The actions of the Americans cannot be military, and can only be economic diplomacy. Pen? Interesting? Pavilion wWw. ｂiquge。 ｉｎfo

In terms of economic action, they signed contracts with various small and medium-sized countries in the Americas for oil exploitation and mineral exploitation in a short period of time, gave a large number of small countries a sum of money, and bought the prospecting rights of these countries.

Diplomatically, their main means is to plant their own power in Europe, and Germany is the best, if not the only option.

As a defeated country, Germany was disarmed, the size of the army could not exceed 100,000 men, and if he was disobedient, anyone could give him a moment, and now the French are using this power, they sent troops to occupy the Ruhr area of Germany, under the pretext that Germany did not pay reparations on time.

Adolf came to power by frenzied attacks on the Weimar government, but in reality the Weimar government was not as weak as Adolf Hitler propagated.

After the German Revolution, the Kaiser went into exile in the Netherlands, and the German bourgeoisie established a provisional government in the small city of Weimar and began negotiations with Britain and France.

At the Paris Peace Conference, there was no part for Germany to speak, and Britain, France, the United States, Italy, and other countries did not give the Germans a chance to express themselves at all, and they themselves decided the fate of Germany.

The French naturally want to weaken Germany as much as possible, so that Germany will not be able to recover its national strength for a hundred or a thousand years, of course, the best is to directly dismember Germany, but Britain and the United States absolutely cannot accept such a situation, let France dominate that is impossible, and in the end the result of the game of the great powers is that Germany pays a huge reparation, cedes a part of the territory, but maintains the basic integrity of Germany.

If it was the Eastern countries that would think that this treaty was very tolerant, and that they had not destroyed and annexed the country after being defeated, and that was a good thing?

But the Germans found it unacceptable, and the then Chancellor of the Weimar government, Scheudmann, refused to sign the treaty and resigned for it, declaring that whoever signed such a treaty would have his hands rotten. As a result, the Entente issued an ultimatum to Germany, and the Germans could only sign the treaty.

The treaty stipulated that three years after the signing of the treaty, Germany had to pay at least $5 billion worth of gold marks, and if there was no cash, it had to be repaid in kind, coal, ships, timber, and even cattle, sheep and livestock, a large amount of material was plundered by the Allies. Germany was left with only paper money, so it was doomed to inflation.

But the foundation of the German economy was there, and their strong productive forces, even at the cost of expensive reparations, ensured that the economy did not collapse, especially in the short-term loans that Britain and the United States did not provide, and their inflation, although it could not be stopped, never collapsed.

In fact, the German economy should not be so bad, but first, they have to pay high reparations, second, they have to maintain domestic employment, and third, the elected government has to meet the excessive demands of the ignorant people at the bottom, and has no choice but to print money and rely on the government's fiscal deficit to increase spending.

Reparations were not even the main issue, but the question of maintaining German confidence after the fall of the traditional monarchy, whose government should first and foremost establish a sound economic system, but they chose to meet the demands of the people for the moment, resulting in an ever-expanding amount of money.

During the war, the German government printed only 400% of its currency, but after the war they printed more money than during the war, and at the end of the war, in 1918, the price of German goods rose by only 115% compared to 1914, even lower than that of Britain and France. But in the third year after the Weimar Republic came to power (1921), German currency was issued 5 times more than in 1918 and 10 times more in the fourth year (1922).

The Deutsche Mark went from 8 to 1 against the dollar in 1918 to 100 to 1 at the end of '21, and inflation was relatively moderate; It doubled in a month or two at the beginning of '22, no matter how the government issued bonds and how the banks bailed out the market, it could not be contained, and the vicious inflation had already begun, plummeting to 3,500 to 1 at the end of '22.

At this time, if the German government can take strong measures and seek the help of other countries, there is still a possibility of relief, but unfortunately, Germany will not dare to tighten spending to discontent the people, foreign powers will not accept Germany's demand to stop reparations, and the German government is also an irresponsible government, they refused to pay reparations to France without reaching an agreement.

The French, together with Belgium, marched their troops into the Ruhr industrial center of Germany, and the Ruhr crisis broke out.

When the Ruhr crisis broke out, Yang Chao was still in Siberia, and when he heard the news, he only said "there is no help".

The economic crisis caused by the political crisis was the most terrible, France and Belgium occupied the Ruhr, hoping to compensate for the reparations by looting the Ruhr industrial products, but the German government responded passively and encouraged the workers in the Ruhr area, and more than 100,000 workers left the factories and went to the streets to cooperate non-violently with the Franco-Belgian occupation forces.

But how can the livelihood of these workers be guaranteed?

The German government pays for it, but what if it doesn't have it? Printing.

So the last straw that crushed the German monetary system was broken, and the efforts of Britain and the United States to stabilize the German mark were also abandoned, and the British and American financial giants had to make a profit on the contrary, while shorting the mark in the international market, while making short-term loans from Germany, the mark fell off a cliff, and the speed of printing money could not keep up with the speed of currency depreciation, which was the collapse.

The German government hired many civilian printing houses to help the government print banknotes, but only one side was printed before it was printed, and the other side was still white paper, called the white mark.

When the Franco-Belgian army entered the Ruhr area in January, the mark exchange rate fell to 10,000 to 1 in an instant, and by the time Yang Chao finished his trip to England and arrived in Germany in July, it had fallen to 1 million to 1, compared with 150,000 to 1 last month.

"The mark must be stable, the international community must help Germany, and the German government and people should work hard to get through it themselves."

As soon as Yang Chao arrived in Germany, he attracted the attention of Germany, and the media paid special attention to Yang Chao's attitude towards the German economy, because Yang Chao was a pro-German element before the war, and Yang Chao did not continue to be in power after the war, but the Chinese government also always insisted that Europe should be reconciled, and the Entente should reduce Germany's reparations, always showing friendliness.

Now that Yang Chao has appeared in Germany, at the height of the economic collapse, German public opinion is naturally very concerned about whether Yang Chao, one of the world's banking giants, will pull Germany along.

Sure enough, as soon as Yang Chao set foot on German soil, he sang a high profile to the reporters who came up to interview him on the docks in Hamburg.

"To maintain the stability of the mark, it is necessary to reduce the printing of paper money, but also to increase the production of materials, the material production in Germany is shrinking, but the supply of paper money is increasing, it is no wonder that there is no inflation, this is a robbery of the poor!"

Yang Chao sighed with heartache.

"Practical action? I have four suggestions, first, Britain and France should suspend their claims for reparations from Germany, second, the United States should stop demanding debts from Britain and France, third, Germany should stop printing paper money, and fourth, the national society should lend a helping hand and provide Germany with an emergency loan. ”

Countless economists have already said this, but unfortunately their voices are not as loud as Yang Chao's.

Soon, Yang Chao's statement was published and spread in the newspapers, and there were various interpretations, some simply claimed that Yang Chao, the world's richest man, a Chinese banker, the former president of China, and the husband of the Russian Tsar, wanted to provide an emergency loan to Germany, Yang Chao opposed German reparations, Yang Chao opposed war debts, and so on.

Rumors from the outside world are still expanding, but Yang Chao urgently contacted the German authorities.

Queen Origa went to the Netherlands, and now she is probably talking to the Queen of the Netherlands, and Yang Chao told her to go to see the Kaiser.

Yang Chao first met with the president of the Weimar government, Albert, and it was still the ones he announced to the outside world, and only those few can save Germany now, but those few are difficult to achieve, first of all, it is impossible for Britain and France, especially France, not to pay reparations, second, it is impossible for the United States not to have debts, third, it is impossible for Germany not to print the mark, and fourth, no one is willing to give Germany a loan at this time, and international financiers are frantically attacking the mark.

When the economic system collapses, the only thing that can be relied on is administrative power, but now Germany lacks administrative power.

Later, Adolf declared that when the German economy was strong in history, it was often the time when power was most concentrated, and when the German regime was not strong enough, the economy collapsed, which was the reason for Adolf's poisonous dishes, and the Germans were persuaded by him and happily accepted his poisonous dishes.

The conversation with Albert had no practical meaning, and only expressed China's willingness to do its best to help Germany within the international framework, including persuading Britain and France to suspend reparations so that they could provide loan support.

Then he followed Schacht, a German nationalist banker who had just become the president of the Bundesbank, was a banker, was praised by British and American bankers, and betrayed the British and American bankers, known as the economic white wizard.

He hopes that China can provide a loan of 1,000 tons of gold, that is, 1 billion gold yuan, and he promises to adjust the policy of the Bundesbank, stop printing paper money irresponsibly, and print new currency to replace the current mark, and strive to curb the current inflation in one year.

Yang Chao decided that he could not do it, even if he was a white wizard, even if it was he who had historically put an end to this inflation and brought the German economy to prosperity again.

Because the root of the problem is not here at all, not among the four that Yang Chao publicly declared.

Reparations are not a problem, the Entente's reparations program, according to Germany's exports, is a quarter of the year, although it is a lot, but it is not unacceptable, take out the Chinese's posture of tightening their belts to repay debts, there is still no problem, and it will not even starve to death like China; The Bundesbank's printing of paper money is not the main reason, after all, the amount of money corresponding to the depreciation of their currency has not increased so much; The French occupation of the Ruhr was not a fundamental problem, because before the French occupied the Ruhr, the German currency was unstable, and their occupation of the Ruhr was only a kick in the dilapidated house of the German economy, and the house collapsed because the house was already broken, not because the French were manpowered.

So where is the real reason?

In Britain and France, it was the struggle between Britain and France for control of Germany that led to Germany's economic instability after the war. (To be continued.) )