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The 6,000-word chapter expresses the protagonist's idea of governing the country, which is more important for understanding the democratic reform that follows

Song Xiaofei interacted with the students enthusiastically and was warmly welcomed by them, and the students asked a lot of sharp questions, among them, a student named Zhou Shuren performed outstandingly and asked a lot of mean questions, and Song Xiaofei answered them one by one. Later, Song Xiaofei learned that this person was Lu Xun in history. Lu Xun was not yet twenty-three years old at the time, and was about to graduate from the Department of Philosophy of Peking University. His smooth and slippery skin, big playful eyes are bright, yellow and white skin, and his thin body seems to be like a patient recovering from a serious illness, wearing a bright silk robe, and his clothes are embroidered with the pattern of a canopy boat. The most striking thing is that his hair, one by one, stands straight up, none of them are drooping, they are all so long, and the top of his head is a "dense forest", and his angry words are a bit like the angry youth now.

Lu Xun was born on the third day of August 1881, a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang, the word Yucai, Yuting, formerly known as Zhou Zhangshou, entered a private school in 1886, and recited the "Appraisal Strategy" from his uncle Mr. Zhou Yutian. In the first month of 1892, when Lu Xun was 12 years old, he went to the "Sanwei Library" to study with Mr. Shou Jingwu. In 1898, he went to Nanjing to be admitted to the Jiangnan Naval Academy, renamed Zhou Shuren, in November of the same year, because he was dissatisfied with the school spirit of the school, he dropped out of school in anger, and then was admitted to the Department of Philosophy of Peking University. What do you think? Personally, what do you think is dirty water in traditional culture? How should we young people deal with traditional culture? ”

Song Xiaofei smiled and replied humorously: "Classmate Zhou, you have three questions, and they are all big questions. Let me answer your first question first. A nation, a nation, does need common moral and cultural values, however. I don't think the government needs or needs spiritual rule, and a theocratic state has always been a rule of terror! Even Christianity, which preaches freedom, equality, and fraternity. It will also cause the dark Middle Ages. The state can only guarantee citizens' freedom of belief through the constitution and laws. Why? The unity of thought is necessary for an army, but for a nation, it is a disaster, and the Han Dynasty of China respected Confucianism alone, and as a result, the ideology was imprisoned for thousands of years, and in modern times it lagged far behind the West. People's minds are like trees. Only by enjoying the sun freely can the branches flourish. That's why I advocate that young people should be free-thinking and independent, so that our nation will have a future! ”

The teachers and students present applauded warmly, and Song Xiaofei raised his hand to signal them to be quiet. "But for a society to have values that citizens should live by. For today's young people, truly understanding the world is far more important than rushing to change it. It is far more important to be thoughtful than to be free-thinking. From an angry youth who pursues freedom, to a fanatical reader, he connects history and reality. Acquiring intellect and rationality is the only way for today's aspiring young people. This era can be said to be the best era in Chinese history. It's also the worst of times. In the transition from the old society to the new society, all kinds of ideas are overflowing, and if the will is not firm, it may be schizophrenic. Or become a slave to ideas. So you have to learn to think and face the real world with reason.

This world, after all, belongs to you young people. Whether the future of society will change for the better depends on the perception of young people. Nowadays, the concept of society is mixed, and some are even hysterical. People are also becoming more and more impetuous, and have separated the real world from the world of ideas. Young people, we should solve more practical problems and less disputes over doctrines. If I had to learn a posture to face the world, I would prefer a campfire to a wildfire or rage. In the night bonfire, people can sing and dance to their heart's content, dispel fears and evil spirits. I love the feeling, better than mania and the wildfire that burns everything. I have always believed in the gentle values of tolerance, piety, modesty, love, and reason, and I hope that you young people will like it too.

You are studying philosophy, and I think that young people nowadays should have the courage to fight against two wrong philosophical views, one is the philosophy of witch doctors, that is, irrational philosophy. And now there are some pseudo-public intellectuals who cater to the appetite of the public, fanning the flames everywhere, and some populist sentiments are beginning to spread, such mindless things, vainly trying to make people lose their basic rationality, and I deal with such people directly in the cowshed. The second is the revolutionary philosophy that advocates violence, which seems to be holding the banner of doing the right thing for heaven, but in fact it is a careless regard for human life. China's current systems and mechanisms need to be reformed and improved, especially in the fight against corruption and the rule of law. There is no dispute about this. Middle. Beg. The government is also determined to continue to deepen reforms. However, it is absolutely impossible to overturn the system and start over, and the road of stable economic development is the result of countless Chinese walking with blood and wisdom, which is the bottom line of China's reform. Without understanding this, there is no point in arguing. For reform, there is no need for martyrs and heroes, only rational economists and far-sighted politicians. Young people don't understand this and blindly follow the revolution. Life, will only waste life or self-destruction of the future, and in the end the people will be deceived to the depths of misery, just like the peasants of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. ”

Lu Xun nodded, thoughtful. Song Xiaofei continued to answer his question and said, "I have also thought about the traditional culture you mentioned. The Chinese cultural tradition is rich in literary emotions and good at abstract thinking, and the ability to think rationally is very poor, and it is easy to be confused when it comes to logical or philosophical level speculation. Chinese culture is extremely fickle. This is both an advantage and a disadvantage. The advantage is that we can learn from the achievements of the development of all civilizations. The disadvantage is that there is a lack of principles, and many truths are logically contradictory. Highlighted in some slang. There are too many examples. For example, as the saying goes: the prime minister can hold the boat in his belly; But as the saying goes: If you have revenge, you will not revenge, and you are not a gentleman! As the saying goes: the prodigal son does not change his money when he looks back; But as the saying goes: dogs can't change eating! As the saying goes: the afterlife is terrible; But as the saying goes: if you have no hair on your mouth, you can't do things well! As the saying goes: all for one, one for all; But as the saying goes: If people are not for themselves, the heavens and the earth will be destroyed! Chinese intellectuals should make up for logic lessons and learn the significance of the existence of reason, not whether people are completely rational, but because reason is the basis of social existence and the foundation for reaching consensus, and there is only a rational society. It's the best in the world. ”

Cai Yuanpei nodded at this time and said, "The president is right, we Chinese should collectively make up the logic class." Peking University is now preparing to offer courses in this area. ”

Song Xiaofei said: "President Cai is right. However, the contradictory thinking of the Chinese is also in line with the world. There is no such thing as a reality. Language and conceptual things are just tools to describe reality. But Chinese culture has always been upside down since ancient times. This is the failure of the whole nation, and we must have a new culture and truly raise the hearts and minds of the Chinese people to a rational level, so that we can dialogue with the world and not be stupid enough to use the invulnerable 'divine skills' of the Boxers to resist the foreign guns and cannons of foreigners.

Few traditional knowledge practitioners can see this: you are facing a society made up of people as flesh and blood as you are, not cats and dogs that you can put labels on and step on at will. It's not you shouting a few slogans for freedom and equality. If you think more advanced than others, you will become the embodiment of justice, and you will be able to defeat and even destroy others. Such a society can only be characterized by rampant violence and rivers of blood. This kind of thing. The Crusades took place in France in 1793. Turning the pages of history, how many young people have sacrificed their lives for some fashionable concepts. Many intellectuals themselves lost their lives as a result. This is the sorrow of all mankind. It is no wonder that some philosophers lamented: the greatest enemy of mankind is the same kind! Therefore, the poison of ideas can only be solved by tolerance. Only practice can solve it.

In addition, China's traditional culture, there is no consistent religious belief, which lays the foundation for different voices and diverse cultures, which is a good culture in itself. Now, in the eyes of some intellectuals, it has become 'Chinese have no faith and their thinking is too chaotic.'"

Also, it is a Chinese tradition for literati to be in power, but it is a bad tradition. The writer's feeling of taking the world as his own responsibility is worthy of appreciation. However, literature is the literature of emotions, a variant of the philosophy of witch doctors. True writing is nothing more than writing my heart, writing about my personal observations, experiences and thoughts. It is not possible to find the truth of the universe, or the meaning of life. A little higher, it is just to let the dignity and soul of the individual surface, bask in the sun, 'establish a heart for heaven and earth, establish a life for the people, continue to learn for the saints, and open peace for all generations', this kind of person is really blowing the world's bull's ass to be incompetent, so our government's current civil service examination is mostly a test of legal knowledge and logical ability, and do not be pedantic or hot-headed literati.

The thinking of the Chinese always hopes for perfection and heaven. But it is precisely the 'best of the world' that is overlooked. Many people think that the current system is inefficient, which is extremely wrong. Take Max. According to Weber's theory of bureaucratic organization, the current system is the most efficient and the most capable of concentrating on big things. The new era calls for new intellectuals. When your thinking contradicts the times, you need to adjust yourself and keep pace with the times, instead of complaining about society, or hiding in the study, burying your head like an ostrich in the pile of old papers, and taking the darkness of your imagination as the darkness of the whole world; Treat the pain of one's own imagination as the pain of the whole world; Regard the unfreedom of one's own imagination as the unfreedom of all mankind. The pain of imagination will be more terrible than the real pain, because it cannot be stopped and eliminated; The darkness of imagination will be darker than any real darkness, because the light will never be seen. Imaginary problems will be more difficult to solve than any real problems, because they simply do not exist. ”

Lu Xun asked: "Now that we are engaged in industry and commerce and a market economy, many people in society say that Chinese only stare at money, everything is for money, and there is no culture, and I am very miserable." ”

Song Xiaofei replied: "Actually, we need to understand that industrial civilization itself is culture, and the market itself is culture. A market economy society is a society in which services are exchanged for services, and everyone must have a skill and do something for others in order to survive. Making money reasonably and legally is the highest morality and the greatest culture of the market economy.

I visited the United States, visited many factories, such as automobile companies, cola companies, every time I visited, I was very emotional, the production equipment and assembly line are amazing, industrial civilization, which screw, are the crystallization of human wisdom. But industrial civilization is really not something that a group of moralists and writers can create. In order for China to achieve modernization, it must have entrepreneurs with real ideas.

For thousands of years, China has emphasized agriculture and suppressed business, and few traditional intellectuals will realize that from an agricultural society to a modern industrial society, Chinese traditional culture urgently needs to make up for the shortcomings of business ethics. Many traditional knowledge practitioners lament that Chinese now have no cultural pursuit, and everyone is only busy making money, believing that earning money is incompatible with spiritual pursuit. This is in line with the traditional 'no business, no treachery' thinking. In fact, Americans were also ridiculed by Europeans as uneducated. There are basically no poets. However, in the two hundred years since, the Americans have proved by their actions that the culture that emerges in practice is more alive than the abstract culture in the minds of any traditional knowledge practitioner. Business ethics itself is an important part of human spiritual civilization. The spirit of contract, equivalent exchange, is a kind of culture in itself, and the spirit behind it is to serve others, and behind it is freedom and equality.

Everyone likes to understand and know the world according to their imagination. And for a person to mature, he must break through this barrier. The same is true of a society. A new era requires a new culture. It is an obvious fact that there is no foreign culture that can replace China's traditional culture based on ethics. Historically, Buddhism and Christianity, the culture of Mongolia and the Manchu Qing Dynasty in the Yuan Dynasty, and various trends of thought in the West in modern times. There is neither nor can it be replaced, because culture itself is the product of a series of people's ideas, customs, and social environment. After the U.S. occupation of Japan after World War II, they did not dare to change Japanese culture easily. In peacetime, it is even more unlikely that anyone will be able to change China's culture. Therefore, we must face up to the reality, conduct an in-depth investigation of China's traditional culture, and see which ones are compatible with the market economy. Which are not adaptable. The United States was founded by a group of the most uneducated businessmen, and it has become a paradise on earth that many people yearn for. We also have reason to believe that China's culture can innovate itself and embrace the world in the practice of market economy. Go out into the world. ”

Cai Yuanpei added at this time, saying: "What does the president mean, the industrial civilization of the bourgeoisie is also the advanced civilization of mankind? ”

Song Xiaofei said: "Of course. Chinese thinking is easy to fall into the trap of some concepts and fall into meaningless arguments. The Chinese always expect a saint. Waving his sleeves to tell people the way of heaven and advocating the rule of virtue has contributed to social stability for thousands of years. But one thing that cannot be ignored is that the quality of human nature depends on the specific environment and situation. Therefore, for 5,000 years, one rule and one chaos, after all, it cannot escape the cyclical law of historical prosperity and decline.

However, this is not a problem unique to Chinese intellectuals. In Aesop's fable, there is a fox whose tail is clipped, and he goes around preaching the benefits of not having a tail, and can deceive many foxes, so man is a prisoner of insurmountable ideas, that is, subjective ideas are easily out of touch with real life. It is not that some intellectuals are uneducated, nor that they have not explained their reasoning clearly, but that the concepts they talk about are too far away from the lives of ordinary people. Moreover, to persuade the common people, it is seldom possible to use reason, but only to use what Franklin called 'profit'. Tai Shi Gong said a long time ago, 'the world is bustling, all for profit', therefore, in order to see the truth clearly, intellectuals must break through the concept and see this clearly: for anyone, the pursuit of legitimate and reasonable interests is not an idea that cannot be seen, and all tools of civilization are just the material manifestations of ideas. In other words, material civilization is mostly the product of people's concepts and wisdom. Therefore, it is difficult for people living in the material civilization of ox carts to criticize and scold those who fly without spiritual pursuit.

Our intellectuals must reach a consensus: Truth is a torch that illuminates the dark night of reality, not a bright light that blinds people's eyes. It's like the master pointing to the moon in Zen Buddhism, where the truth is a 'finger', not a finger. In the early days of the reform, I advocated 'no arguments' precisely to ask people not to be slaves to ideas.

Traditional knowledge practitioners, when they see the poor in society, think that it is the government's problem, and do not ask why the poor are poor? Don't ask what is the production of wealth? Why do some poor people become rich? Just brazenly standing on the commanding heights of morality and morality, shouting out some abstract ideas, and then looking for answers from the morality of the heart, as a result, fell into the tragic prophecy of the poet Hölderlin: "The road to heaven often leads to hell." "Because the production of wealth is, after all, extroverted, not endogenous. It is the production that needs to take into account the needs of society, and this kind of export-oriented economic thinking is particularly lacking in traditional Chinese culture. So, I advise young people to teach themselves a little bit of economics. Otherwise, you won't understand what modern society is like. Speak for the people, who wouldn't? The difficult thing is to say that what is in line with reality and logically has no problems can really benefit the people.

Some pseudo-intellectuals, like those who sell fake drugs now, do some "concept" advertisements to confuse people's minds. They are pseudo-intellectuals and pseudo-cultural people who fish in troubled waters and go around peddling concepts. They peddle "class. struggle", peddling the concepts of "Western hostile forces", "imperialism", and so on. Not from human nature, many young people are deluded. These people should be brought down, "you can't give up the world to the people you despise".

In fact. In a market economy society, everyone has the freedom to choose their own thoughts. This is not 'chaos', it is precisely the progress of society. In the face of a diverse world, what we need is to learn to be tolerant and forgiving, not to attack each other. ”

Lu Xun asked: "Now that some intellectuals are openly clamoring that culture is dead and social morality is degenerate, what does the president think?" ”

Song Xiaofei replied: "Now some intellectuals, whose logic is flawed and their thinking is pale, openly clamored that culture is dead and social morality is degenerate. How ridiculous this logic is. No one admits that he is uneducated, but says that the society is uneducated, for example, if he cannot write poems that move people's hearts, he says that poetry is dead or poets are dead. Is a person who squats in a pit and can only find worms worthy of being called a poet? And also. No one admits that he is morally depraved, but he cries out that society is morally degenerate. This kind of naivety that belittles others and exalts their own value has not been changed for thousands of years. The morality of a woman's foot-binding, can it also be called morality? There is an obvious fact about civilization: human beings should never deny the evil of human nature, but they should firmly believe in what is good. is worth pursuing. Just as after food and clothing, the abundance of the soul is far more worthy of pursuit than material things. Because all happiness is spiritual enjoyment.

Human beings are social animals, and when we are together, we reduce the fear of the nothingness of life. But at the same time, it also shackles the soul of the individual: man is born free. And everywhere in the shackles of society. Human beings were originally together to live better, to better resist the tyranny of nature and the nothingness of life. But turning the pages of history, the greatest disasters of mankind often come from the same kind. The more advanced the technology. The more you kill. Kill not only the enemy, but also your fellow citizens. Not only with weapons, but also with ideas. The horror of death is not dispelled by the improvement of human intelligence, but rather by the increase of human intelligence. The notion of conflict has increasingly become a shackle that imprisons the people's pursuit of happiness and meaning.

The good thing is that history speaks. Throughout the stage of historical development, from primitive society to slave society, to feudal society, to today's people. In the main society, human beings held high the torch of civilization, walked out of the dark cave, and bid farewell to the life of drinking Maoru's blood. I believe that human beings can also hold high the banner of civilization and get out of the quagmire of ideas. As long as we believe that truth is a torch that illuminates reality, not a bright light that blinds people's eyes. We must realize that reason is the source of our individual escape from the black hole of the unconscious, and it is also the only way for society to break free from barbarism and move towards civilization. The premise of all this is that we do not deceive ourselves. We can never deceive ourselves.

In this society, when too many people follow the clouds, as a young person, what should you do? What should you believe? Actually, it's very simple, you should open your eyes, look at the world outside the window, and walk around the street, now is not the era when anyone in the teahouse says 'the Qing Kingdom is going to end', they will be locked up and taken away. You can hear all kinds of chaos in society precisely because of the gradual freedom of speech in society. If you want to understand society, start with the people around you and see if your friends are morally corrupt? You ask yourself, have you admitted your moral depravity? Everyone does not admit that they are morally degenerate, but many people think that society is morally degenerate, what kind of logic is this? The moral degeneration of society is nothing more than a fig leaf for a few people to deceive their hearts. You should think for yourself, think freely, and not blindly follow trends. ”

President Song Xiaofei's speech at Peking University and his dialogue with students affirmed the importance of individual freedom and rationality, vigorously praised the market economy and industrial civilization, pointed out the shortcomings of the lack of logic in traditional Chinese culture, pursued the rationality of material life, and advocated tolerance, piety, modesty, and love These gentle values have influenced a generation of young people, caused a long-term discussion in society, and were also issued by the Baath Party's Propaganda and Education Department for the whole party to study, and the national business community was even more rejoicing.