ps：

Ask for monthly passes, rewards, and likes to support genuine versions

Song Xiaofei stood up and calmed down the argument between Liang Qichao and Rong Hong, and continued: "I will first express my position, or that sentence, this constitutional reform, don't take too big a step, I generally agree with what Chief Liang Qichao just said, the main task at this stage is to study how to take the road of improvement on the basis of traditional culture and morality, establish a modern nation-state, establish a system for supervising government power, and curb the ** of government officials." Although we have already had a clear constitution, the constitution still needs to be guaranteed by the system and implement the provisions of the constitution that protect the rights of the people. ”

Hearing Song Xiaofei say this, all the dignitaries present also discussed a lot, feeling that this is indeed the main problem that China needs to solve at this stage. Rong Hong is 74 years old, and he has always wanted to see China realize American-style democracy in his lifetime, and he was a little disappointed when he saw that Song Xiaofei, Sheng Xuanhuai, Xu Shichang, Zhang Zhidong, Duan Qirui, Xi Jiadong, Xi Jiaming and others all supported Liang Qichao's views. Song Xiaofei saw that his face was a little unsightly, so he proposed: "Everyone be quiet." We would like to ask Speaker Rong to tell you about the main contents of the constitutionalism of the Taixi countries, and China can take a look at the specific national conditions to see which ones we can learn from and use. ”

Rong Hong wore a black tuxedo suit, stood up and coughed twice, and said: "I used to spend most of my time in the United States of America, and I will talk to everyone here about the connotation of constitutionalism with the American democratic system as a representative. The history of democracy can be traced back to ancient Greek civilization. Democracy, created by the ancient Greeks, meant the power of the people. At that time, the citizens' assembly of the city-state consisted of all male citizens over the age of 18, and the citizens' assembly had the final say on national policy, and the consuls were elected by the citizens' assembly. Any citizen is free to speak at the Citizens' Assembly, where decisions are made by a show of hands. It is a simple and direct democracy, in which all citizens directly exercise the right to rule, ruling themselves as well as others; The modern Tessie democracy is based on principles such as the social contract and natural human rights, which is different from the simple 'rule by the majority' direct democracy in ancient Greece. Rather, it bases democracy on a complex structure of political power. To put it simply, it means that the people elect their own government through universal suffrage, and the government implements separate rules to check and balance each other, prevent the abuse of power and the dictatorship of a few people or any individual. One of the most typical is the separation of powers in the United States. The legislative, judicial, and executive powers are separated and check and balance each other. ”

Zhang Peilun has always been uninterested in the democratic system preached by Rong Hong, so he stood up and interjected, saying: "Speaker Rong has always said that the democratic system is so good, why did the democratic ancient Greece only last for a few hundred years and then perished?" ”

Rong Hong did not seriously think about such a question, thought about it, and said: "Democracy is not omnipotent. Historically, barbaric systems have sometimes conquered civilized systems. For example, the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the customs and destroyed the Ming Dynasty. is a typical example. ”

Song Xiaofei said, "We will not debate the advantages and disadvantages of democracy today, because we will not be able to finish talking about it for three days and three nights." I would like to be allowed to continue with the connotation of constitutionalism. The more specific the better, so that everyone can understand. ”

Rong Hong nodded and said, "Okay." The most important content of constitutionalism, in addition to the separation of legislative, judicial, and executive powers, is the separation of powers, and the most important of them is judicial independence. The National Assembly must have a constitutional review, and the state must also establish a constitutional court to uphold the authority of the Constitution. ”

Liang Shiyi said: "Yes, according to our investigation along the way, all countries in Taixi pay attention to the authority of the constitution. Most of the officials of their Constitutional Court are legal authorities. Appointed by the president, it is for life, and there is no limit on the number of years of service. ”

Zhang Peilun said: "In other words, he is a ** official until he dies? Who will oversee them? ”

Liang Shiyi nodded and replied, "Yes." They will not be impeached unless they are grossly derelict in their duties. Congress, the media can monitor them. ”

Song Xiaofei said: "Establish a constitutional court. Conducting unconstitutional reviews before new laws are introduced, and appointing lifelong officials are all things that China can learn from. Governing the country according to law is the bottom line. For thousands of years, most of the officials who have ruled the country by virtue have fooled the people with morality. In the future, we will administer officials according to law. Speaker Yung continued. ”

Yung Hong said: "Thirdly, it is necessary to implement parliamentary finances, and all government expenditures must be discussed by the parliament. This prevents officials from spending taxpayers' money indiscriminately. ”

Xi Jiadong said: "That's true, I think this article can form rules in the future." Now that the government has money on hand and has a lot of money at its disposal, there should be a reasonable proportion of spending on science and technology, education, public health, and national defense. ”

Song Xiaofei nodded and said, "The government spends the people's money, and it should be subject to the supervision of the Congress." ”

Yung said: "The fourth point is to establish a government with limited responsibility, that is, a small government and a big society, and 'the government that manages the least is the best government'. The powers of the federal government of the United States are mainly foreign affairs, national defense, and the maintenance of the Constitution. ”

Xu Shichang said: "This is very similar to the rule of inaction advocated by Lao Tzu in China. 'Governing a big country is like cooking a small meal', and China's traditional system of township and town autonomy that is beneficial to local governments can also be written into law. ”

Song Xiaofei said: "This is indeed the case, the government should streamline administration and delegate power, and cannot manage everything. Something on the moral level, just leave it to society. The government is primarily responsible for governing the country according to law. ”

Rong Hong went on to say the fifth point, "To engage in a free market economy, the government should intervene less in the business activities of factories and enterprises. ”

Sheng Xuanhuai said: "In the past seven or eight years, our government has been engaged in a free market economy, and businessmen can set up factories and register with the government, without approval. The government evaluates officials mainly to see the development of the industrial economy. In order to attract businessmen to invest, officials are about to regard businessmen as 'masters', and in addition to the gentry and landlords, these businessmen also participate in the political consultative conferences, and the businessmen discuss politics, which is unprecedented in China. ”

Liang Qichao said: "But there is one thing that our government has not done well, and it has not banned officials from doing business, which can easily lead to collusion between officials and businessmen." In addition, China should also vigorously study the company system, stock system, and patent system of various countries in Thailand and Spain, and China should not always make money by selling mineral resources and silk, tea, and porcelain. ”

Xi Jiadong said: "This is indeed the case, a good system can give birth to a benign market, and the government's tax revenue will roll in." In addition, the government should do a good job of supervision. Although it is a bit too much to say that 'no business, no traitor', we should not think too well of the nature of businessmen, after all, greed is human nature. ”

Song Xiaofei felt that what they said made sense, so he said. The perfection of the market requires a process, he asked Rong Hong to continue. Unexpectedly, Rong Hong's words caused an uproar at the venue.

Rong Hong said, "Sixth, to engage in constitutional government, it is necessary to hold a national election, and multiple ruling parties are running for power. ”

Liang Qichao said: "It is true that there are popular elections in all countries in Taixi. But not everyone has the right to vote, and in the United States, blacks and Chinese do not. In many countries, there are rules on how much tax you have to pay before you have the right to vote. Moreover, women do not have the right to vote in many places, and elections every three or four years cost a lot of money. ”

At this time, Rong Rong stood up and said, "All people are created equal. If there are elections, there should be equality between men and women, and women should also have the right to vote. Why don't women have the right to vote? ”

Liang Qichao said: "The American Declaration of Human Rights only says 'rightsofman', Chinese women should listen to their husbands, and men have the right to vote." ”

Rong Rong was furious. Blushing, he said, "You're talking nonsense. ”

Liang Qichao said: "I am not talking nonsense. If you don't believe it, Miss Rong, you can check, the Declaration of Human Rights says it's 'rightsofman'. ”

Sheng Xuanhuai objected, saying: "I think the government's top priority is to develop the economy and people's livelihood. When the common people are rich, they will come to the elections again. At present, 80 percent of the peasants in the countryside are illiterate, and even if they are elected, the elected councillors are still those landlords and gentry. ”

Zhang Peilun is even more opposed to the "multi-party election to govern", and he holds his belly full of fortune. He said: "The Baath Party is the sole party of the Communist Party of China, and this is the foundation of social stability. Let other political parties govern, they don't have the ability to do so. For example, let the women's party govern, and they 'lack of talent is virtue', isn't that a big joke in the world? Women have no national ideology and no political ability, and with this political matter, they will miss the national opportunity. ”

As soon as Zhang Peilun's words fell, a middle-aged woman rushed out from behind Rong Rong, rushed over and grabbed the collar of his robe, her apricot eyes widened angrily, slapped him, and retorted: "You parliamentarians, you play mahjong at night, doze off in meetings during the day, and speak in an official tone, what are your high opinions on governing the country and the country?" ”

This slap made Zhang Peilun's eyes go straight to Venus, and asked her, "Where are you a shrew?" ”

The woman was also very tough and said, "I am the representative of the Women's Party, Tang Qunying. ”

Tang Qunying was born in Jiangmen in 1871, is the daughter of Tang Xingzhao, the original commander of the Hunan Army and the general of Zhenwei, the first Hunan girl, when she was 4 years old, she thought that both men and women were entangled, and accepted it painfully, but she didn't expect her brothers to be entangled, she removed the footcloth and asked to be the same as her brother. After that, she studied while riding a horse and practiced swordsmanship. Father Tang Xingzhao said with emotion that if it was a son, he would be able to shine on the lintel. Tang Qunying asked rhetorically: "If it's a daughter, can't you glorify the lintel?" At the age of 20, Tang Qunying married Zeng Guofan's cousin Zeng Chuangang, and Qiu Jin's husband Wang Tingjun was Zeng Guofan's cousin. Soon, Tang Qunying's daughter died and her husband died. She did not observe the festival for her husband according to feudal etiquette, but returned to her parents' house to study and practice martial arts. Later, together with Rong Rong, she founded the Women's Political Alliance, which was later renamed the "Women's Party" to fight for women's rights and equality between men and women.

At the venue, the table and chairs were suddenly slapped and the chairs were in a mess, the military police of the National Assembly came to pull Zhang Peilun and Tang Qunying apart, Song Xiaofei asked everyone to calm down, he felt that the national election in 1902 was a bit early, so he said: "Democracy is the tide of the world, we can start with the election at the township level, let the villagers choose their own township heads." The matter of the women's election will be discussed later. ”

Rong Hong's proposal to nationalize the army was opposed by Duan Qirui, Feng Guozhang, Liu Buyun and others. Song Xiaofei is also unwilling to nationalize the army at this time, after all, in this troubled era, it is still in the stage of political training, and the gun must be grasped in his hand, and this kind of reform needs to wait until the country has no external troubles, and peace and stability at home and abroad.

Rong Hong said: "Another important feature of constitutional democracy is the development of supervision by the press and public opinion. ”

Liang Qichao said: "We have traveled to various countries and found that political democracy and good education are inseparable. Before we can practice democracy, we first teach people what democracy is. While people understand the state system and social culture, they also participate in the construction of the state, the organization of society, the formulation of laws and the inheritance of culture. Of course, the supervision of public opinion by government officials can be relaxed. ”

Song Xiaofei said: "Press freedom must be responsible, so I ask the National Assembly to first enact a press law and then relax the supervision of public opinion." Moreover, the basic system of the state does not allow the media to discuss it anymore and does not allow the media to incite social violence. ”

Rong Hong said: "This is nature. ”