Tang Hualong's proposal was approved by the majority of the Kuomintang members, and although some young party members thought that Xu Shichang had been a former Qing official and that some were old, they also understood that Tang Hualong's proposal to elect Xu Shichang as president was aimed at a peaceful and rapid transition of state power so that it could enter the construction period as soon as possible.

At this time, Xu Shichang, who was sitting in the War Department and talking to Yang Shuoming and Cai Yi, may have been talking about his relationship behind his back, or he may have been affected by the wind and cold, and he sneezed there loudly.

"People are old, and they can't do it if they have a little wind and cold, and it's really a little useless." Xu Shichang looked at Cai Ye and Yang Shuoming, who were in the prime of life, and couldn't help but sigh with emotion.

"The president is not feeling well, come with me in a while." Yang Shuoming said with a smile, "Uchiko has just opened another hospital, the president should go and give her a show, the president only needs to see a doctor and take medicine, and he doesn't need a penny." ”

"Han's beautiful intentions, I should receive it, and I will go in a while." Xu Shichang smiled and said with some self-deprecation, "However, I won't be the president for long, the congress will elect the president, and when the election is completed and the new president takes office, it will be time for me to retire." He looked at Yang Shuoming, "Hanzhi actually doesn't have to be in such a hurry to get off the post of border supervisor, the border supervisor is not the president after all." ”

"Han Zhi's appointment as a border supervisor is enough, but if the post of border defense supervisor is held by reckless people, then our navy and army will be a one-man private army, and it will be a great harm to the country and the people." Minister of War Cai Yi looked at Yang Shuoming, turned to Xu Shichang and said, "Now that it is revoked, it is not a good thing to put an end to the thoughts of some careerists." ”

Listening to Cai Yi's words, Xu Shichang couldn't help but nod again and again.

"If the people in power are as Songpa and Hanzhi think, the rise of China will not be so difficult." Xu Shichang recalled the turbulent situation since the founding of the Republic of China and sighed.

"I have invited President Yang and Governor Yang to come here today to discuss the reform plan that has not been completed yet." Cai Ye looked at Xu Shichang and Yang Shuoming, and said with a worried face, "The new cabinet has been established, and I am worried that after I leave office, my successor may not be willing to continue our work......

"Then you Cai Songpo can't go to work." Yang Shuoming smiled, interrupted him, and said.

Listening to Yang Shuoming's words, Cai Ye and Xu Shichang were stunned, but they quickly understood, and they couldn't help but show disbelief.

"Songpa can't go to office, President Xu, it's best to change from the president to the official president." Yang Shuoming continued, "Originally, many of the affairs that the Border Inspectorate was responsible for were within the affairs of the President and the Army, but they were not fulfilled due to financial constraints, but now these tasks have been straightened out, and the President and General Cai only need to take over and operate as usual." Yang Shuoming said, handing over a document to Cai Yi.

When Cai Ye saw that the title of this document was the words "How to build an army belonging to the country", his heart was shocked for a while.

He understood that Yang Shuoming was showing him in this way that he would fully support him in completing the reform of "nationalizing the army"!

"This is a little bit of my own experience, Songpa can take a look, I believe it will be beneficial." Yang Shuoming said.

"Hanzhi thinks, can I, an old bone, still be a good president?" Xu Shichang asked in a self-deprecating tone again, just now he heard Yang Shuoming say that he wanted to support him to "turn positive", and under the ecstasy in his heart, he still didn't dare to be careless, but asked again, wanting further confirmation.

"Mr. Donghai is old and respectful, and he is the Yuansu of Beiyang, he is highly respected, and during his tenure as prime minister, the country's various government affairs are thriving, which is obvious to all, and I don't think that anyone who is now the new president can do a better job than Mr. Donghai." Yang Shuoming said.

"Hanzhi is in charge of the navy, and our navy has become the first in Asia and the second in the world. Xu Shichang said in an emotional tone, hinting that after he became the official president, he would officially appoint Yang Shuoming as the chief of the navy, but Yang Shuoming's words surprised him again.

"In the navy, in fact, I just got some more money back, there is a saying that 'money can make ghosts grind', in fact, I am not good at the affairs of the navy, and I am very difficult to do," Yang Shuoming smiled and said, "This time the new cabinet was established, just in time to let Xian." ”

Xu Shichang stared at Yang Shuoming's eyes carefully, and after making sure that he was not joking, he nodded slowly.

"Who does Hanzhi think is better to be the chief of the Admiralty?" Xu Shichang asked.

"Tang Qianming is originally the vice minister of the Admiralty, and he was born in the Orthodox Naval Academy, if he can be promoted to the next level, it would be great." Yang Shuoming said.

Xu Shichang peeked at Cai Ng, and when he saw Cai Ng's head bowing slightly, he immediately nodded in agreement.

After discussing for a while, Yang Shuoming and Xu Shichang left one after another. Cai Ye returned to the table after sending them away, his heart was fluctuating at this time, he opened the document given to him by Yang Shuoming, and read it carefully.

“…… The so-called nationalization of the armed forces, that is, the armed forces are not exclusively owned by specific people, there is no political party or faction, and they belong to all the people of a country, so that the entire army is organized by the state, and the unity of military orders and government orders is respected, which is also the key foundation for maintaining national stability. On the other hand, it can also be regarded as one of the indicators for judging whether it is a country in the open boil. On the contrary, the privatization of the armed forces or the political parties of the armed forces ......"

"The essence of the nationalization of the armed forces is that the armed forces must not become a tool for partisan or private interference and influence in domestic politics, that is, they must not defend political parties or regimes with the barrel of a gun; The duty of a soldier is only to defend the country and serve all the people. ”

"The military is a special group, and soldiers are also a profession with a special status, and their speech and behavior are strictly regulated. In peacetime, the armed forces will adhere to the principle of political neutrality and avoid interfering in the political situation as much as possible. In times of war, the armed forces are under the command of the country's supreme leader to defend the country's territory and the safety of its citizens. This is because all the actions of the armed forces are to give priority to safeguarding national interests and defending the territorial integrity of the country and the security of the people of the whole country. Therefore, it should not be reduced to the possession of a specific person or political party faction as a tool to control changes in the political situation. ”

"So, what is the criterion for nationalizing the army? There is considerable controversy among various countries on how to measure the degree of nationalization of the armed forces, that is, the extension of the nationalization of the armed forces. There are those who believe that the ruling party's direct leadership of the armed forces by bypassing state organs should also be regarded as an act of nationalizing the armed forces; others hold that nationalization of the armed forces means that the armed forces should be loyal to the country and cherish the people beyond personal, regional, and party relations; and there are even more viewpoints that all military personnel should be separated from the party. The Russian Bolshevik Party today tends to understand the nationalization of the armed forces as 'the non-partyization of the armed forces' and criticizes the two equally. However, the connotation of the nationalization of the armed forces generally refers to the fact that the armed forces used for national defense and supported by the whole people must not be used as tools for civil war and political disputes, that is, they must not use guns to defend political power, so as to adapt to the principle of 'public weapons and public use'. ”

"The nationalization of the armed forces and the politics of open cooking go hand in hand, as the prohibition of military personnel from political parties from politics by making them quit the armed forces prevent illegal (i.e., non-electoral recall process) regime change caused by violence. Therefore, the nationalization of the armed forces is usually used as an important indicator to measure the Mingzhu country, and fundamentally maintain the peace and stability of the Mingzhu system. There is a view that the frequent coups d'état in China prove that the nationalization of the armed forces may not be suitable for China's national conditions, but there are also views that as a Mingzhu country, China has not really realized the nationalization of the armed forces, and there are still private armies with national or local surnames, which just proves that the nationalization of the armed forces is an important surname for the Mingzhuo system. The more radical view is that the nationalization of the armed forces should be the premise for the country to move towards open cooking politics, while there are also views that the nationalization of the armed forces is the natural result of the open cooking of the state. ”

On the basis of my personal research, I have identified the following five specific criteria for the nationalization of the armed forces:

1. The army does not belong to individuals. That is, the army must not be private for individuals, but become a private army.

2. The army does not belong to factions. That is, the military must not become a bargaining chip in factional political disputes.

3. The army does not belong to the locality. That is, the army does not belong to the local warlords and becomes the capital of the local separatism.

4. The army does not belong to political parties. That is, the armed forces must not be party troops, and no political party may engage in open or secret activities in the armed forces.

5. The army belongs to the state. That is, the army should be commanded by the institutions that represent the state's Ming Cook regime. ”

"The following is how the United States has nationalized its armed forces, which can be used as a reference for our country:"

"First of all, civilian officials must effectively control the military. In a country, the military is organized, massive, and a creepy machine of violence. Essentially, for most of history, the rulers have relied on the military, that is, violence, to obtain the supreme power of the state. If you win the war, you will gain the supreme power of the state, and this is unreasonable. It can almost be said that in the traditional political struggle, it is the ability to kill people. Political leaders must be ruthless, able to kill enemies on a massive scale, and able to deter subordinates into obedience. Unlike traditional politics, the goal of the Mingzhuo constitutional system is to regularize political struggles and make them rule by law. If you want to take power, you have to make sense and convince the majority of voters to vote for you. A good open-boiled rule of law must be conducive to the overall interests of society, or 'able to achieve the greatest interests of the greatest number of people', therefore, the open-boiled rule of law relies on the general conscious obedience of people on the basis of 'reasoning', rather than mainly relying on violent coercion. A country governed by the rule of law should reduce the use of violence to the lowest possible level. If the law and order of a country are generally maintained by violence, this is 'tyranny', which will inevitably lead to widespread resistance and will be difficult to achieve long-term peace and stability in the country. ”

"But even if it is a boiled system, the military or violent agencies are indispensable. The constitutionalism is to let people compete for political power according to the rules, but what if someone doesn't follow the rules? You know: there is no way for those who follow the rules to compete with those who don't. A man who is no more than five feet tall and weighs no more than 100 pounds, if he fights with a trained boxer according to the rules, he will definitely not be an opponent. However, if he doesn't follow the rules, then the boxer is not an opponent. He grabbed a large knife and a submachine gun, and before the boxer could get close, he killed him. When a politician who believes in Ming Cook and is ready to win votes by means of speeches, and encounters a leader who has seized power by relying on the bloody massacre of the army, the best way out is to 'go up with 36 strategies'. ”

"Constitutionalism requires a strong military or violent apparatus in order to punish those who do not follow the rules. However, what if the commander-in-chief of this army used this army to carry out a coup d'état? The experience of various countries shows that military coups are the great enemy of constitutionalism. It fundamentally dismantled the Mingzhu constitutional system, and once the rules of the Mingzhu constitutionalism were destroyed, it would fall into the whirlpool of traditional violent politics, and it would be difficult to return to the track of the Mingzhu constitutionalism. Because people no longer dare to follow the rules so seriously and fall into a situation of passive beating. How to prevent a military coup is a crucial part of determining the success of the Ming Cook constitutional system. The experience of the Americans in guarding against a military coup is very worthy of reference: The most effective way to prevent a military coup is to establish a system in which civilian officials control the military, so as to keep the military away from political struggle as much as possible and make the army national and neutral. ”

"In order to nationalize and neutralize the military, the U.S. Constitution and laws clearly stipulate the system of civilian control over military personnel. America's founders believed that a large military was inseparable from tyranny. This view was put forward by political theorists such as Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, etc., and was confirmed by the behavior of the British [***] team in the colonies. Thus the Reading Manifesto accuses King George III of England: 'He stationed a standing army among us in peacetime without the consent of our legislature.' He made the military superior to and above the civilian authorities. "The framers believed that the military must be placed under the control of the civilian authorities and civilian personnel. This is the principle of civilian control of the army. ”

"Many provisions of the U.S. Constitution embody this principle. The most important provision is: 'The President shall be the commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy of the United States of America, and of the militias of the states conscripted for service in the United States. In other words, the president is the commander-in-chief of the U.S. armed forces. As such, he has supreme military command, including the power to make supreme military decisions, appoint senior military commanders and other senior officers, and issue military mobilization orders. Any military commander must obey the president's decision-making. An essential element of the U.S. Constitution is 'civilian control of the military, and policies are determined by elected political officials, not by generals.' Other provisions of the U.S. Constitution include the power of Congress to declare war, recruit troops, enact relevant military legislation, and decide on military appropriations. For example, the Minister of Defence and the Minister of Army and Navy under his leadership are civilians. The chiefs of staff of the armed forces, who are military personnel, are only advisers to civilian ministers. The Joint Chiefs of Staff work under the leadership of the Secretary of Defense and is an advisory body to the Secretary of Defense, the President, and the National Security Council. Its Uniform Code of Military Justice also provides that the judges of the Military Appeals Tribunal shall be civilian judges. Active-duty U.S. military members are also not allowed to run for Congress and elected office. ”

"It has become a tradition in the United States for civilian officials to control the military and for military personnel not to interfere in politics. There has never been a military coup d'état in the United States since its founding. The change of political party axe and the transfer of political power were carried out peacefully and orderly in accordance with legal procedures. This is why, among other factors, the firm establishment of the principle of 'civilian control of the military' is an important reason. ”

"In addition, the principle of 'civilian control of the military' in the United States has several useful implications: First, it is more reasonable for 'civilian control of the military' to be related to the professional characteristics of the two. The profession of military personnel is war, and their natural tendency to resolve contradictions and disputes is to resort to violence and coercive means, which is incompatible with the requirements of the rule of law; The profession of civil servants is more inclined to reason, and therefore more inclined to use the rule of law to deal with various problems. ”

"Second, to lower the political status of the military, especially those on active duty, as much as possible, so as to make the Ming Cook constitutional system more secure. We know that people's ambitions grow as their political status increases. If a soldier's political status is very close to the supreme power of the state, then he is very likely to have the political ambition to acquire the supreme power of the state. It is especially terrible for a soldier to have such ambitions, because he has an army in his hands, and it is more natural and convenient to use the army to realize his political ambitions. Conversely, if a soldier's political status is low, he is much less likely to use the military to achieve his political ambitions. Of course, military politicians with political ideals must be given the opportunity to realize them. Requiring servicemen to run for public office after a certain number of years of retirement has basically solved this problem. ”

"Third, as much as possible, military personnel should be prevented from forming their own special interests. If the servicemen have their own special interests, then it is possible for the servicemen to use military means in order to achieve their interests. This is clearly a jeopardy to the open constitutional system. Therefore, things such as military-run businesses are obviously very dangerous. The armed forces have their own special interests, which will inevitably affect their impartial and selfless defense of national interests. The fact that American military members are not allowed to run for Congress and public office is a very good measure to prevent them from developing their own special interests. Only when the armed forces are nationalized and neutralized can they truly serve the entire country impartially, and not serve a certain group of people. The constitutional practice of the Tess-West countries shows that the military must read the political party. If the armed forces are completely subordinate to a political party, the competition between political parties may evolve from a struggle for votes to a military conflict, thus completely abolishing the election and even the open boiling system. ”

Cai Ye finished reading the materials written by Yang Shuoming for him in one go, and couldn't help but breathe a sigh of relief and stood up with some excitement.

(To be continued)