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Song Xiaofei decided to cooperate with the imperialist powers and stabbed the Russian Bolsheviks in the back, and some of the high-ranking generals such as Duan Qirui did not understand. Because in the eyes of them and some intellectuals, the Bolsheviks represented the poor people, represented the Russian people, and deserved sympathy, and some intellectuals, such as Chen Duxiu, also published relevant articles in newspapers, calling on the Chinese government to support the Russian Bolsheviks and send volunteers to resist the intervention of the imperialist countries.

In order to solve the ideological confusion of these people in China and within the party, he ordered the Ministry of Commerce Publishing House to print and distribute to them the translation of the French social psychologist and sociologist Le Pen's "The Rabble", which was published in 1895 and became popular all over the world. In this book, Le Pen uses the French Revolution as the background to think about the relationship between the individual and the group, and he finds through the analysis of various behaviors in the revolution that even if people have their own opinions, once they join the group encouraged by the people's worship ideology, they become a member of the rabble, they become a group of crazy and evil guys like a chemical reaction, and they do not have any awareness of crime under a "sense of historical mission".

Ten days later, Song Xiaofei was in the center. Politics. At an important meeting attended by twenty-five members of the Bureau, he said: "By understanding the psychological basis of the rabble, we can understand what is going on with the Bolsheviks in Russia lately. It can also strengthen our stance, and more importantly, prevent our society from degenerating and bringing heavy disasters to the Chinese nation. Therefore, I suggest that newspapers across the country organize discussions, and the truth always becomes clearer the more it is debated. Now we can discuss it first and adopt a resolution. ”

Yan Fu stood up and asked, "Then what is a rabble?" ”

Song Xiaofei said: "A group of people gathered together will not become a group of hooligans or a rabble just because they gather. For example, gatherings on traditional festivals, bazaars for trading goods, and collectives for collaborative labor. Nor are all assemblies degraded and become a rabble, such as the participation of scientists in scientific conferences, which are attended by individuals of the highest level, and the speaker presents his opinion not to show himself or to demise people into believing absolute truth in any sense, but to make the audience think about the questions he raises; It's the same in the classroom, where the teacher uses explanations to provoke students to think. The revolutionaries in Russia flaunted their bravery with their destruction, and the courage of the crowd encouraged each other. Destroying order, destroying civilization, destroying life, destroying is still destruction; 'Truth' is shouted hoarsely by them in the form of a slogan, and the slogan also unites them, and the truth in the slogan has nothing to do with the connotation of truth except the voice of truth. That's what I'm talking about the rabble. ”

After the discussion began, Liang Qichao stood up and was the first to speak: "Robespierre, the leader of the Jacobin Party in the French Revolution, once said: 'We must change from worshipping God to worshipping the people; In other words, the people are the God of the Jacobins. But what history shows is such a fierce paradox, that it is the Jacobins who worship the people, who slaughter the people in a frenzy, are the Jacobins hypocrites who do not match their words and deeds? Absolutely not, from the analysis of their surviving records of words and deeds. Their faith in worshipping the people is very firm and religious. How to explain their terrorist holocaust? At the time of the Revolution, the ideology of the Jacobins believed that those who were slaughtered did not belong to the people, but were enemies of the people. They believe that in order to preserve the sovereignty of the people and the interests of the people, they must slaughter these enemies. The same was true of the Bolsheviks in Russia. ”

Song Xiaofei said: "Normal people mainly analyze whether a person should be punished from a legal point of view. It is to judge a person's good or evil according to his behavior, and by no means the amount or absence of property. The Jacobins and the Bolsheviks, on the other hand, judged the targets of punishment – the killings – from an ideological point of view. Like Jacobin leader Robesbill. And Lenin, as a person, was actually a very kind man, and the other revolutionaries were not barbarians, but why did they come together and commit more crimes than the criminal syndicate? The people, the sovereignty of the people, the will of the people, and the interests of the people are only ideal concepts in their minds, and they do not correspond to individuals in reality. When they consider themselves to represent the people, with a great sense of mission and sacredness, they have the qualifications of dictatorship, as self-confident representatives of the sovereignty of the people. Self-confidence has a keen eye to identify who is the enemy of the people. ”

Duan Qirui asked: "Can the people really understand what the Bolsheviks said?" ”

Song Xiaofei said: "Mass groups such as those that emerged during the French Revolution were influenced by French Enlightenment thinkers, but if you ask those people who participated in the movement and sacrificed their lives for the revolution, what do they know about Enlightenment thought, many of them probably don't know anything." In fact, the ideas of the Enlightenment, as complex as they are analyzed, are very simple slogan-like ideas among the masses, the suggestive nature of which manifests itself in the form of curses: the kings and nobles should die, and after killing them, we will all be masters of the country. The poor exterminated the rich and became the masters of the country. The Bolsheviks repeatedly preached that all the misfortunes of the poor were due to the exploitation of the rich, and that if the rich were exterminated in this world and their property divided among us, we would be able to reach heaven from then on. This accumulation of psychology is older than the accumulation of anti-Semitism, and many people mistakenly believe that the ignorance and ignorance of the people at the bottom have a divine power worthy of worship, and even intuitively feel that the dawn of a new world is hidden in the striking crowds, and that the transition from reasonable demands to unreasonable destruction, and the development of street quarrels into barbaric brawls, where the landlords and capitalists can be killed for no reason by the frenzied masses. In fact, it is only after the catastrophe caused by the violent revolution that one can realize that since it is impossible for all members of society to become rich, the gap between the rich and the poor is far more bearable in a society than in a society of general poverty, and in the simplest example, a beggar or a deserter is not easily starved to death in the former society. ”

Feng Guozhang said: "What is the power of the group? ”

Song Xiaofei said: "Because people always live in crowds, individuals have a natural psychological fear of being overwhelmed, and because of fear, people always can't help but have reverence for collectivism, and in many cases, people are willing to give up their ideas and cater to everyone, in fact, many times." The group is emotionally naïve, morally corrupt, and intellectually inferior. Certain characteristics of the group, such as impulsiveness, impatience, lack of rationality, lack of judgment and critical spirit, exaggeration of feelings, etc. ”

"Huh? Don't we have an old saying, teach three stinkers to beat Zhuge Liang? ”

This statement is wrong. The isolated individual is well aware that when alone, he cannot burn palaces or ransack shops, even if tempted to do so. He also easily resists this temptation. But when he becomes a member of the group, he realizes the power that numbers give him, which is enough to give him the idea of murder and robbery, and will immediately succumb to this temptation. Even simple as Chinese have a hard time grasping their kind nature. We know that even a respectable squire, once placed in the position of being criticized. His position of criticism could in itself be an accusation that he had to bear all the evils of his own class, and a passer-by who had nothing to do with the village to ask for food also caused the listener to turn from sympathy to anger, as if the gentry's misery were caused by the squire, and could easily be beaten to death by the raging crowd, even if he was indeed a man who had become rich by thrift and had never hurt his neighbors. ”

"Once a group accepts the implication that an ideology is the truth, its arbitrariness is not only manifested in the brutal arbitrariness and intellectual retardation of the group's own behavior. And it suppresses all individual intelligence and genius. It is conceivable that if a group of hooligans were to issue a command to the genius musician Mozart or Beethoven, to compose music that would make the crowd happy, and to ask him to serve the masses and the revolutionary class, Mozart's genius would be like the wings of an albatross, which was played by the sailors and became a burden to hinder his flight, but rather a small sparrow. ”

The crowd needs a leader, but the leader they need is never an intelligent person. What they need is a leader who caters to their tastes. The orator in front of the crowd does not need a scholar who inspires the mind, because the enlightening mind is bound to distract the group and is disgusting to the group, and the speaker cannot give a speech on law and humanism in a group bent on guillotining the king, otherwise you are likely to be strangled to death by the angry crowd and trampled to rot. What they need is a simple and clear agitation, only the truth they want to hear is the truth, and the expression of the 'truth' must be a clear slogan of 'resolutely oppose' and 'resolutely support'. They must not be verbose and ambiguous, only then will they be 'happy to hear and see'. Knowing what the crowd likes, it is not too difficult for the leader to manipulate the crowd, which is due to the low intelligence of the group. It's easy to be swayed by hints. 'The crowd knows only simple and extreme emotions; The opinions, ideas, and beliefs offered to them are either accepted in their entirety or rejected altogether, as absolute truth or absolute fallacy.

The masses are like women, preferring to submit to strong men, and the masses love the rulers rather than the supplicants; They are more easily succumbed to the doctrine of an intolerant adversary than to be satisfied with the noble freedom of generosity, and they are at a loss as to what can be done with this noble freedom, and even easily feel abandoned. They will not be aware of the impudence of the mental intimidation inflicted on them, nor of the gross deprivation of their personal liberty, for they will never know the true meaning of such doctrines. The crowd loves heroes, and heroes are always like Caesar. Their scepters draw them in, his power intimidates them, and his sword keeps them in awe.

Terror not only makes the group have an infinite hatred for the so-called enemy to whom the leader is designed, but also redoubles its worship of the leader because of this fear, and only when the terror created by the leader is strong enough can the group immediately devote itself to the action of destroying the enemy to which the leader is designed, even if it is at the risk of fire. Think of Napoleon, who, when he suppressed all freedom and made everyone feel a sense of his power, it was the unruly Jacobins who cheered him.

Repetition is the instillation of judgments into the ears of the crowd over and over again. The leader who makes the arguments and repeats them must have a pathological zeal, and a half-insane and persistent leader can easily give the crowd the impression that he already has the highest truth, and we look at Lenin's speeches, which are typical of this kind of truth-maker, who will always gush out "scientific truth" in his mouth, and the group will not care what is science and what is truth, and everything that can move their feelings is truth. A lie repeated a thousand times does not become the truth, but a lie repeated a thousand times can easily lead the group to believe that the repeated lie is the truth.

Song Xiaofei said: "Dictatorship is the only rule that can be understood by popular democracy. All the raging mass democracy. will all move towards dictatorship without exception. The history of mankind shows that democracy has never been achieved if it meant that the people were the masters of themselves, that is, the people themselves ruled themselves. That's why I don't advocate popular self-government. Under the influence of the group, the moral restraint and civilized mode of the individual's thoughts and feelings suddenly disappear, and the primitive impulses, childish behaviors, and criminal tendencies suddenly erupt. ”

Wang Shizhen asked: "So what is the meaning of democracy?" ”

Song Xiaofei said: "The precise meaning of democracy is to prevent dictatorship, that is, there is some kind of restraint mechanism. So that even if a bad ruler is in power, he cannot use power to do evil, this mechanism is to use power to check and balance power, which is the rational meaning of democracy, and it is also the essence of democracy. ”

But mass democracy is far removed from the rational meaning of democracy. When the group has placed the 'historical mission' on its shoulders, they need to think in unison, move in unison, and act in unison. If all the 'people' are in agreement, then 'democracy' is very simple. If the people agree that the will of the leader represents the will of the people at all times, the dictatorship of the dictator is indeed the broadest people's 'democracy'.

The reason why the Bolsheviks were able to rise so quickly in Tsarist Russia was that it was the last fantasy with vitality. Its main strength is due to the fact that its advocates are those who are very dismissive of reality and therefore dare to promise happiness to humanity. The fantasy of the Christian God's paradise can only be attained after death, and this promise of heavenly happiness is obviously less attractive than the earthly promise of happiness, which is why the ** heavenly kingdom on earth suddenly swept Tsarist Russia. When atheism takes the form of extreme religiosity, it seems to be more scientific than theistic religion. The only road to happiness and the ideal country at the end of the road seem to be under the leadership of the leader, according to the laws of scientific necessity. The inability of groups to distinguish between achievable realistic goals and pure fantasies allows dictators who are adept at mastering groups to place the appeal of fantasies above achievable realistic goals, or simply, to equate fantasies with achievable realistic goals.

Liang Qichao asked: "What if the promised happiness cannot be fulfilled at a certain stage?" ”

Song Xiaofei said: "It's very simple. The Bolsheviks' method was to declare that because of the emergence of a class enemy of bourgeois ideology among the people; The temporary deviation of the goal of happiness is due to the fact that someone has deviated from the correct guidance of the leader, because all the mistakes that deviate from the goal of happiness will never be caused by the leader, and he, as the supreme embodiment of the will of the people, will never be wrong on the general line, and society will soon turn into a struggle against a class enemy that is non-existent, and the class struggle will take the form of brutal purges and armed struggle. The cult of the people generally translates into terrorism against the people – the extermination of those who may have some pathetic individualism among the people. The elimination of the so-called enemy of the people was propagated by the propaganda apparatus as a major victory for the leader to lead the people. The mutilated limbs of the dead and the multiplication of the flames of crematoriums are considered to be the fruits of a revolution like never before, and the Great Leap Forward of this revolutionary achievement in turn intensified the worship of the leader of the people, for there is no more willing to worship the leader than to those whose personal lives are at stake, since the worship of the leader is the only way to save oneself from being divided into the ranks of the enemies of the people. This is the reason why the Cheka terrorized Tsarist Russia and the Tsarist Russia recently engaged in a class struggle in the countryside. ”

On the surface, the dictator's admirer of the people starts from the people, but it is precisely through his criticism of individualism and the promotion of altruism that he tries to make everyone lose their self-dignity and self-worth, thus hollowing out the connotation of the concept of the people and making the people no longer have relations with specific people. We do not deny the need for altruism in certain contexts. For example, saving children who have fallen into the water, but altruism cannot be implemented in universal life, as a norm in people's daily life, if everyone should not put self at the center. is not to run around to improve the living conditions for himself, to fall in love for himself, to have children, but to be absolutely altruistic, then, by domino deduction, he has no counterpart in the end. In fact, the dictator is altruistic to point the last self to himself, and of course he does not care about material interests, because the dictator never cares about property, he worries about absolute power, and letting his scepter have supreme authority is the most important concern of all dictators. Thus, if universal values lead everyone to believe that neither personal value nor individual dignity is paramount, the result is that the dictator uses the human being as a tool in the name of the national interest or the national interest, and the crowd is easily manipulated by the dictator like a puppet.

"Tsarist Russia's recent defeat is due to the fact that if anyone wants to work hard to realize this ideal, the hollowness of its promises is immediately exposed, and this belief is discredited," Xu said. The greatest democracy, in its entirety, in its dictatorship, in its terror, in the famine, in the concentration camps, in the purges, and nothing more. The wartime policy could no longer be carried out in peacetime, and the peasants generally resisted the payment of grain, and the collection of grain had to be completed by the army. The strikes of the peasants and workers were even directed at the Soviet power. The rebellion in Tambov swept the country, and even the Kronstadt sailors, the stalwarts of the revolution, joined the rebellion with the slogan 'Soviets, not communist Soviets'. ”

Song Xiaofei said: "It is true that the Bolsheviks have replaced the private ownership of mankind for thousands of years with public ownership, and equality has been realized, and the collective farms and state-owned enterprises of the association of free men have completely changed the exploitation system of the old society. But equality has harmed liberty to such an extent that it is equally poor, equally hungry, equally starving. In fact, the French Revolution was the same

A society that needs to be renovated from top to bottom, guided by pure reason, will inevitably lead to the deaths of millions of people and plunge Europe into deep turmoil for two decades. The berserk movement of the crowd can never be constructive, but can only be destructive, and the crowd has only a powerful destructive force. Their rule is always to return to the barbaric stage. Civilization with a complex system of rules and regulations, moving from an instinctive state to a rational state that can prepare for a rainy day, belongs to the advanced stage of culture. The group, without exception, proves that all these things are impossible on their own. Because of the sheer destructiveness of the swarm forces, they act like bacteria that hasten the disintegration of the dying or dead. The freaks created by the social revolution: the infinitely beautiful ideal state, the incomparably superior social system, etc., undoubtedly need to be destroyed by the group, but after this destruction of the legacy of destruction, the group gradually detached itself from the rabble and gradually split into rational liberal individuals. ”

Liang Qichao said, can I understand that the so-called "capitalist" countries actually believe in freedom, so the so-called "capitalism" as an ideology does not exist at all. He is a fictitious enemy of his hostile forces. All liberal democracies narrowed the gap between the rich and the poor through a genuine welfare system, while the bureaucracy widened the gap between the rich and the poor through an anti-welfare system, for example, the citizens were more welfare than the peasants, and the Bolshevik cadres were more welfare than the people. A cadre can spend millions of dollars a year on medical expenses, while a peasant can only get a fraction of them a year. Moreover, the more powerful the cadres, the higher the proportion of reimbursement, the larger the scope of underwriting, and the lower the proportion of reimbursement for the poor peasants at the bottom of society, the smaller the scope. The visible anti-welfare system not only does not help the poor to enjoy more welfare subsidies, but also helps the powerful rich to enjoy more privileges, not only does not reduce the disparity between the rich and the poor, but increases the disparity between the rich and the poor. (To be continued.) If you like this work, you are welcome to come to the starting point (qidian) to vote for recommendation, monthly pass, your support, is my biggest motivation. For mobile phone users, please go to m.qidian to read. )9