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Song Xiaofei convened a meeting of senior officials in early 1906 in order to adjust the foreign policy of support for the Bolsheviks in Russia, because by the spring of 1906 the domestic situation in Russia was extremely tense and famine was spreading. The poor peasants in the countryside, instigated by the Bolsheviks, waged a sharp class struggle against the kulaks, killing more than 400,000 kulaks. The kulaks opposed the "communism" of grain and began to resist the wartime ** food policy of the Bolsheviks by force. And the middle peasants and the petty bourgeoisie, the intellectuals, realized that before the Bolsheviks came to power, democracy and freedom were a matter of more and less, and that the Bolsheviks came to power under the guise of democracy and freedom, and freedom and democracy became a question of having and not having them. Thus, after the defeat of the Russian Constituent Assembly, the Russian Cadets, the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks, formed a united camp against the Bolsheviks. At the same time, Britain, the United States, France, Italy, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and other countries, as well as Germany, Turkey, Romania, Greece, and other countries, were all plotting armed intervention in Tsarist Russia, intending not only to suppress the Russian Bolsheviks, but also to dismember Russia and turn it into a colony.

Song Xiaofei felt that although the Bolsheviks had thwarted the armed intervention of imperialism in history, in 1905, Stalin had been hanged by Zhang Zuolin, and the Bolsheviks had absolutely no chance of victory. He said: "Ladies and gentlemen, if we support the Bolsheviks any longer, our enemies will be the nations of the whole world, and not only Britain will turn against us, but we will be enemies of all mankind. None of us can convince our soldiers to fight for justice. Moreover, the Russian 'polar bear' is too large, and it will always be a great threat to us in China. History also proves this. The Slavs annexed the territories of other countries at the first opportunity. My opinion: it is better to take advantage of this golden opportunity to carve up Russia and divide it into a dozen or even dozens of small states. So that we can do it once and for all. ”

Foreign Minister Ng Dinh Phuong said: "I agree with the president. This time, many countries decided to intervene in Tsarist Russia by armed force, not for nothing. The word 'interference' carries the meaning of actively interfering in the internal affairs of other countries, but not all countries have the ability to interfere externally. The intervention of various countries in Tsarist Russia was not simply an ideological conflict, but in addition to exterminating the Bolsheviks who dug up the graves of the bourgeoisie all over the world, the countries that attacked Tsarist Russia had their own intentions. France wanted revenge for the defeat of Napoleon's army, the German Empire wanted to expand, and Austria-Hungary wanted the Balkans. Turkey wants to regain its former glory, and the British Empire wants to always be the leading force in the world under the sun of the empire on which the sun never sets. In addition, except for the European powers and other large foreign countries, the rest are small and medium-sized national states separated from the territory of the former Tsarist Russian Empire. These countries at that time not only had a strong confrontation with the Bolshevik regime, but also contained deep-rooted national tendencies and sentiments left over from history that were hostile to Great Russian chauvinism and sought to break free from the shackles of the Russian Empire. ”

Army Chief Duan Qirui asked Wu Tingfang, "Why are so many countries united against Russia?" ”

Wu Tingfang cleared his throat. "Just now the president also mentioned that the Slavs are naturally greedy for land. In the nineteenth century, Russia pursued an aggressive policy of territorial expansion, and the greedy Slavs waged many wars and made many enemies in Eurasia. For example, in order to realize its long-cherished desire to enter the Mediterranean, Tsarist Russia launched the Tenth Russo-Turkish War in the name of liberating the Slavs of the Balkan Peninsula. The Berlin Conference after the war led to the establishment of the Orthodox Slavic states of Serbia and Bulgaria. As a result, the Tsarist Empire was at odds with Austria-Hungary, which, due to the intervention of Austria-Hungary, declared war on Serbia, and the Tsarist Empire still did not gain access to the Mediterranean, the Balkans. Now they have become powder kegs that explode at a moment's notice. ”

Song Xiaofei nodded, glanced at Xu Shichang, and said to him: "Since we have decided to carve up Russia, we must fully understand it. Brother Xu is in charge of the Northeast and the Far East. You have been dealing with the Russians for a long time and supporting the Bolsheviks, and you have always been worried about it, and you should give everyone a comprehensive introduction to the situation on the Tsarist side of Russia, including the history and current situation. ”

Xu Shichang nodded, stood up, took out a map of Europe and Asia, and said to the senior officials and generals present: "Let me introduce you to the Russian Empire, it is referred to as Tsarist Russia, in 1547, Grand Duke Ivan IV of Moscow was crowned Tsar, and Tsarist Russia was born. In 1721, Peter I won the Northern War with the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Russian Senate awarded the Russian Tsar the title of "Emperor of Russia", and Russia became an empire in the truest sense of the word. Since then, the Volga, Urals and Siberian ethnic groups have joined Russia, making it a multi-ethnic state. According to the 1897 census, there were 125.6 million people in Russia, and by 1905 the population was about 150 million. As we all know, as a major European country, the strength of Tsarist Russia is not weak, after the defeat of Napoleon in the anti-French alliance, and with the continuous expansion of territory, Tsarist Russia has become a global empire across Europe and Asia, ranking one of the five major European powers: namely the British Empire, the French Republic, the German Empire, the Russian Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. ”

Song Xiaofei said: "I know how this savior of Europe came about, because Napoleon's army swept through Europe, but in June 1812, Napoleon led an army of 600,000 to invade Russia, which was more than twice as large as the Russian regular army, and was more well-equipped. But at the same time as Napoleon's advance, Russia used the tactics of scorched earth warfare, and Napoleon's army encountered a cold Russian winter, which caused Napoleon to suffer a catastrophic defeat: less than 30,000 men returned to France. Therefore, we can't underestimate Tsarist Russia now. ”

Liang Qichao stood up at this time and added, "Yes." A few years ago, I visited Tsarist Russia, Europe and the United States, and heard that the Russian Empire also had vassal states and protectorates, such as the Bukhara Khanate, the Khiva Khanate, and the Tuva Republic. In addition to Russia proper, there are 8 provinces in Finland and 10 provinces in Poland. The European part of Russia has a total of 59 provinces and the Don region. The empire was placed above the governors of several provinces, usually with a secretary general who had the prerogative to mobilize troops within his jurisdiction. At that time, the Russian Empire already had secretaries general in Finland, Warsaw, Vilnius, Kiev, Moscow and Riga. Larger cities such as St. Petersburg, Moscow, Odessa, Sevastopol, Kerch, Nikolaev, Rostov-on-Don and the provincial administrations. ”

Xu Shichang said: "Yes, Chief Liang is right. ”

Song Xiaofei said: "Since General Liang has visited Tsarist Russia. Tell us about the reforms of Tsar Nicholas II and why they failed? This is good for us to understand the current state of affairs in Tsarist Russia. He is a person, I heard that he is very enthusiastic about the ** system, which intensified the domestic contradictions and gave us a chance. ”

Liang Qichao replied, "Okay." Tsar Nicholas II, although the early stage is more **, but. The power is not to the point of greed, especially after the defeat in the Sino-Russian war, the domestic ** regime has carried out some political system reforms. For example, last year, the Supreme Council, which was used to support the tsar, was created and under the name of the head of government. The Prime Minister of Russia was created. The Russian Government is composed of all its ministries and their ministers, who are listed as follows: the judges of the Royal Court, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Minister of War, the Commander of the Navy, the Minister of Economy, the Minister of Industry and Commerce, the Minister of State, the Minister of Agriculture, the Minister of Transport, the Minister of Justice, and the Minister of Education. This is similar to the political apparatus of our republic. In order to ease his rule, Nicholas II even changed the flag of the Russian Empire from the Romanov royal family's personal imperial flag, the emperor's personal imperial flag, a double-headed eagle with a black gold background, to three parallel rectangles, with white, blue, and red colors from top to bottom. ”

Xu Shichang said: "I heard that recently, Russia's electoral system has also made great progress. 1905 year. The Senate was also established at Catherine's Palace and new laws were enacted, which theoretically gave it the same powers as the Supreme Court of the United States: refusing to implement measures that contradicted basic laws, the Imperial Duma formed the lower house of the Russian Congress, with 442 seats, to speak on behalf of the Russian people. In every province except Central Asia, several members are elected. Most of them are from big cities. But they had to pass a runoff election from the peasant, citizen, and landlord classes to formally take office. Citizens, on the other hand, were divided into two categories according to their taxable property and were elected as members of the provincial delegation, while peasants were represented by delegations from the cantons. For each factory with 50 employees, one or more representatives are elected to the delegation. ”

Song Xiaofei said: "Oh, there are such things, why is Tsarist Russia still in chaos?" ”

Xu Shichang replied: "Because of the series of reforms implemented by the tsar, the system of the monarch has not been changed. The Tsar still had the full strength to dissolve the Duma and the Senate, and Nicholas II did indeed dissolve the State Duma, causing the constitutionalists in Tsarist Russia to become completely disillusioned with the Tsar. The war completely hollowed out the weak economic base of the Tsarist Empire and caused the already unstable hearts and minds to fluctuate again. On the verge of collapse. The economy has been seriously damaged, which has directly affected the livelihood of the people. Factory shutdowns and food shortages led to unemployment and famine. With the defeat of Tsarist Russia in foreign wars and economic crisis, the Bolsheviks, with the support of our China, grew rapidly and took control of Moscow in the winter of 1905, as well as many parts of Russia, imposing the dictatorship of the proletariat. But after the assassination of Lenin, Nicholas II commanded an army of 600,000 in St. Petersburg to counterattack. ”

Song Xiaofei asked: "I have been following the situation in Tsarist Russia recently, and I have heard that the anti-Bolshevik parties in Tsarist Russia, the Cadets, the Socialist-Revolutionaries, and the Mensheviks, have formed a united camp against the Bolsheviks. Their leader was Kerensky, the leader of the Russian Social Revolutionaries, who was so bombastic and ambitious that Lenin once derided him as 'little Napoleon'. Why did the Bolsheviks get to where they are today? ”

Liang Qichao said: "As far as I know, in addition to the terrorist policy of the early communists, the Bolsheviks in Russia came to power under the guise of democracy and freedom, and freedom and democracy changed from 'more and less' to 'having and not', which is not as good as the Tsarist period." Moreover, the Bolsheviks kept saying that they represented the people, but they were extremely disgusted with each specific people, and they were killing people like hemp, and the violent terror of the Cheka against the people made people see their faces clearly. ”

Xu Shichang said: "Yes. Now all countries deal with the captured SS of the Bolsheviks and die directly with machine gun fire. They are not treated as prisoners of war at all. Because the armies of all countries believe that armies that slaughter unarmed civilians are not worthy of being called soldiers. ”

Song Xiaofei said: "That's true. We can no longer support such terrorist activities. Which of the opposition forces in Tsarist Russia are more democratic and free? ”

Xu Shichang said: "The Socialist-Revolutionary Party. So Kerensky was in the vanguard of the opposition to the Bolsheviks because he was in the domestic party against the Bolsheviks. The Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party was the strongest. Because the Russian Social Revolutionary Party has a long history, it originated from the 'Decembrists', and the 'Decembrists' are very interesting, many of them are nobles, with a high level of culture, education, political quality and foresight, and they proceed from a patriotic and humanitarian standpoint, and are not afraid of bloodshed and sacrifice. Striving to find a way out of Russian society, he heroically launched the first attack on the Russian system, promoted the process of political modernization in Russia, and won the support of the people in Russia. In December 1825, they launched the December uprising against the Tsarist system. ”

Song Xiaofei said: "I saw this history when I read European history books, and this uprising is also very interesting. As early as 1821, a group of aristocratic officers with democratic ideas formed a revolutionary organization, planned an uprising, and advocated the establishment of a republic or a constitutional monarchy. On November 19, 1825, Tsar Alexander I, who was reviewing his troops in the southern port of Taganrog, died of a sudden illness, and eight days later the news reached St. Petersburg, causing chaos within the court. Because according to the royal lineage. After the death of Alexander I, the throne was supposed to be inherited by his eldest brother Konstantin, but Konstantin, a prince who loved only beauty and not the country, announced that he would abdicate the throne because he married a Polish woman who was not related to the royal family. During his lifetime, Alexander I appointed his second brother Nicholas as his successor to the throne, but the relevant edicts were not published during Alexander I's lifetime, but were kept secret in the Russian Orthodox Church, the Privy Council, and the Council of State. Alexander I died, and Nikolai, who was supposed to succeed to the throne, swore allegiance to his brother Konstantin in Warsaw in St. Petersburg. Constantine, for his part, resolutely refused the throne and, on the basis of Alexander I's edict, declared his allegiance to his brother Nicholas I in St. Petersburg. Both brothers were not emperors of Tsarist Russia, and because of the distance between Warsaw and St. Petersburg, the correspondence could not be delivered in time, so a chaotic situation was formed in Russia in which the emperor's rule was interrupted. ”

Xu Shichang said: "Yes. It was precisely in this particular situation that the Decembrists elected the commander of the Guards Corps, Trubetskoy, as commander-in-chief of the insurrectionary army. He also drew up a "Declaration to the Russian People", announcing the overthrow of the tsarist government and the immediate convening of a constituent assembly and the establishment of a provisional government. At the same time, the abolition of serfdom and the liberation of serfs throughout the country were announced, but on the morning of December 14, the Guards group led by the Decembrist officers marched into the Privy Council Square in St. Petersburg as planned, and the Guards lined up in battle phalanxes under the memorial statue of Peter I, and by the afternoon the number of the rebels had increased to more than 3,000 people, surrounded by more than 20,000 ordinary people who supported the uprising. However, Nicholas I was prepared, and in the early morning of December 14, he urgently convened a state council to announce his succession to the throne, sending a large number of troops to surround the Privy Council Square, at which time Trubetskoi, who was supposed to be the commander-in-chief of the rebel army, fled and disappeared. After Nicholas I ordered the opening of artillery several times, the square resounded with fierce cannons, gunfire, shouts and neighing of horses, and the uprising was finally suppressed, killing a total of 1,271 rebel officers and soldiers, as well as civilians. The leaders of the Decembrists, Bister, Ryleyev, Kakhovsky, Muravyov-Apostol, and Bestuzhev-Lyumin, were sentenced to death for special crimes. ”

Liang Qichao said: "Yes, I have heard about it too. Thousands of participants in the uprising were sentenced to heavy sentences, 121 were exiled to the sparsely populated, cold and barren Siberia for hard labor, and many Decembrist wives voluntarily abandoned their privileged aristocratic life and left the metropolis to follow their husbands in a long life of exile. ”

Song Xiaofei said to Wu Tingfang: "I read the newspaper and heard that in November 1905, representatives of the armies of many countries held a meeting in Iasi with the army representatives of the headquarters of the Southwestern Front and the Romanian Front, and formulated a plan to use the Romanian army stationed in Bessarabia, the Czechoslovak army, and the army of the Central Rada of Ukraine to fight in the south. On 27 November last year, the British, French, and Italian heads of government summit made a decision to support nationalists in the South Caucasus. On 22 December, a conference of representatives of the Entente in Paris decided to maintain contact with the counter-revolutionary governments of Ukraine, the Cossack oblasts, Siberia, the Caucasus and Finland, and on 23 December the British and French signed an agreement on the areas in which their armies would fight on Russian territory. Lenin and the representatives of various countries are waiting for China to make a statement, so you should first go and secretly contact the representatives of various countries to make our position clear. We would ostensibly support the Bolsheviks, send troops to occupy Moscow and other places, and then start purging the Bolsheviks completely. You go and invite the representatives of various countries to Beijing to agree on the war plan against Russia. The only condition for China is that the countries do not cooperate with the tsarist government of Nicholas II. ”

Wu Tingfang said: "Okay. This was a good thing, because Britain, the United States, and other countries were always worried that China would be on the side of the Bolsheviks, so that a world war would be inevitable. Now that China is determined to uphold the justice of mankind, I believe that Europe and the United States and other countries will certainly support China's just actions in Russia. The joint meeting of the Prime Ministers and Foreign Ministers of the Entente countries, held in London, adopted a resolution on 'joint armed intervention against the Bolshevik regime in Russia'. ”

Soon after, Britain, the United States, France, Italy, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and other countries, as well as Germany, Turkey, Romania, Greece, and other countries, all sent representatives to Beijing and agreed to set up the Supreme Military Council of the Allied Powers in Beijing, referred to as the Entente, with Duan Qirui as the commander-in-chief of the Allied forces, to draw up a plan for the partition of Russia. When planning armed intervention, the Entente not only intended to completely suppress and wipe the Russian Bolsheviks off the face of the earth, but also to dismember and divide Russia. In the spring of 1906, the coalition forces were expected to deploy a total of 1 million troops, including infantry and cavalry. At sea, China sent warships to Vladivostok, and the British Navy blockaded and controlled the access to the Baltic Sea, so that Russia changed from a littoral state to a landlocked country. The allied navy held sea supremacy. It can support the army extensively. At the same time, the united camp formed by the Russian opposition became the Russian White Guards, whose troops obtained 100,000 rifles, more than 2,000 machine guns, 400 artillery pieces, more than 1,000 combat vehicles, and a large number of clothing, equipment and ammunition from the Allied forces.

At the end of February 1906, British and French warships transported troops to land in Novorossiysk, Odessa and Sevastopol, with a total of 130,000 troops, and quickly occupied Batumi, Tiflis, Baku and a number of other cities and regions. In March, British ** ships also appeared in various Baltic ports. Fearing that Britain had monopolized Russian interests, the Germans sent a landing force to occupy Murmansk on March 6. The coalition began to send troops into Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Galicia, and Ukraine, where new governments were formed. On April 5, the Chinese landing force and the Marine Corps landed in Vladivostok.

German troops landed in Finland in April. The Baltic Fleet, stationed at Helsingfors, had to make a very difficult transfer to Kronstadt. On April 29, the German occupiers in Ukraine brought out Hetman Skoropadsky to power. On May 8, the Germans occupied Rostov-on-Don and fostered a kulak, Cossack "state", the so-called "Don Army", led by Krasnov, the Cossack leader who had once again provoked a civil war in the Don region.

Turkey waged war in the South Caucasus. On May 25, German troops landed in Georgia at the request of the Georgian Mensheviks. On May 26-28, the Union of the South Caucasus split into three bourgeois states dependent on German and Turkish interventionists, namely Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. At the end of May, the Czechoslovak Army, also plotted and instigated by the Entente, launched a rebellion. The Bolsheviks in various parts of Tsarist Russia suffered hundreds of thousands of casualties and became turtles in the urn. (To be continued.) If you like this work, you are welcome to come to the starting point (qidian) to vote for recommendation, monthly pass, your support, is my biggest motivation. For mobile phone users, please go to m.qidian to read. )9