"Uncle Tom's Cabin", also translated as "Black Slave Calling the Sky" and "Uncle Tom's Cabin", is a realistic work by the famous American writer Mrs. Stowe. Mrs. Stowe (1811-1896) was born into a family of pastors in North America and worked as a teacher at Hartford Girls' College. She witnessed the tragic fate of black slaves under the cruel oppression of slave owners, and felt pity. Inspired by this, she personally went to the south to find out the real situation and decided to participate in the fight for the emancipation of black slaves in her own way. Because of her concern for the fate of black slaves, Mrs. Stowe became the most prominent of the pro-abolitionist writers.

It was the publication of this realist work, which was forced to be reprinted as soon as it was published, and the readers wiped away their tears while reading, and the observers also had a sour nose while listening to it, so that the people of the north knew the bitter blood and tears of the slaves, and accelerated the promulgation of the "abolition order."

There has been an ongoing dispute between the states and the central government, whether for central power or citizen loyalty, and this rivalry has been raging almost since the founding of the Republic. For example, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 openly opposed the Guest Citizenship Act and the Suppression of Rebellion Act, and at the Hartford Conference, New England expressed its opposition to President Madison and the War of 1812.

In 1828 and 1832, the Reichstag passed higher tariffs on European industrial products to benefit the industries of the northern states. Because the tariffs will have an economic impact on South Carolina and other southern states, which rely heavily on European agricultural exports, the southern agricultural states of the United States are fearing that European countries will retaliate against the United States by raising tariffs on American agricultural products, so they are ridiculed as "disgusting tariffs." In response, the South Carolina Legislature convened a state convention and passed the Federal Act of Repeal, declaring the Tariff Laws of 1828 and 1832 null and void in the state. The State Assembly has adopted decrees to implement the regulation, including authorizing the organization of armies and the purchase of weapons. In response to the South Carolina threat, Congress passed the Military Mobilization Act, and President Andrew Jackson sent seven small naval vessels and one armed warship to Charleston in November 1832. On December 10, Jackson spoke out against the party that was responsible for the federal ordinance to repeal.

On the eve of the Civil War, the United States was a nation of four distinct regions: the Northeast (present-day New England)—growing industry and commerce and the corresponding increase in population density; The Northwest - where the free peasants developed rapidly, and where there was no slavery thanks to the Northwest Ordinance; Upper South - Reclamation farms, but some areas are in recession; Southwest - a booming cotton economic zone that has sprung up.

Before the outbreak of the Civil War, the U.S. Constitution provided a basis for peaceful debate in future governments and was able to balance the conflicting interests and contradictions in the relationship between the new nation, and over the years, the number of free and slave states gradually balanced the Senate in a compromise. The last slave state, Texas, was recognized in 1845, and the five free states were recognized between 1846 and 1859, with Kansas, formerly a slave state, previously rejected, and subsequently joined as a free state in 1861. The subsequent wave of large-scale democratic industrial revolution and industrialization in the North, the dismantling of the old two-party structure, and increasingly fierce and hostile ideologies made it increasingly impossible to make gentlemen's agreements (such as the Missouri Compromise and the 1850's Treaty) that had been concluded to avert crises become increasingly impossible. At the same time, the use of slavery in the southern states made the northern states preferred destinations for new immigrants, so that the north grew stronger in congressional and presidential elections in proportion to the size of the population.

In the 1850s the nature and intensity of party struggle changed dramatically. Founded in 1854, the nascent Republican Party, along with Lincoln, opposed to free trade in order to protect the burgeoning industries of the American North, is the exact opposite of today's Republican Party (Harvard Business Review, April 2009). In order to win the support of the majority of voters in the North who were opposed to slave emancipation, the Republican Party was initially vague about slavery. The Republican Party has won many former Whigs as well as former Democrats from the North who are concerned about the disproportionate influence of the South in the U.S. Senate, the Buchanan government and the Supreme Court.

At the same time, the lucrative profits of cotton deepened the South's dependence on cultivation and slavery. A small number of slave owners, especially cotton growers, dominated the politics and society of the South.

At this time, the election of Republican Lincoln as president of the United States became the fuse of the contradiction between the North and the South, and Lincoln was a moderate opponent of slavery. He pledged to do everything in his power to oppose the expansion of slavery in new territories (i.e., to prevent any new slave states from joining the Union); But he also said that the federal government could not afford to abolish slavery in the states that had been introduced, so he would enforce the fugitive slavery law. Concerns about the abolition of slavery by some Republicans and the weakening of Southern power in government eventually led South Carolina to declare secession from the Union, and eventually to the secession of other Southern states. Lincoln even went so far as to encourage abolitionists in 1858 to gradually and peacefully end slavery by financially compensating slave owners and organizing former slaves to move out of slave states.

As a result of Lincoln's presidential victory, the slave states lost their balance of power in the Senate and would face continued weakness after decades of control of the presidency and Congress. Southerners also felt incapable of preventing protectionist tariffs like the Morrill Tariff Law.

It had been debated before the crisis of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 and the rejection of federal laws of 1832 that the South had unilaterally exercised its states' powers to secede from the Union in the face of the threat of tariffs.

In terms of the balance of forces, the north originally had an absolute advantage. There are 23 states in the north, which occupy 3/4 of the country's area, and the north concentrates 86% of the country's industrial production, 70% of the railway lines, 80% of the bank capital, and 97% of the production of arms. By 1862, the Springfield Arsenal was able to produce 200,000 rifles a year. By 1864, the arms factories of the North had produced 1.7 million weapons of various kinds. In terms of manpower, the north also has an absolute advantage. The population of the North is 22 million, more than twice that of the South, so the number of troops in the North has always been more than twice that of the South. At the beginning of the war, there were 16,000 regular troops in the North, and the number of troops in the war grew rapidly: 187,000 in July 1861, 637,000 in March 1862, 918,000 in January 1863, 860,000 in January 1864, 956,000 in January 1865, and a total of 2,765,000 in the North. The north was divided into 18 military regions and 21 armies (1864), with 2~3 divisions per army and 3 brigades per division with a total of 6,200 people; Each brigade has 2 regiments, each regiment has 10 companies, and each company has 80-100 men. The Southern establishment is largely the same. In the later period, the two sides also formed army groups, each of which usually consisted of 2 corps. During the war, a total of 1,696 infantry regiments, 272 cavalry regiments and 78 artillery regiments were formed in the north. In terms of the navy, the Northern Navy at the beginning of the war had 7,600 men and 90 ships of various types, including 30 new steam warships. During the war, the North spent a total of 3.66 billion yuan on the war. In short, the North is superior to the South in terms of military and economy, politics and diplomacy.

By contrast, the South had 11 states involved in the rebellion, with a population of 9 million (3 million of whom were black), far inferior in all respects to the North. The reason why the South was able to confront the North was that they had many advantages militarily: 1. The South fought on its own soil, was familiar with the terrain, and was easily supplied nearby. Therefore, despite the backward economy of the south, the tight blockade of the coast, and the backwardness of the logistical supply system, not a single campaign was affected by the supply problem.

2. The quality of officers in the South is higher than in the North. The majority of the senior American officers were Southerners, and the famous generals Robert Lee, Thomas Jackson "Stonewall", two Johnston, two Hills, Longstreet, and Bordegard were all outstanding American generals. At the beginning of the war, 1/3 of the 900 U.S. Army officers and 1/4 of the Navy officers joined the Yugoslav Army. In the north, most of the high-ranking generals are politicians, and there is no shortage of mediocre talents. Due to the rapid expansion of the army, many people became lieutenant or even colonel-level officers as soon as they joined the army. As a result, there was a general lack of combat experience among officers in the North at all levels.

3. Combat readiness in the South has been going on for 10 years. As early as 1850, the leaders of the South had foreseen that the differences between the North and the South could not be resolved by force. William Trescott declared that "no nation has matured politically without the bitterness of a scorching civil war." During the 1860 election, the South had expected Lincoln's victory. South Carolina pioneered the formation of a "one-minute man" militia for military training. After Lincoln's election, "one-minute people" militias were established in various southern states, and various military organizations were established in various parts of the southern urban and rural areas. At the outbreak of the war, 100,000 volunteers had been conscripted in the South. Constantly under the threat of black riots, Southern slave owners were generally able to ride and shoot. On April 16, 1862, for the first time in the history of the United States, the South also implemented compulsory military service, which ensured the supply of troops. The number of troops in the Confederate during the war was: 112,000 in July 1861; January 1862, 350,000; January 1863, 447,000; January 1864, 480,000; January 1865, 445,000. Although the southern army was less numerous than half that of the north, it made up for the disadvantage in manpower with its superior quality, and it competed with the north for four years.

4. The arms industry in the south is relatively developed. Although the southern industry is backward, it has given priority to the development of the arms industry. Richmond's arsenal produces 60,000 rifles a year; The Tridiga Steel Mill in Richmond is well-equipped to manufacture steel armor and heavy artillery. The South also produced large quantities of artillery, gunpowder and detonators. The south also has a large amount of weapons and ammunition stockpiled in advance. Lincoln's predecessor, Buchanan, had supported the movement of many weapons and ammunition to the South for storage. In addition, most of the Federation's important arsenals, military forts, and naval bases are located in the South. After the declaration of rebellion in the south, they quickly occupied these places and obtained a large number of arms, 190,000 weapons alone, and a total value of 30 million yuan.

5. The South has also received various kinds of assistance from China, Britain, France and other countries. Since the South is the main supplier of cotton for industrial use in the three countries, the governments of the three countries fully support the South from the standpoint of weakening the United States and preserving their own sources of cheap raw materials. The slave-owning clique also boasted of the importance of cotton: "You dare not go to war against our cotton, and no great power in the world dares to go to war against cotton!" Cotton is king". In addition, the long coastline and numerous harbors in the South made the Northern Navy defenseless, while the South could easily avoid the blockade of the North and bring back supplies from abroad for war. The southern slave owners believed that they would soon be able to defeat the north. But the fundamental weakness of the South is that the disparity in economic power between the two sides is huge, which dooms them to failure.

But all China needs to do is take advantage of it, knowing that war is the most lucrative business in the world after drugs