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In 1902, it was another spring, the weather in Beijing was warm and cold, and the wicker on the street had just spit out new sprouts, and a five-member constitutional delegation composed of Liang Qichao, Xu Shichang, Li Jingfang, Liang Shiyi, and Li Yuanhong went to Europe and the United States for more than three months to inspect and returned to China. Song Xiaofei decided to formally launch constitutional reform at this year's Political Consultative Conference, the main content of which was that Liang Qichao and others would make reports to domestic parliamentarians and party, government, military, and political leaders and conduct a free ideological discussion. On the first day of the opening of the congress, the congress located near the Xuanwu Gate was particularly lively, with President Song Xiaofei, Premier Sheng Xuanhuai, Senate Speaker Rong Hong, and House of Representatives President Zhang Zhidong all attending the meeting, and Duan Qirui, Zhang Peilun, Ruan Zhongshu, Feng Guozhang, Wang Shizhen, Liu Buchan, Deng Shichang, Yan Fu, Rong Rong, and others all attended the meeting as observers.

Song Xiaofei first welcomed Liang Qichao's return, "You have worked tirelessly, traveled thousands of miles across the ocean, and inspected the United States, England, France, Germany, Canada and other countries for the future of the country. Now, I would like to invite General Director Liang Qichao to give you a report on behalf of the delegation. ”

There was a round of applause in the room. Liang Qichao was the first to take the stage, he was wearing a traditional robe, his face was serious, he looked around at the audience, and said loudly: "What I Liang said today will definitely be like a bomb, which will surprise everyone, and some people may even scold me for worshipping foreign countries, but for the future of the country and the fate of the nation." I had to stand up and speak. ”

Song Xiaofei said: "If Mr. Liang has something to say, we will listen carefully. ”

Liang Qichao nodded and said, "I originally thought that the world was the same as my ideal, but now I think about it. It's ridiculously naïve. There is also the distinction between Huayi formed by the traditional Chinese 'view of the world', which is simply naïve and ridiculous. I think that in order to realize the great cause of China's rejuvenation, what is most needed is the sense of national shame and the patriotism of the people! In the United States and Canada, we focused on the political, economic, and social realities of both countries. In the United States, I personally heard US President Franklin D. Roosevelt say during his tour of the country, "I want to enter the realm of our beauty and be strong, and I will give up imperialism for the sake of my children and grandchildren for a hundred years." All of us should be soberly aware that the Chinese should get rid of the traditional concept of Tianxia and realize that 'China' is a politically sovereign one. Geographically there are national borders, including a true nation-state of all the people living in this land. ”

Zhang Peilun was usually a little dissatisfied with Liang Qichao, stood up and asked, "What does Chief Liang mean by this?" Is there something wrong with our traditional notion of the world? ”

Liang Qichao replied, "Yes, we have to make the following two efforts: First. Break the concept of the world and establish the national ideology. In the past, we Chinese always exaggerated to see China as the world, not as a country, thinking that the world is centered on China, and the civilizations of other countries are barbaric Chinese. It is by no means a world of low culture, but a country that is stronger than China. If we blindly adhere to the concept that Chinese civilization is the entire civilization in the world, it will be impossible for us to rationally recognize the backwardness of our own country and the crisis we are facing. The patriotism of our people has not been developed for a long time, and cosmopolitanism has also become a stalk. I call for the removal of the obscurantist idea that China is still a world and not a part of the world. Recognize that China is just one of many countries in the world. ”

Song Xiaofei nodded and said, "Mr. Liang is right, we Chinese should have opened our eyes to the world a long time ago, especially those in power, if we don't have a clear mind." The country will fall behind, and if it falls behind, it will be beaten. We can no longer be like the old woman of Cixi, ignorantly declaring war on the eleven powers at the same time. ”

Zhang Zhidong stroked his beard, and then also stood up and asked Liang Qichao, "In your opinion, how should the Chinese, who have broken the traditional concept of the world, face the world and the countries of Taixi?"

Liang Qichao replied without hesitation: "Country to country." Today, if you want to strengthen China, there is no other way to build a nationalist country. In the past, the Chinese knew that there was a world but did not know that there was a country, and they knew that there was a self but did not know that there was a country, and the disadvantages caused by this were twofold: First, they did not know that there was a country, so they regarded the imperial court not as the representative of the people, but as the representative of the emperor, and as a result, they confused loyalty with patriotism. However, the state and the court are not the same thing, if the court can represent the interests of the country and the nation, that is, when the court is the representative of the country, patriotism and loyalty to the court are the same thing. On the contrary, if the imperial court betrays the interests of the state, that is, when the imperial court is a thief of the country, patriotism and loyalty to the imperial court cannot be unified. The second disadvantage is that because the people of the country do not know that there is a country, the people of the country are good for themselves, the township party is good, and they are tired of the country and flee. The masses who do not have the idea of a modern state will only limit themselves to the qualifications of tribal and tribal people. We look at the countries of Taixi and the West, the country is also the people, the people of the country are the people, and the body has the limbs, the five organs, the muscles and veins and the blood chakra. Therefore, for China to be strong, its citizens must have a national mind, and the people must establish the concept of national supremacy. ”

Duan Qirui stood up and said with a smile, "Chief Liang's words are very reasonable, but they are similar to what the president taught us back then, 'Loving the country is not the same as loving the Manchu court'. ”

Song Xiaofei said with a smile: "It is similar to ** points." But it's not my invention either. Mencius said a long time ago, water can carry a boat and can overturn a boat, the court and the government are the boat, and if the people are not satisfied, they can subvert it. Therefore, we can't be like the emperors of the past, who think that 'I am the country' and have a sense of crisis. ”

At this time, Senate President Yung Hong stood up and said: "I agree with the idea that the Chinese people need a modern state. However, the state of Tessie is formed by the desire of individuals for their own peace and freedom, and it is not necessarily a good thing that nationalism is too strong, and I do not agree with the 'idea of the supremacy of the state', which will be detrimental to the freedom of the individual. ”

Liang Qichao retorted: "Now countries are competing with countries, this is an era of the jungle, and the Chinese are in this era. You must know that above yourself, there is a 'bigger and more survivor', that is, the country. The imperialism that China encounters today is different from the imperialism of ancient times, Alexander, Charleman, Napoleon, etc. Although they were also 'ambitious and long-term', wanting to 'ravage the earth and annex the kingdoms', at that time, they were all motivated by personal ambitions. At that time, the invaded country will be able to match it with one or two heroes. Today it is different, the aggressor shows the 'ambition of the whole nation'. To deal with today's imperialism, we must rely on the efforts of the whole nation, so the only way to do this is to practice the policy of our nationalism and forge a 'new people' in this sense as the first priority of today's China. ”

Song Xiaofei thought for a while. He stood up and said, "What Speaker Rong means, and I understand, is that the state cannot excessively restrict the freedom of individuals. But I think that Mr. Liang's words are more reasonable, in this era. The imperialist ambition to carve up the world will not die, and a world war will soon break out, so China must seize the time to draw up a five-year plan for economic development, complete industrialization, and build a powerful army and navy in order to be invincible in the future. China now has a vast territory and a nationalist national policy. It's still needed. ”

Prime Minister Sheng Xuanhuai stood up and said, "I agree with the president. Since the president took office, he has encouraged the free development of national commerce, which has led to the achievements of today's Chinese economy. Today, China has an initial industrial base, and with the implementation of two more 'five-year plans', its economic aggregate will definitely surpass that of Germany. Ranked second in the world. ”

After a while, Rong Hong and Liang Qichao quarreled again, because Liang Qichao continued: "The foundation of the founding of the country is to respect Confucius and carry forward China's traditional ethics and morality. Only in this way is the fundamental way for a nation to save itself, and an important reason for the existence and development of a society is due to its long-accumulated national moral and ethical dogma. China is in an era where the old political and economic system has collapsed and the new one has not yet been fully established. If the civil rights and constitutional systems of the West are forcibly transferred to China and implemented at this time, they will inevitably fail. ”

Rong Hong felt that Liang Qichao was opposing the Western ideas of freedom and democracy, and stood up and shouted: "If China's traditional servile morality of women binding their feet is not changed, it will be difficult for China to achieve industrialization." ”

Liang Qichao explained: "I don't think that morality and ethics are immutable. What I mean by this is to look at traditional morality as something of eternal value, and to look at it rationally from the level of the general public, rather than just talking about how the people should be, as some ideal liberal moralists do. Every society must have its universally recognized moral creed, which is deeply rooted in the minds of everyone by innate heredity and nurture. If this is the case, then the chain between molecules is consolidated, and the life of society is perpetuated, and an old creed loses its effectiveness, and a new creed rises with it, and the social phenomenon undergoes a great change. If the new creed is not well established, and the old creed has been discarded, then the phenomenon of social obscurity is immediately visible. In other words, when a long-ingrained ethical creed is shocked by a new foreign culture, it is entirely possible for it to collapse. But it should be a slow process, a process of gradual improvement of a new creed replacing the old one, not a stormy revolution. ”

Song Xiaofei stood up and expressed support for Liang Qichao's view, "The fundamental factor in whether a country is strong or not lies in its political system and political culture. Political system and cultural innovation must be gradual and gradual. Otherwise, it is easy to shoehorn the new concepts of freedom, democracy, and equality into society, as was the case with the French Revolution in 1793, but it is difficult to take root, resulting in a guillotine with heads and a chaotic state. ”

Rong Hong was not convinced, turned his head to Liang Qichao and said: "President Liang advocates traditional culture and morality, so you can give me an example, which modern society still needs in traditional Chinese morality and ethics?" ”

Liang Qichao said: "I won't say much, but I will just say that the three concepts of 'repaying gratitude,' 'clear division' and 'afterthought' can all be used as the source on which Chinese society depends to maintain its infallibility and support the driving force for society to move forward, and the foundation for the maintenance of a nation-state." The traditional idea of repaying the kindness of parents, teachers, and others is a traditional idea that must not be lost. Clarity is a good bond of social order, and it is the backbone of the order that is always in a country, that is, everyone clearly knows their position in the society, and is content with their own position, so that the society will not be chaotic and can be gradually improved. 'After consideration' is the Chinese's own religious concepts such as ancestor worship. The Chinese do not have the religion of separating this shore from the other shore in Western culture, but only seek eternity by family-centered ancestor worship and inheritance. Therefore, the question of whether there are descendants, as Confucius said, 'there are three unfilial pieties, and no descendants are great', is not only a question of the continuation of an individual's life, but also a question of a religious nature, which is related to the great significance of life. ”

Song Xiaofei nodded, stood up and said: "Chief Liang is reasonable, the two points of repaying gratitude and clearly dividing the Japanese society will do better than China." These two traditional Chinese must not be lost. ”

At the beginning, Liang Qichao and others went abroad to inspect constitutionalism, Rong Hong was strongly supportive, but he didn't expect Liang Qichao to go beyond a trip to the country, turn around most of the world, and come back to talk about the importance of the country, the nation and traditional culture, advocating the use of reformism to increase state power, and then achieve the goal of nationalist rejuvenation. Especially when you look at the United States, you don't find the shortcomings of traditional Chinese culture? ”

Liang Qichao replied: "Speaker Rong will wait for me to talk slowly, there are still a lot of gains from this inspection, especially in the construction of the anti-** system." For example, the countries of Tessie have a pessimistic attitude towards human nature. David of the United Kingdom. Hume famously called the 'rogue principle', that is, 'every member of the government must be conceived as a scoundrel'. He believes that everyone is selfish and scoundrel. In order to prevent the possibility of abuse of power by government officials and ensure the normal operation of constitutional government, it is necessary to construct a system based on the value judgment of evil, and on the contrary, it can create a good political system. However, in ancient China, we were accustomed to building a political system based on the value judgment of goodness, but the result was a mess. We in China are the founders and victims of this mess, and the traditional Confucian interpretation of politics is based on the moral pursuit of "benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith". Zi Shuai is upright, who dares to be upright? It is this kind of anti-human political outlook that has led to the rule of officials in China for thousands of years. ”

When Sheng Xuanhuai heard Liang Qichao say that "every member of the government must be conceived as a scoundrel," he trembled with anger, stood up and said: "What does Chief Liang mean by thinking that all the officials of our government are corrupt officials? Isn't this an insult to our personality? ”

Song Xiaofei stood up and said, "Mr. Sheng has a lot of ideals. I understand what General Director Liang meant, it is based on the theory of human nature evil, 'power leads to **, absolute power leads to absolute**", and the theory of human nature evil prompts the people to pay attention to people's weaknesses, prevent people's weaknesses, and establish a system to prevent people's evil from playing a role. Historical realities and theories have proven time and again that systems built on the basis of this theory of human nature are often effective. And those so-called good people's governments based on the goodness of human nature, although their purposes are noble and pure, there is not a single result that is not extremely ** and depraved. Therefore, in the face of the nature of human nature, we would rather admit its evil side and then guard against it, rather than hide from it and deny it. In establishing a political system, we would rather put the villain before the gentleman than the gentleman before the villain. This will be the general principle of our government's future reforms, and it will be our panacea for curing the best of the best! Relying on morality, it is absolutely impossible to control the degeneration of officials. We imagine officials as bad people, and we use the system to make them not greedy and greedy, and this is to protect them. ”