There are a lot of recommended votes today, and I have to add four more. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 infoThere are some mistakes in the first two photos.,The purge shouldn't have started yet.,Changed it.,Everyone has time to look back.。

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"Have you ever thought deeply about why China lags behind the West in modern times?"

Faced with Zhang Nian's question, Yang Chao asked him rhetorically.

Zhang Nian pondered for a moment: "The main thing is a technical problem, the West has developed a whole set of industrial technologies. ”

Yang Chao shook his head: "It is a deeper reason, why Westerners can develop industrial civilization, while my country has wandered outside the gate of industrial civilization twice in the Song Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty, but it has never been able to kick this broken door." ”

Various studies of the East and the West have been many as early as this era, the British Joseph Needham's "History of Chinese Science and Technology" collected thousands of ancient Chinese scientific and technological inventions, so that Westerners found that the technology possessed in ancient China had already reached the technical level on the eve of the British Industrial Revolution, and the huge handicraft workshops owned by China in the Song and Ming dynasties were not lost to the British handicrafts, but in the end the British developed the handicraft workshops to the stage of modern factories and promoted the industrial revolution, while the Chinese fell.

Some attribute it to luck, saying that China was interrupted once by the Mongols and once by the Manchurians, and that it was these barbarians who destroyed the budding capital in China, otherwise China would have contributed to the Industrial Revolution long ago.

But this is obviously very one-sided, before the invasion of the Mongols and Manchurians, the Song and Ming dynasties failed to transition to the stage of industrial civilization for hundreds of years, and it is not only the reason for the invasion, but there are deeper reasons.

Yang Chao has only slowly realized the profound reason for this in the past few years, because he suddenly found that all countries that adhere to a free economy are facing strong competition, and these countries are not only not crushed by competition, but on the contrary, they are developing very well, like the Netherlands, Sweden and Denmark.

When comparing the situation in China, everything seems to be clear, that is:

There is a lack of competition in China!

"In ancient Europe, there were often hundreds or thousands of small countries in each other, and there was a lot of competition between them, so there was a lot of opportunity for trial and error and innovation. When a country invents something good, whether it is a technology or a system, other countries will follow suit. In competition with each other, they found that attracting talent and capital would make them stronger, so countries gave preferential treatment to talent and capital and developed a free economy; They found that education would help improve their national strength, so they developed their own education one after another. When other technologies emerge, countries are more than willing to adopt them under the fierce competition-elimination mechanism. ”

Yang Chao first talked about the factors of Europe's success.

In comparison with China: "In contrast, in China, we have prematurely concentrated power. The concentration of power is a historical trend, just like the concentration of capital, everything tends to converge in the end. The way of heaven is the way of heaven and the way of nature, which is called the Matthew effect by Westerners. So any region will eventually converge, because there will always be one of the most competitive countries that will stand up and unify the others. Explained in economic terms, eliminating competition helps reduce waste and consumption. Europeans have also been close to unification many times, the Roman era was the most successful one, and then the Frankish Empire, and then the Napoleonic era, but they have always been unable to build a Chinese-style unified politics. Because the organizational skills of the Europeans were not able to support them to form a unified government until modern times. ”

"In ancient times, after the fierce competition for hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China created a good cultural and knowledge accumulation for unification, such as the Legalists carried forward the county system, completely fixed the unified system, and then inherited it for more than 2,000 years. This is our problem, the premature completion of unification, the premature solidification of society. As a result, our society lacks a competition-elimination mechanism, and it is not unreasonable for Mencius to say that 'without internal worries and external patients, the country will perish'. Westerners will be eaten by lions if they are competing with each other, and the slowest one will be eaten. China, on the other hand, is an elephant, no matter how slow it is, as long as he does not fall, it will be difficult for others to shake him. So basically, I didn't compete with the outside world, and I learned to imitate the external motivation. So he was complacent and slowly fell behind the times. ”

Zhang Nian nodded after listening to Yang Chao's analysis, Yang Chao's analysis is not new, and many sociologists have already put forward similar views.

But he still wonders what this has to do with China's active cooperation with small Western countries.

Yang Chao said with a smile: "To cooperate with these small countries with high efficiency is actually to put a lively catfish in the dull pond of China, so that the whole pond can boil and be full of vitality and vitality." The reason why we have fully cooperated with these small countries, rather than with big countries like Britain, France and Germany, and even more so has directly severed relations with the United States, is that what we need is a catfish to improve our economic and social vitality, not a shark that may bite us. These small countries have some of the world's leading industries, such as metalworking in Sweden and leather goods in Denmark, but they are absolutely not capable of competing with China. Therefore, the introduction of them can activate some industries in China, but it will not stimulate our overall economy too much. If we play all-round competition with Germany, I am afraid that 7 or 8 percent of our industries will face the impact of German products. ”

Zhang Nian nodded: "So it is completely impossible for Britain, France and Germany to hope to obtain the same free trade status at present?" ”

Yang Chao smiled: "It is not possible at present, unless their national strength can be reduced to the extent that they do not pose a threat to China, I have never ruled out cooperation with Europe." After all, with the development of industrial technology, the most cutting-edge technology needs more and more industrial base support, and in the end, it is possible that a high-end technology needs to be developed through global cooperation and the best technology of each country. ”

During the Cold War, Soviet Russia put 70 percent of its population into heavy industry production, resulting in a shortage of labor in light industry and agriculture, and it could only barely reach a tie with the United States when it endured that the people's living standards were much lower than those of the West, because the Americans used the industrial base of the entire Europe and the United States, while Soviet Russia could basically only rely on itself.

Therefore, Yang Chao does not exclude cooperation with the West, but is this way of cooperation?

"I must be the master!"

Yang Chao said to Zhang Nian.

"Our country must stand at the top end, most of the European countries are sparsely populated, the market is narrow, with the in-depth development of industrialization, Britain, France and Germany and other European countries, are increasingly difficult to support a complete industrial system, they need to rely more and more on a super economy, this super economy is bound to be the center of the world economy, standing at the highest peak of the world economy, integrating other economies. And what we have to do is this central location, integrate the industrial base of other countries, cooperate with them, let them share the benefits, but how much they share, we have to have a say. ”

Zhang Nian nodded: "It's just that this will cause great difficulties to the government." ”

After the world economic crisis, many countries began to be protectionist, while China insisted on free trade, which naturally made a large number of domestic industrial giants who wanted to dominate the domestic market hostile, and they openly criticized the government's policies for more than a day or two.

In the past, the economy was booming, and it was reasonable to say that, but now the economic crisis has made the argument of trade protectionism very marketable.

Yang Chao sighed: "That's right, the more crisis, the more pressure, but the more you can withstand the pressure, the greater the harvest, the world has always been so fair, there will never be a free lunch, and there will never be no unpaid commitment." ”

In the era of world trade protectionism, China insists on a free economy, maybe at this time, it will lose a foreign exchange reserve, it will lose a gold reserve, but it can attract a group of small and medium-sized countries that follow you, which is a long-term wealth.

By attracting these countries to join through interests, and then forming an economic organization dominated by me, slowly expanding, and finally expanding to the whole world, then China will be able to establish a set of China-centered international system, just like the free economic system established by the British Empire, which will eventually be inherited by the United States, collectively known as the Anglo-American system.

Yang Chao is willing to cooperate with the British and take over the scepter in the hands of the British overlord, but if the British finally refuses due to narrow reasons such as race, Yang Chao needs to have a backup, and a China-centered international system is very necessary.

"As for the government?"

Yang Chao sighed, he didn't know how to solve the criticism of industrial capital on government policies, and could only hope that the economy would recover as soon as possible.

"The situation of our government is much better than that of the West, and although the long-term unification of our country has sacrificed the vitality of the country and created a character of the people who lack a sense of competition, it has cultivated a very high degree of obedience. Even those industrial giants are only criticizing and not daring to act. Even if they complain, they will not disturb society. Now that the government has provided a livelihood for the vast majority of vulnerable groups through unrestricted employment, there is no soil for social unrest. ”

Zhang Nian said: "What does it mean to be humble is that the introduction of competition from Western developed countries at this time has caused too much pressure on the government, so should it be slowed down?" ”

It is true that society will not be chaotic, but it is indeed not the best time to continue to insist on free trade at this moment.

It is true that the government will face greater pressure, but it is precisely because of this that it should be more persistent, because the persistence at this time can best show the responsible attitude of the Chinese government, the most able to gain the trust of Western countries, so that they will be dependent, if this opportunity is missed, the future generations want to achieve this effect, then it is not a matter of insisting on free trade, think about the price paid by China in order to break into the world system in later generations.

However, Yang Chao suddenly thought of a question, the government is indeed very difficult, but what is the matter with Guan Zhangnian?

There's something wrong with this!

immediately glared at Zhang Nian: "Who are you trying to be a lobbyist for?" (To be continued.) )