In 1796, Napoleon invaded Italy and established the Kingdom of Italy, the first unified state in Italy's recent history (although it was effectively controlled by France). But after the defeat of Napoleon and the convening of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Italy was again divided.

The Congress of Vienna was a diplomatic conference held in Vienna, Austria, between September 18, 1814 and June 9, 1815. The purpose of the conference, organized by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wentzel von Metternich, was to resolve a series of key issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars and to ensure lasting peace in Europe. The objectives of the conference included not only the restoration of pre-war state borders, but also the realignment of the powers of the powers so that they could balance each other and maintain peace. The attendees were mainly conservatives and opposed to republicanism and revolution. France lost all the territories it had conquered some time before, while Prussia, Austria, and Russia gained a great deal of territory - Prussia annexed some small German states in the west and acquired 40% of the territory of the Kingdom of Saxony; Austria gained most of Venice and northern Italy; Russia, for its part, received part of Poland. A few months earlier, the Kingdom of the Netherlands had been established and included part of the former Austrian territory, which had become Belgium in 1830.

Historian Paul Schröder argues that the old system of the "balance of power" was in fact quite unstable and predatory, and that the Congress of Vienna deliberately avoided this system and established a new set of rules to achieve a more stable and moderate balance[1]. The Congress of Vienna was the beginning of a series of international conferences during this period, which eventually constituted European Coordination, an attempt to establish a peaceful balance of power in Europe, and became a model for the League of Nations and the United Nations.

The immediate backdrop of the conference was the defeat and surrender of Napoleon's empire in 1814, ending a twenty-five year of continuous war. Napoleon returned to France during the conference to re-establish the Hundred Days in March-July 1815 and lead to a new war, but the conference continued, and the resolution was signed nine days before Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo.

Technically, the "Vienna Conference" could not be considered a conference, since in reality the congress was not held with the participation of all members, and most of the discussions took place in informal meetings between the Austrian, British, French, Russian and Prussian powers, with the participation of other delegates was largely limited. On the other hand, the Vienna Conference was also the first intercontinental conference in history in which representatives of various countries participated in the conclusion of treaties, rather than simply passing information between capitals. The decisions of the Vienna Conference, although later modified, set the framework for European politics until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.

At this conference, Italy was again divided into kingdoms and principalities. Giuseppe Mazzini and Garibaldi have been lurking in the two Sicilies, but the word lurking is not appropriate, he and Mazzini are mixed in southern Italy, there is no rebel appearance at all, the people and even officials of the two Sicilies are openly and secretly helping Garibaldi and his Red Shirts, unlike history, he has a solid mass base in the two Sicilies, and even the people in the north are eating pot pulp to welcome the king.

Because of China's aid, Garibaldi had more free time, and unlike his historical exile, Garibaldi now traveled to the Americas and China, and he had a broad vision, which also gave him confidence in his revolutionary cause.

In 1859, the Second Italian War (also known as the War of Theo) broke out in the midst of the internal intrigues of the Sardinian government. The Sardinian government sent people to the Two Sicilies to ask Garibaldi to become a major general, and as soon as Garibaldi and Mazzini discussed that the time was coming, Garibaldi responded positively and formed a volunteer army called the "Alpine Hunters". Garibaldi led his volunteers to victory over the Austrians at Varese, Como, and elsewhere. However, Garibaldi was outraged by the Sardinian government ceding his native Nice to the French in return for their important military assistance.

At the beginning of April 1860, the uprisings of Messina and Palermo in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies provided Garibaldi with an opportunity. He assembled about a thousand volunteers—known as the "Thousand Troops" and better known as the Red Shirts, on two ships called the Piedmont and the Lombards, and left Genoa on the night of 5 May, landing at Marsala, the westernmost tip of Sicily, on 11 May. In fact, this uprising was planned by Mazzini and directed by the empire.

Garibaldi relied on scattered local gangs of rebels to bolster the ranks of his army (arranged).

On 15 May, he led 800 volunteers to defeat the 1,500-strong enemy army on Mount Calatafimi. Using unusual tactics, he charged up the hill with a bayonet. He saw that the hill on which the enemy was located was in the shape of a ladder, and that the platforms of these terraces would protect the advancing warriors. Although this battle may seem small compared to the clashes that followed in Palermo, Milazzo and Voltunno, it was decisive in terms of establishing Garibaldi's presence there. Garibaldi told his lieutenant Nino Bickshaw before the war: "Here we will either make Italy or die." "In fact, the command of the Naplelian army was poor, and most of the senior officers had been bought.

The next day, Garibaldi declared himself dictator of Sicily in the name of the Italian Republic. He marched to the capital, Palermo, and launched a siege on 27 May. He was supported by many of the locals, who rose up against the local garrison, but before they could take the city, reinforcements arrived and bombed the city to almost ruins. At the same time, a British fleet commander also intervened and brokered a truce. With this truce, the royal forces of Naples and the ships abandoned the city and left.

Garibaldi won an extraordinary victory. He gained worldwide fame and compliments from Italians. People believed in his extraordinary abilities so much that suspicion, bewilderment, and panic even dominated the court of Naples. Six weeks later, Garibaldi marched to the east and began to confront Messina, winning a brutal and difficult battle at Milazzo.

After conquering Sicily, Garibaldi crossed the Strait of Messina with the help of the British Royal Navy and marched north.

"It's not like marching!" Looking at the cheering crowds on both sides of the city, the Military Staff Committee of the Chinese Empire felt a burst of surprise.

Yes, Garibal's first road met more celebrations than resistance. On September 7, he took a train into the capital city of Naples. Despite the capture of Naples, he had not yet defeated the Naplerian army. Garibaldi's volunteer army, numbering only 24,000 men, was unable to decisively defeat the reorganized Naplerian army (about 25,000 men) at the Battle of Voltuno on September 30. It was the largest battle Garibaldi had ever fought, but the arrival of the Piedmontese army effectively determined its outcome. After this, Garibaldi's plans to march on Rome were jeopardized by the Piedmontese. Strictly speaking, the Piedmontese were his allies, but they were reluctant to risk war with the French, who were protecting the Pope at the time. (The Piedmontese conquered most of the Pope's territory as they marched south to join Garibaldi, but they deliberately avoided their capital, Rome.) Garibaldi chose to give up all the territories he had acquired in the south to the Piedmontese and returned to Caprera to retire temporarily.

Historically, Garibaldi had handed over his gains to the Piedmontese and made many political mistakes that almost stillborn Italy, but now Garibaldi's firm belief in the establishment of a republic gave Garibaldi the courage to remove all obstacles. The most important of these is the existence of Rome and the Papal States. The challenge to the papal secular realm would be viewed with great suspicion by Catholics all over the world, and the French Emperor Napoleon III had already deployed a French garrison in Rome to secure Rome from Italy.

In April 1861, Garibaldi sailed from Genoa and landed in Palermo, trying to rally volunteers for the upcoming military campaign. His slogan was "Rome or Death". He was soon joined by a group of enthusiastic men, who then set out for Messina in the hope of being able to cross the native land. When he arrived, his troops were already about two thousand men, but the local garrison, loyal to the king's orders, blocked his passage. They turned south again and began their voyage from Catania. While in Catania, Garibaldi announced that he would either enter Rome as a victor or die under his walls. He landed in Melito on 14 August and immediately marched into the mountains of Calabria.

The operation went very smoothly without historical conflicts, and at the end of June Garibaldi officially proclaimed the establishment of the Italian Republic in Rome, although appropriate concessions were made to the pope on the advice of Chinese advisers, but on the whole it was good.

Just the day after the founding of the country, Britain and China announced the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Republic of Italy, which made France and the principalities of northern Italy extremely embarrassed, and Sardinian, Barenti, etc., actually preferred to lead such an Italy, and they even considered sending troops immediately, but now the public opinion of the whole Italy absolutely does not allow them to do so.

On May 15, 1861, under the leadership of China and Britain, negotiations began between the representatives of the Italian Republic led by Garibaldi and the principalities of northern Italy in Paris.

On July 3, the Agreement of the Unification of Italy was signed, formally annexing the northern states such as Sardinia, Barenti, and Lucca into the Italian Republic