star high-profile pattern is three old immortals. In ancient times, the three gods of Fu Lu Shou were called three stars, and the legend is that the Lucky Star Division is a blessing and a curse, a Luxing Division is rich and poor, and the Birthday Star Division is born and dead. A three-star photo symbolizes happiness, wealth, and longevity.

The pattern is an old birthday star, a deer and a flying bat, also known as Fu Lu Shou.

22. The pattern of Liuyun Momofuku is a moire bat. The moire pattern resembles wishful thinking, indicating continuity. Flowing clouds and hundreds of bats, that is, the meaning of continuous blessings.

23. The pattern of peace and happiness is a bottle, quail, and wish. With the bottle of peace, with the quail of peace, plus a wish, and called peace and happiness.

24. The pattern of peace all the way is a heron, a bottle, and a quail; There is another pattern for the heron, Taiping money called all the way Taiping. The heron and the road, the bottle and the quail, wishing the journey a smooth journey.

25. Everything is as good as the pattern is persimmon and wishful. "Erya Wing": "Persimmon has seven uniques, one longevity, two more yin, three no bird's nest, four no insects, five frost leaves can be played, six good can be eaten, and seven deciduous leaves can be booked." "Things and persimmon have the same sound, plus Ruyi, meaning everything is good or everything is good, everything is good.

26. The pattern of everything is a few persimmons and peaches. A few persimmons are allegorical for all things, and the peach is shaped like a heart, indicating that many things are satisfactory.

27. The pattern must be a brush, a silver ingot, and a wish. The pen must be sounded, the ingot is set with the same sound, and then add Ruyi, and the sound borrows to mean that it must be Ruyi.

28. The pattern of the year is a spike, a bottle, and a quail. With the sound of Sui (Sui) Sui Ping (bottle) An (quail) to express people's good wishes for peace.

29. Every year, there are more than two catfish in the pattern. The catfish is the same as the year, and the fish is the same as the yu, which means that there is a surplus every year and a rich life. The pattern is that the two catfish are connected head to tail, and the boy holds the lotus and holds the catfish, all of which are said to be more than every year. The pattern is a chime and a fish, or a chime and a double fish, a boy hitting the chime and a child holding a fish, all of which are said to be auspicious. A woman who carries a fish in her hand is called rich and rich.

30. Immediately seal the marquis pattern, there is a bee and a monkey on the horse. With the wish to immediately seal the marquis (bee monkey) than to rise immediately. The pattern is a big monkey carrying a small monkey, called generations; A maple tree, a seal, a monkey or a bee and a monkey hold the seal are called the seal of the marquis, the seal of the marquis.

31. The picture of the big lion and the young lion is a big lion and a small lion. The official name of the Taishi, the Zhou Dynasty set up three dukes, namely the Taishi, the Taifu Taibao, and the Taishi was the most respected of the three dukes; The name of the young master, the official of Zhou Lichun, that is, the musician. With the same sound as the lion and the teacher, and the meaning of the young master is the ether, it expresses the wish of the senior officials.

The pattern is a big dragon and a small dragon, which is called the godson Jackie Chan and the son Jackie Chan.

32. The pattern of the Eight Treasures Lianchun is connected by eight treasures. The eight treasures are divided into two categories: the eight treasures of Buddhism have ****, conch, treasure umbrella, white cover, lotus, treasure pot, goldfish, and plate length eight treasures, commonly known as: "conch umbrella cover, flower pot fish long". The eight treasures of the immortal family are the eight treasures of the eight immortals, namely the fishing drum, the sword, the flower basket, the fence, the gourd, the fan, the yin and yang board, and the horizontal flute. The pattern of the eight treasures connected is called "Eight Treasures Lianchun" or "Eight Treasures Auspicious".

33. The pattern of the eight immortals crossing the sea is that the eight immortals are holding treasures, and there are waves of the sea below. The eight immortals in ancient myths and legends include Tie Guan Li, Han Zhongli, Zhang Guolao, He Xiangu, Lu Dongbin, Lan Caihe, Han Xiangzi, and Cao Guo's uncle. The story of the Eight Immortals is mostly found in the records of the Tang, Song, Yuan, and Ming literati. The story of "Eight Immortals Celebrating Birthday" and "Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea" is the most widespread, and legend has it that the Eight Immortals passed by the Oriental Sea on the way back from celebrating the birthday of the Queen Mother, and each used their magic weapons to protect themselves as boats, competing to cross the sea to show their magical powers.

34. The pattern of Magu's longevity is Magu fairy holding a longevity peach. Magu, a fairy in ancient mythological stories. Ge Hong's "Legend of the Immortals" said that she was a native of Jianchang and cultivated Guyu Mountain in the southeast of Muzhou. Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty was called by Wang Fangping and descended to Cai Jing's house, at the age of eighteen or nineteen, and could throw rice into beads. He said that he had seen the East China Sea turn into mulberry fields three times, and the water of Penglai was also shallower than the time, and perhaps it would become flat again. Later generations used "vicissitudes of life" as a metaphor for the rapid changes in the world. Her fingers were like bird claws, and Cai Jing thought after seeing it: "When the back is itchy, it is better to climb the back." According to legend, on March 3, the birthday of the Queen Mother of the West, she made wine with Ganoderma lucidum on the bank of the Jiangzhu River to celebrate the birthday of the Queen Mother. Therefore, in the old days, most of the people wishing women to celebrate their birthdays were painted with utensils with Magu's birthday patterns as gifts.

35. The stars celebrate the birthday pattern, and many immortals hold gifts. Legend has it that on March 3, the birthday of the Queen Mother, all the gods came to congratulate her, and this means to take its auspicious and festive meaning.

36. Vientiane Shengping pattern is an elephant with a swastika pattern on the body, and a bottle on the waist. The swastika is used in Sanskrit as "Sri Rim", which means a collection of auspicious places. Buddhism believes that the "Ruixiang" seen on Shakti Muni's chest is used as a sign of good luck. In the second year of Wu Zetian's longevity (693), he formulated this word to read 10,000. Long life shengping, indicating that the people wish the country and the people peace, prosperity of all industries, and prosperity of the country and the people. There are also patterns such as "peaceful scene" and "scene leveling".

37. The three-level pattern is a three-dimensional halberd inserted on the bottle. The bottle is the same as Ping, and the halberd is at the same level. Upgrading to three levels means that the official fortune is prosperous, and I wish to be promoted to three levels in a row.

38. The pattern of the goddess scattered flowers is a fairy jacquard basket for scattered flowers. According to the Buddhist scripture story "Vima Sutra: The Audience's Raw Products", one day in the Vimo room, a woman scattered the bodhisattva bodies with smallpox, that is, they all fell, and the eldest disciple did not fall. The Heavenly Maiden said: "The practice is not finished, and the body and ears are spent." It is said that the Bodhisattva is tested by the Heavenly Maiden with scattered flowers and the Tao of the disciples of the Voice. Song Zhiwen "Sighing Buddha Text": "The goddess scatters flowers, and the grass and trees of the mountains and forests are embellished." Therefore, it is taken as the meaning of "spring is full of the world".

39. The pattern of Chang'e running to the moon is a fairy running into the moon palace. Chang'e is the wife of Hou Yi in mythology. Hou Yi got the medicine of immortality from the Queen Mother of the West, and after Chang'e ate it secretly, he went to the Moon Palace.

40. Four seas rising flat pattern for four dolls to lift a bottle. The four children (the sea) lifted (liter) a bottle (ping) to represent the four seas to level up, in order to express the people's disgust with war and love peace.

41. The pattern of blessing falling from the sky is a doll stretched out in the shape of a flying bat. The bats flying in the sky are about to fall into the hands, and the meaning is "blessing from the sky", "blessing from heaven", "blessing from heaven", etc. In addition, there are patterns such as "Five Blessings", "Blessing into the Hall", "Heavenly Official Blessing" and so on.

42. The long-lived and wealthy pattern is a rooster with a long neck, and a peony flower skill. The rooster leads the neck and cries (life), and the peony is the flower of wealth and wealth, which is rich and noble. There is also a pattern of longevity and longevity, and there are several ears of grass next to the rooster's long crowing.

43. It is rumored that the pattern of Baizi is an open-mouthed pomegranate or grape. In the old days, it was said that King Wen had a hundred sons. "Durian open a hundred seeds" means that there are many children. There are also patterns such as "descendants gourd", "hundred sons", "unicorn sending children", "lotus born noble sons" and other patterns, indicating the wishes of descendants and grandchildren, such as Changchun and so on.

44. The godson became famous, and the pattern is a rooster with a long crowing around the neck, and five chicks next to it. The rooster teaches the chick (son) to sing (name), which means "teaching the son to become famous". There are also patterns such as "Five Sons Dengke" and "One Product in the Dynasty", which express the earnest expectation of the success of the children and grandchildren.

45. The official pattern is a rooster and a cockscomb.

46. The rich pattern of Yutang is magnolia flowers, begonia flowers, and peony flowers.

47. The pattern of the five generations in the same hall is five persimmons and begonia flowers. The above patterns are all inscribed with homophonic titles, with homophonic meanings, indicating the good wishes of the ancients for promotion, wealth and reunification of five generations.

48. The fisherman's profit pattern is the sandpiper and the clam competing with each other, and the fisherman stands next to him. "Warring States Policy: Yan Ce II": "Zhao and Yan fell, Su Dai said for Yan Hui Wang: 'Today's ministers have come to Yishui, and the mussels are exposed, and the sandpiper pecks its flesh, and the mussels are closed and their beaks are clamped. The sandpiper said that if it does not rain today, it will not rain tomorrow, that is, there will be dead mussels. The mussel is also called the sandpiper and says: If you don't come out today, you won't come out tomorrow, that is, there will be a dead sandpiper'. The two refused to give up each other, and the fisherman got and fowled. The metaphor is that the two sides are at loggerheads, and the third party benefits.

49. The pattern of heroic wits is a battle between an eagle and a bear. "Materia Medica": "The tiger eagle has wide wings and can fight the tiger." "Poetry Xiaoya": "Wei Xiong Weizhen, the appearance of a man." "The eagle and the ying, the bear and the male are the same sound. Birds of prey and fierce beasts fight, two brave fights, and the wise wins. There is also an eagle falling from a pine tree, and a bear on the ground, making a pattern of angry eyes and wanting to fight at each other, which is a metaphor for the hero's wisdom and bravery.

50. The bead combination pattern is bead dots, and there are continuous white head flower blue dots. "Hanshu Law Chronicles": "The sun and the moon are like a wall, and the five stars are like beads." Later, it is used as a metaphor for talents or good things to come together.

51. The pattern of the eight horses is eight horses with different postures. Legend has it that King Mu of Zhou had eight horses, and the names are varied. "The Biography of Mu Tianzi" Volume 1: "The Horse of the Son of Heaven, Chiji, Thief, Baiyi, Yulun, Shanzi, Quhuang, Hualiu, and Green Ear." "Historical Records of the Zhao Family": "Rebel to take the horse, and the peach forest thieves, mules, and green ears, dedicated to the king of Miao." King Mu made the father of the emperor, patrolled the west, saw the queen mother of the west, and forgot to return. And King Xu Yan reversed, King Miao galloped thousands of miles, attacked King Xu Yan, and broke it. Other legends were derived from this.

52. The Bogutu pattern is a variety of utensils such as Dingyi bell chime, porcelain vase and jade pieces, calligraphy and painting bonsai, etc., with a wide variety. There are all kinds of bogutu, which give people an antique feeling.

53. The pattern of the Pegasus is a pegasus and two wings. The term Tianma was first used in books such as "Chu Ci Lisao", "Historical Records: The Biography of Dawan Lie" and "Huainanzi". Zhang Qian made the Western Regions get Wusun a good horse, called Tianma. Later, Dawan Khan blood horse, stronger than Wusun horse, changed the name of Wusun horse to West Pole, Dawan horse called Tianma. According to historical records, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "came to the West Pole with blood and made the song of the West Pole Heavenly Horse." After the third year of Yuanjia (119 BC), Tianma developed into the status of "Friend of the Dragon" and "Medium of the Dragon". The mythical story of "imaginative" and "alone" makes people want to "give birth to two wings of horses", and they are slowly called dragon horses. There is a white dragon horse in "Journey to the West", which is an example. Pegasus like horses with wings, walking in the air like dragons, this animal pattern is common on porcelain and carpets in ancient times.

Collapse and edit this paragraph, the porcelain capital of China

China has always had three major porcelain capitals, namely Jingdezhen in Jiangxi, Dehua County in Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, and Liling City in Zhuzhou City, Hunan. Jingdezhen: Needless to say, Jingdezhen has a wide variety of art ceramics and has a high collection value. Famous for its craft porcelain, blue and white, glaze red, pastel, bucket color, etc. are all of the highest quality, and were once a gift from China to foreign heads of state.

Dehua: During the Song and Yuan dynasties, with the prosperity of Quanzhou Thornton Port, it was sold overseas, and many of the ceramics salvaged from "Nanhai No. 1" were produced in Dehua. Dehua white porcelain has been highly praised at home and abroad, enjoys the reputation of "Chinese white", especially the sculpture figures, but also has the fascinating artistic charm, the Ming Dynasty built white porcelain, known as the "pearl of oriental art".

Liling City: Liling ceramic production has a history of nearly 2,000 years, as far back as the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liling has a large-scale workshop, specializing in pottery production. In the seventh year of Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty (1729), Liling began to fire coarse porcelain. From the end of the Qing Dynasty to the beginning of the Republic of China, the Liling porcelain industry entered a new period of development.

Collapse and edit this paragraph of foreign porcelain

Japan

Japan and China's eastern coast are separated by a strip of water, and there have been frequent exchanges since ancient times. As early as the Warring States Period, the Japanese people of the Japanese archipelago had contacts with the Guyan Kingdom in present-day northeastern China and northern Korea. ("The Classic of Mountains and Seas, the North Classic of the Sea" notes: "Wa belongs to Yan.") When Qin destroyed Yan, some Han Chinese fled to Korea and went further to Japan; Subsequently, Japan and China became more closely intertwined. Chinese characters, Confucianism, Chinese calligraphy and painting, Buddhism, and the Chinese school system and canonical system all had a comprehensive impact on Japan. Zhejiang, the origin of Yue kiln porcelain, also has a close relationship with Japan: rice from Hemudu in Yuyao, Buddhism from Ningbo, tea art from Tiantai, and paintings from eastern Zhejiang have all formed a deep relationship with Japan. Historical evidence proves that the sea passage between China and Japan was opened in the 2nd century BC. Yue kiln celadon was exported to Japan in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, when many varieties of porcelain were imported into Japan, including Tang Sancai, celadon, white porcelain and underglaze colored porcelain. The main places where Yue kiln celadon is found in Japan are: nearly 2,500 dots have been found at the Hongrokan site, and the number is very huge; A total of nearly 50 ruins of Yue kiln celadon have been found in the western coastal area; Horyuji Temple in Nara, there is a 26.4cm high, 13.6cm in diameter, 10.1cm in the bottom diameter of the Yue kiln celadon four-series pot; Kyoto Ninnaji Temple unearthed a porcelain box of the Tang Dynasty; Liming Temple found the Tang Dynasty three-legged, etc.; Pingchengjing ruins unearthed an open oblique straight wall, narrow side flat-bottomed foot bowl; In Yuzhi City, it was found that both ears held the pot; In addition, it has also been excavated in Fukuoka and Kumeru City, Yamamoto, Nishiya, and other places.

Collapse North Korea

China and the DPRK have a long history of exchanges. "The Great Biography of Shangshu", "Historical Records", "Anecdotes of the Three Kingdoms" and other Chinese and North Korean documents record the legend of Jizi "going to Korea". Archaeology also confirms that China's interaction with Korea began before the Han Dynasty. From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, Chinese culture had a considerable impact on Korea. During this period, Korea successively experienced historical periods such as Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla, and Chinese literature, art, Chinese characters, Buddhism, architecture, and porcelain-making technology were all introduced to Korea. Chinese ceramics were unearthed in North Korea mainly after the 30s of the 20th century. In the 3rd and 4th century tombs in Facheon-ri, Wonseong-gun, Gangwon-do, Yue-kiln celadon sheep-shaped ware was excavated. The tomb of King Muryeong (died 523 A.D. and buried in 525) discovered in Gongju, Chunggyongnam-do, the second capital of Baekje, unearthed a celadon lamp, a bowl, a four-eared pot, a hexagonal pot, and other utensils. In Gyeongju, the capital of Silla (Gyeongju is located in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula), a celadon kettle from the ancient Silla period has been excavated from tombs from the ancient Silla period. In 1940, fragments of celadon from the early Northern Song Dynasty were discovered at the Goryeo Palace in Kaesong; Under the Fusu Mountain in Buyeo County, South Chungcheong Province, there are early Song Dynasty Yue kiln celadon plates.

Folding Thailand

Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is located in the middle of the Indochina Peninsula and is a country composed of ethnic groups with the Thai ethnic group as the main body; The Tai are a Sino-Tibetan language group that settled in northern Thailand by the beginning of the Common Era. As early as the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, China's bronze ware has been introduced to Thailand from Yunnan. (Southeast Asia, No. 4, 1984) Since the Han Dynasty, China's silk and ceramics have begun to be introduced to Thailand. Archaeological discoveries have found that the porcelain unearthed in Thailand is mainly Changsha kiln ware. In recent years, some Yue kiln porcelain has also been unearthed, such as a large number of fragments have been found in and around Chaiya in Surat Thani State, Malay Peninsula, including Yue kiln bowls, water injections and pots.

Folding India

India, known as Tianzhu in ancient times, has a superior geographical location like a bright pearl embedded in the Indian Ocean. The Indus and Ganges rivers flowed through the territory, giving birth to this ancient civilization; India, like China, is an ancient civilization with excellent ancient cultural traditions that has never been interrupted. As early as the Han Dynasty, Indian Buddhism, literature, art, astronomy, medicine, etc. were introduced to China along the "Silk Road", especially Buddhism had an all-round and multi-level social impact on China. At the same time, China's papermaking, silkworm reeling, and porcelain-making technology were also introduced to India. Chinese porcelain has a great influence on India, and after the 20th century, Yue kiln celadon has been unearthed in Mysore, Jandravili and other places in India. The ancient ruins of Alimantuo on the coast of Korod, India, are three kilometers south of Buyeli, which is the foreign trade port of South India in the Roman era, excavated here in 1945 in Britain and 1947~1948 in the French government, and unearthed the Yue kiln celadon in the late Tang Dynasty and the five dynasties. In the south of Mysore, celadon porcelain pieces have also been excavated. China's porcelain is sold to India, and it is recorded in the "Zhufan Zhi" and "Daoyi Zhiluo".

Folding Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is separated from India by a body of water, and was known as "Ceylon" in ancient times, which is an important area that distinguishes the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Gulf in the Indian Ocean. Sri Lanka is also an important trading transit base in the Indian Ocean and a land for Chinese ceramics, which the ancient Chinese also called "Lion Country". During the time of Emperor Ashoka in India, it was a hub connecting the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, and ships coming from both the east and the west anchored here. Archaeological confirmation: fragments of celadon from the Yue kiln were found at the stupa of the site of Didi Gama; In Maho City, there is a celadon lion head unearthed from the Yue kiln; In the ruins of the ancient port in the Mantai area of Mannar Prefecture, it was found that there were 9~10 century Yue kiln celadons.

Folding the Philippines

The Philippines (formerly known as Luzon) is an archipelagic country in the western Pacific Ocean, across the sea from China; The exchanges between the Philippines and China were first seen in Song Zhao Rushi's "Zhufan Zhi", which began in the third century AD at the latest. Chen Jinghe said in the book "Overseas Chinese Society in the Philippines in the 16th Century" that the Chinese had come to the Philippines in the 3rd century AD to carry out gold mining activities. Porcelain is a historical witness of seven or eight hundred years of exchanges between China and the Philippines. The number of Chinese porcelain excavated in the Philippine archipelago is the largest in Southeast Asia. According to statistics, about 40,000 pieces of porcelain have been unearthed in the Philippines over a period of more than ten years. As a result, Ms. Zhuang Liangyou, the former president of the Philippine Oriental Ceramics Society, said in the book "Song and Yuan Dehua White Porcelain Unearthed in the Philippines": "Every province and every island in the Philippines has unearthed ancient Chinese ceramics. ”

Excavations have been found from Bawuyan-Badani Tu Island to North Luzon, Aureto Coast, Banslan, Bangbangya, Central Luzon Nafutashi, Manila, Rizal and Neihu, Cebu and Sulu Island. and Song Dynasty porcelain jars with carved thick and thin lotus petals and small jars with relief patterns.

Folding Malaysia

Many residents of Malaysia are of Chinese descent. Since ancient times, Malaysia has been China's maritime gateway to India. Among the ancient artifacts excavated by archaeologists in the Johor River valley are fragments of Chinese Qin and Han pottery; Historical evidence proves that this trade route was opened around the 1st century AD. In his article "Ancient Chinese Porcelain in Malaysia", Liu Qiandu said: "Even today, on the banks of the Johor River, you can see the remains of barren villages and camps, and fragments of Chinese dishes scattered on the black soil......"

The discovery of Yue kiln celadon in Malaysia is mainly in the sites of the Sarawak estuary, and the Yue kiln ware of the 9th ~ 10th century has been unearthed: in addition, the celadon of the Tang Dynasty has also been found in Pahang, western Malaysia. Most of these porcelains are housed in the Sarawak Museum.

Collapse Indonesia

Indonesia is an archipelagic country, located between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, as well as the Asian and Australian continents, and has been a major maritime communication route since ancient times, as well as a crossroads for cultural exchanges and integration of various ethnic groups: the connection between China and the Indonesian archipelago began in prehistoric times. The ancient Indonesians traveled south from the southern part of the Asian continent along two routes: one was Yunnan to the Indonesian archipelago via Myanmar and the Malay Peninsula, and the other was southeastern China to the Indonesian archipelago via Taiwan, the Philippines and Java. Indonesians attach great importance to Chinese porcelain, viewing it as a "precious cultural relic" and heirloom. In 1963, according to Suleiman's article "Chinese Export Porcelain Unearthed in Southeast Asia", "Qingbai porcelain has been found throughout Indonesia, and it is second only to celadon. It can be seen that celadon is also found in large quantities in Indonesia. Archaeological evidence has confirmed that celadon from the Yue kiln has been unearthed in Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan and other islands in Indonesia, with varieties such as celadon bowls, pots, and water injections.

Folding Pakistan

Pakistan is located in the northern part of the Arabian Sea, and it is a necessary place for China's merchants to go to West Asia since the Tang and Song dynasties. As early as the 19th century, porcelain specimens from the Tang and Song dynasties in China were unearthed here.

Brahminabad, Pakistan, was a commercial center on the banks of the Indus River in the 7th ~ 11th century, which was destroyed by an earthquake in 1020. There are celadon remnants of the Tang Yue kiln unearthed, as well as porcelain from the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty. In 1958, the Pakistani Department of Archaeology discovered the 9th century Yue kiln water injection and the early Northern Song Dynasty Yue kiln carved porcelain pieces.

Fold Arab

Arabia (known as the Great Food in Chinese history books) is located at the junction of three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa, and this superior geographical location determines its special position in the history of world transportation. Arabia is a great nation in the history of the world and believes in ****** religion. Exchanges between China and the Arab peoples began after BC at the end of the 2nd century BC, when the Han Dynasty learned of Tiaozhi because of Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions, and sent it to the region. It reached its climax in the 8th~9th century. China's silk and porcelain have always been the Arab world's favorite luxury, in China and the Arab world on this trade route, whether it is the "land Silk Road" on the camel caravan, or the "sea pottery road" on the boat, shrewd and strong Arab merchants all show the tenacious vitality of this ****** nation, Arab merchants in the history of cultural exchanges between China and the West have made indelible contributions.

Folding Oman

Located on the Arabian Peninsula and adjacent to the Gulf of Oman, Oman is the gateway for Indian and Chinese merchant ships into the Persian Gulf. Sohar in Oman was a famous port for Arab merchants to trade with Indian and Chinese merchants, and was known as the "gateway to China" in ancient times. In the 80s, celadon pieces from the Yue kiln were unearthed here. In addition, in Bahrain, Arabia, fragments of celadon from the Tangyue kiln were also unearthed in the 50s and 60s.

Folding Iran

Iran, known as "Persia" in ancient times, is located in the hinterland of Central Asia, south of the Persian Gulf, and is the main route of sea transportation between the East and the West in ancient times; China and Iran are two ancient civilizations in the world with a long history, according to historical records: the exchanges between the two countries began as early as more than 2,000 years ago, after Zhang Qian of the Western Han Dynasty was ordered to "hollow out" to the West, the envoys of the Han Dynasty have reached rest (rest is the ancient name of Iran). There were seven routes of communication between the Tang Dynasty and foreign countries, one of which was the "Rest Road". China's papermaking, silk, porcelain, compass, etc. had a positive impact on Iran, and Iran's religion, crops, gold and silver wares also spread to China. The Iranian people especially cherish Chinese porcelain, calling it "Qinni", and the Iranian emperors have ordered Chinese porcelain in large quantities. The Yue kiln porcelain unearthed in Iran mainly includes: the Neshapur site in eastern Iran, where the Yue kiln celadon jar was unearthed; In the central Ruins of Rey, a fragment of a flower bowl was unearthed on the inside of the Yue kiln; The most famous is the ancient port of Schillaf, which is an important site for the excavation of Chinese ceramics in recent years. In 1956~1966, the Iranian Institute of Archaeology in the United Kingdom excavated the Tang Dynasty Yue kiln celadon, etc. In addition, fragments of Yue kiln porcelain have also been found at sites such as Dakanus, Sisa, Laxians, and Neishali. Iran has a large number of Yuan blue and white flowers.

Folding Iraq

Iraq is located in Mesopotamia, the cradle of ancient civilization, and is the seat of the ancient Babylonian kingdom, where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers flow into the hinterland, and the land is fertile and rich. Named the "Fertile Crescent Strip" by the orientalist Plasta, this area was both the political center of the Orient in ancient times, as well as an economic and cultural hub. The Frenchman Beore has been excavating here since 1910, and the site of Samara, 120 kilometers north of Baghdad, is famous for its Chinese ceramics. Samara is located on the banks of the Low Gris River, 836~892 AD, which was used as the capital and has been excavated three times. There are Tang Yue kiln celadon and other utensils unearthed; According to the analysis of experts, it is exactly the same as the specimen unearthed in Shanglin Lake in Yuyao, Zhejiang. In addition, brown porcelain in the 9th ~ 10th centuries has also been found in Abida (translated as Albita) and other places, and celadon from the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties.

Folding Egypt

Egypt is a very important country on the "Ceramics Road", located in the southeastern Mediterranean, northeastern Africa and western Asia, choking the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile River flows from south to north, and the famous ancient ruins of Fustat (present-day Cairo, the capital of Egypt), located in the fertile Nile Delta, were founded in 641 AD as the industrial and commercial center of Egypt and flourished in the 9th century. The regular flooding of the Nile gave birth to Egypt's long and ancient civilization, so the ancient Greek historian Herodotus said, "Egypt is a gift from the Nile". Cultural exchanges between China and Africa began during the Qin and Han dynasties in China. As early as when Shang Ying, one of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States, was making ambitious changes, Alexandria, as far away as Egypt, had already established the glorious city of Alexandria. The ancient Greek geographer Strabo described this famous city in his Gazetteer: "It was the only trading place in Egypt because of its excellent seaport, and it was also the only land trading place in Egypt because all goods were easily brought by the river and gathered in the largest market in the world." Subsequently, the fate of Egypt was written into world history, whether it was culture, art, commerce or spirituality. Egypt has been importing Chinese ceramics since around the 9th century. Since 1912, the Japanese Middle East Culture Survey Group of Mijo Nan, Koyama Fuji and other ancient ceramic scholars have excavated this site, a total of 600,000 or 700,000 pieces of porcelain pieces have been unearthed in Fustat, including 12,000 pieces of Chinese ceramics, and the time span is from the Tang Dynasty ~ Ming and Qing dynasties in China.

The Yue kiln porcelain unearthed at the site of Fustat in Egypt mainly includes: Yue kiln celadon in the early 9th ~ 13th century, some carved with lotus, phoenix and other patterns; There are also more typical jade bottom bowls that belong to the flat-bottomed small round concave style of the Tang Dynasty. In the 60s of the 20th century, celadon ware from the late Tang Dynasty to the early Song Dynasty was also unearthed at sites such as Qusayr and Ayizab.

In addition to Egypt, Yue kiln porcelain has also been excavated in other parts of Africa. For example, in the 60s of the 20th century, celadon of the late Tang Dynasty was unearthed in Ehab, Haraib and other places in Sudan; In the mid-50s, celadon from the late Tang Dynasty to the early Song Dynasty was also unearthed on Kilwa Island, and according to statistics, there are as many as 46 sites of Chinese porcelain unearthed in the country. At the end of the 40s, celadon from the 9th ~ 10th centuries was unearthed on Manda Island in Kenya.

Collapse and edit this paragraph: how to maintain it

Guanhao gifts teach everyone to maintain porcelain

1. When the vases and jars with large porcelain bodies are moved, the neck of the utensils should not be held in one hand, but the neck should be held with one hand and the bottom with the other hand, so as to avoid the separation of the original spliced parts; When picking up and placing bottles, jars, zun and other porcelain with amphora decoration, do not only lift the ears to avoid breaking and damage.

2. When moving the large plate and bowl, you should hold it with both hands, or use the thumb of one hand and the second finger of the index to buckle the edge, and the four fingers and palm of the other hand to support the bottom. Do not hold one side of the plate or bowl with one hand to prevent breakage.

3. When taking and placing the porcelain carvings of the characters, you must be careful of the delicate parts of the characters such as hair and fingers that are easily damaged; At the same time, when lifting and placing utensils, do not hold the head of the character with one hand, but hold the head of the character with one hand and the body of the character with the other.

4. Thin tire utensils such as Liling underglaze color, etc., thin, light, delicate, move and place with both hands, avoid using one hand, especially bottles, small feet, high length, but also windproof.

5. When taking and placing the ceramic (device) with seat and cover, it should not be connected to the end of the cover with the seat, but the seat, cover and main body should be taken separately to prevent it from falling off and breaking when moving; When encountering multiple people to identify and appreciate, you should come one by one, and do not pass the porcelain hand to hand by two people to prevent it from being broken.

6. When dust and stains appear on the porcelain, it should be gently wiped with a soft cloth, and it is not possible to forcibly decontaminate with a cloth or other items with too high hardness, so as not to scratch the glaze of the porcelain.

7. The high-temperature glaze or underglaze colored porcelain that you just bought should be soaked in water for 1 hour, and then wash off the oil stains on the surface with dish soap, dry the water with a towel and put it in a box, the box should be filled with foam, and the diameter of the collection should not exceed 0.5 cm after adding foam, and the collection should be properly tightened in the box, and squeezing should be avoided to prevent damage to the collection.

8. Unearthed low-temperature glaze and glaze color. A lot of debris will seep into the glaze, and even the phenomenon of deglazing and decolorization will occur, a small amount of adhesive should be added between the glaze, and then a softer adhesive will be applied to the color to prevent the glaze from falling off in a large area. If it is buried underground for a long time of high-temperature glaze or underglaze color, a lot of calcareous and siliceous compounds are produced on the surface of porcelain, that is, rust. It can be cleaned with water first, soaked in 3% hydrogen peroxide for about 3 hours, and then soaked in water for more than 30 hours, cleaned with a clean white cloth, and generally removed the rust. If it can't be removed, you can use a brush to dip acetic acid, brush on the rust, and use a medical scalpel to cut obliquely to remove the rust after 5 hours, and the blade can only be sharpened in one direction. After most of the rust has been removed, it is then cleaned with a white cloth and toothpaste until the rust is completely removed, this method is only suitable for high-temperature glaze and underglaze color.

9. When scrubbing oil and other dirt, the following skills and methods should be mastered:

(1) General stains can be cleaned with alkaline water, soap, washing powder, and then rinsed with clean water.

(2) To wash thin porcelain in winter, the water temperature should be controlled to prevent the alternation of hot and cold water from bursting the porcelain.

(3) Colored porcelain, some due to the color of the lead component, lead phenomenon, can be dipped in white vinegar with a cotton swab scrubbed, and then washed with water.

(4) If the porcelain has open pieces or punch cracks, etc., and the stains are easy to "dive" into it, you can use a toothbrush dipped in some acidic liquid to scrub it. However, this method cannot be used for glaze color utensils, because acid and alkaline substances are easy to damage the glaze. If it is painted with gold and colored porcelain, it should not be cleaned with a feather duster, because the feather duster is easy to damage the gold painting on the porcelain. Precious porcelain should be collected with a wooden box or box of corresponding size, with gall, so that the collection can be preserved. [3]

Maintenance tips

1. Porcelain is a fragile product, and attention should be paid to shockproof, extrusion-proof and anti-collision when preserving. Try not to touch the collection with sweaty hands, but wear gloves, do not pass each other when viewing, one person should reset the table after viewing, and the others should hold it again.

2. Bottles, jars, and other porcelain are generally spliced from bottom to top, and the neck of the upper part of the object cannot be carried by one hand when moving. The correct way is to hold the neck with one hand and the bottom with the other. Some bottles, cans, and statues are decorated with two ears, and they should not be lifted only when taking them to avoid breaking or damage. Thin tire utensils, thin, light, squeamish, move, place more careful, to hold the bottom with both hands, avoid using one hand, especially bottles, the bottom is small, the body is long, and it needs to be blown down.

3. Unearthed low-temperature glaze and glaze color. A lot of debris will seep into the glaze, and even the phenomenon of deglazing and decolorization will occur, a small amount of adhesive should be added between the glaze, and then a softer adhesive will be applied to the color to prevent the glaze from falling off in a large area. If it is a high-temperature glaze or underglaze color buried in the ground for a long time, it can be soaked in 3% hydrogen peroxide for about 3 hours, and then soaked in water for more than 30 hours, cleaned with a clean white cloth, and generally can remove the rust.

4. If the porcelain has open pieces or punch cracks, etc., the stains are easy to "dimmer" into it, you can use a toothbrush dipped in some acidic liquid to scrub it. However, this method cannot be used for glaze color utensils, because acid and alkaline substances are easy to damage the glaze. If it is painted with gold and colored porcelain, it should not be cleaned with a feather duster, because the feather duster is easy to damage the gold painting on the porcelain. Precious porcelain should be collected with a wooden box or box of corresponding size and gall to preserve the collection. [8]