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An air force arms race has quietly begun among the five permanent members of the Security Council, which has triggered a large-scale global air arms race. Pen~Fun~Pavilion www.biquge.info╔╗ More than 40 sovereign and independent countries around the world have been stimulated by the five major powers, and have also been involved in it, and have developed their own air force equipment or imported air force equipment from abroad.

As a result, at the same time as the large-scale arms race of the air force, the arms sales race between the five major powers was also fiercely launched. Due to the treaty, a minimum balance of military power was maintained among the five major powers, and it was impossible for a large-scale military conflict to break out. Therefore, the five major powers did not dare to rashly expand their armed forces on a large scale in the treaty era, and it was impossible to produce large-scale military equipment. Of course, although the economic situation of various countries has begun to improve, the vitality has not yet recovered, so economic construction as a whole is still the focus. Under such an environmental influence, in order to avoid the restrictions of the treaty, countries can only export arms to foreign countries to earn foreign exchange to develop their economies, and at the same time test the actual combat capability of their new equipment through local wars in the region, so as to prepare for possible wars in the future. The South African War is an example, and it became a big competition between China, Britain and Germany.

The South African War was finally won by a joint **, and the advanced military equipment of the Chinese Empire was affirmed by countries around the world, so after the South African War, the arms exports of the Chinese Empire surged. A large number of advanced weapons and equipment, including Hellfire fighters, Thunderbolt fighters, H2N1 bombers, M16 combat vehicles, W16 wheeled infantry fighting vehicles and Z16 anti-tank fighting vehicles, have become the main export force, exported to more than 30 countries and regions around the world, accounting for 80% of the world's arms trade, and obtained a huge export order of 2.4 billion dragon coins in 1927 alone. The second is Germany, whose exports of HE-100 fighters, BW-300 bombers, No. 1 tanks and other weapons and equipment have received a large number of orders in the camp of Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and other Allied countries, accounting for about 10% of the global arms trade volume that year. Again, the United Kingdom, mainly the former F2B fighter jets and O-400 bombers and other equipment, the export object is the Commonwealth member countries India, Canada and other countries, the order is not high, accounting for about 5.5% of the total share, the other share is divided by France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and other countries, basically cheap light weapons export income.

In addition to the arms race in the equipment of the air force, the navy and army of the five major powers are also unavoidable.

In the decade after the war, the two camps of the European Entente and the Central Powers did not have the financial resources to carry out naval equipment innovation, and they wanted to build a powerful navy but suffered from lack of money, so they could only let a large number of old warships continue to serve beyond their age. The Chinese Empire, the only super-military power after the war, was also a military horse in Nanshan, and it only cared about exporting capital overseas to earn more money, but also did not invest in the navy on a large scale, but instead drastically cut its expenses and let the navy take a long vacation.

But by 1927, the economies of various countries were gradually recovering, and the ten years of naval vacation time had made it impossible for the hawkish bureaucrats of various countries to sit still, and under their leadership, the navies of various countries began to build treaty-type capital ships one after another.

It was the German Navy that started the rebellion, because their top commander was replaced, and Hindenburg's proud subordinate, Lieutenant General Hitler, then Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the German General Staff, was also the new head of the German Admiralty. Although Hitler had no experience in the navy and did not know much about the navy, in order to expand his influence in Germany, he catered to the expansion mentality of most officers of the German Navy and led the naval armament innovation program.

Under Hitler's leadership, the German Navy's High Seas Fleet, which had been immersed for more than ten years, began a new round of equipment renewal, and therefore the German Navy greatly appreciated Hitler, coupled with Hitler's "invincible" speech and eloquence, Hitler soon attracted a large number of naval officers, a considerable number of whom joined Hitler's Nazi Party and became the backbone force.

Hitler, with the support of Raeder, Krankke and other naval hawks, submitted a plan for the renewal of naval equipment to the Reichstag in 1927. At this time, the members of the Nazi Party led by Hitler have grown to 700,000, becoming the second largest party in the German Reichstag, holding a considerable number of Reichstag seats, and at this time, the leader of the first largest party in the Reichstag, Papen and the third largest party, Schleicher, are engaged in a political war with each other in order to pass the economic stimulus plan of 20 billion Deutschmark, in order to win Hitler's support, Papen reached an agreement with Hitler, promising that as long as Hitler supports the passage of the bill, then 2 billion marks of funds will be handed over to him for naval equipment innovation, So Hitler agreed. ╔╗

In this way, with the support of the first and second largest parties in the German Reichstag, the "Navy Act of 1927" for the renewal of naval equipment was passed, and Hitler fulfilled his commitment to the German Navy, won 2 billion marks of funds for the German Navy, and greatly increased Hitler's influence and support in the German Navy.

Among the capital ships of the German Navy at this time, there were only four Bavaria-class battleships, five German-class battleships and four Hindenburg-class battlecruisers in service, all of which were finally preserved in accordance with the requirements of the Five-Power Convention, with a maximum tonnage of 35,000 tons and a maximum gun caliber of 16 inches.

Following Raeder's proposal, Hitler agreed with the German Naval Commission to build six new capital ships. To counter the most powerful Ming-class battleships of the Chinese Empire, the German Navy was to build two Bismarck-class super battleships with a displacement of 60,000 tons. As a confrontation with the Qing-class battlecruisers of the Imperial Chinese Navy, the German Navy was to build four 30,000-ton Graffs? Spee-class battlecruisers.

It can be said that the German Navy has always ranked itself as the second strongest navy in the world, and the target of the confrontation is naturally the Imperial Chinese Navy, which is located in the first place in the world.

Although aircraft carriers have been on the world naval stage for more than 10 years and have also brought into play the tremendous combat effectiveness of aircraft carriers, since the Chinese Empire dominates the direction of the world's naval development, and the navies of all countries are on par with the Chinese Imperial Navy, when the mainstream ideology of the Chinese Imperial Navy is still the theory of the victory of the giant ship cannon doctrine, the navies of all countries will continue to pursue the giant ship cannon doctrine.

Of course, the navies of various countries, including Germany, have not studied the theory of aircraft carrier doctrine, but the appearance of the Typhoon-class cruisers, known as the Chinese Aegis air defense cruisers, has caused military experts in various countries to hesitate to adhere to the doctrine of aircraft carrier victory. The powerful anti-aircraft firepower of the Chinese Aegis air defense cruiser was the most eye-catching in the Sino-US naval battle and the South African war, and Germany's most advanced Heinkel fighter had to become a roasted "turkey" in front of her, which directly led to the international naval circles believing that the main battleship could still protect against the threat of aircraft in the air, so the role of the aircraft carrier was naturally weakened, and the main battleship that had undergone large-scale air defense transformation was still the leading force in the future naval war, and the navies of all countries were convinced of this.

Guided by this dominant idea, it is not surprising that the German Navy continued to build super-battleships and battle cruisers.

Because the German Navy was limited by the five-nation naval arms treaty, the German Navy after more than ten years of reduction, the remaining empty total tonnage was still about 80,000 tons, which was not enough to meet the tonnage requirements of the new capital ships, so at Raeder's suggestion, Hitler decided to retire the five oldest Deutsche class battleships, and the saved displacement was used to build new capital ships.

Because the Imperial Chinese Navy mothballed a number of super battleships and super battlecruisers with 18-inch guns and 17-inch guns, it was declared that they were decommissioned and disintegrated. In this way, the main guns of the main battleships and battle cruisers in service in the Imperial Chinese Navy are only 16 inches in maximum caliber and only about 40,000 tons, and they have been in service for more than ten years.

According to common sense, the German Navy only needs to build a new ship equipped with 16-inch guns and a displacement of 40,000 tons to compete with the capital ships of the Imperial Chinese Navy, but the real goal of the German Navy is the position of the world's first navy, although they dare not directly and publicly announce a challenge to the Chinese Empire, but the German Navy itself will take precautions. After all, the Imperial Chinese Navy has the technical reserves and industrial capacity to build 18-inch giant guns and 80,000-ton displacement Ming-class super battleships, and if you want to surpass the Imperial Chinese Navy in the future, you must at least surpass the Ming-class battleships. What's more, the Ming-class battleships of the Chinese Empire were a formidable existence that was completed more than ten years ago, and if the German Navy could not even surpass this more than ten years later, how could it be said to surpass the Chinese Imperial Navy and become the world's naval hegemon?

Based on this mentality, the German Navy is full of dreams of the Bismarck-class super battleship, trying to build it into the most powerful and advanced capital ship in the world, laying the foundation for the German Navy to ascend to the world hegemony in the future. ╔╗According to the requirements of the German Naval Commission, the Bismarck-class battleships officially announced by the German Navy have a standard row of 40,000 tons, a speed of 30 knots, and are equipped with four twin 16-inch guns (381 mm), which are fully heavily armored and protected. But this was just a smokescreen, in order not to arouse the nervous attention of the two hostile countries of France and Britain, and even worried that the Chinese Empire would be worried about the expansion of the German Navy, after all, Germany's economic recovery depended on the economic help of the Chinese Empire, and at the same time, on the battlefield in South Africa, the Luftwaffe had already offended the Chinese Imperial Air Force, so the German Navy was very careful about the secrecy of this matter.

In fact, the actual design displacement of the Bismarck-class battleships reached 65,000 tons, the caliber of the main guns was also designed to be 18 inches (460 mm), and the speed was 30 knots, everything was on par with the Ming-class battleships of the Imperial Chinese Navy and the Iowa-class battleships of the US Navy.

Since the Bismarck-class required extreme secrecy, the German Navy arranged for it to be built at the Kiel Naval Shipyard, which had the highest degree of secrecy, because in this way, countries around the world would know that the size of the hull of the Bismarck-class battleships would be limited by the depth of the Kiel Canal, and it would be impossible to build super battleships of more than 45,000 tons, and they would be relieved.

Originally, the Kiel Canal was an artificial canal dug by Germany at the end of the 19th century in order to shorten the voyage from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea, and to be able to freely navigate between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea during the war. The German Navy had long taken this constraint into account and chose to build it at the Kiel shipyard, which could easily confuse other countries. The German Navy expects the Bismarck-class super battleships to be built at least after 1930, because the German Navy has insufficient experience and technical reserves in building super battleships, and it is already the fastest time to complete it after three years. Three years later, the Kiel Canal was dug and the Bismarck-class battleships could go to sea unimpeded.

However, the German Navy also had to take into account the special circumstances, in case the expansion of the Kiel Canal could not be completed after the stipulated three years, the Bismarck-class battleships would have to be trapped in the shipyard, and the annual maintenance cost of such super battleships was astronomical, so the German Navy's conservative designers finally decided to moderately widen the hull to reduce the draft, and the length-to-width ratio was finally determined to be 6.67:1.

Because the flying scissor bow of the Chinese Imperial Navy has become the standard bow of the internationally popular warship, the Bismarck-class battleships also use the flying scissor bow, but if you want to build a flying scissor bow that meets the needs of the Bismarck-class super battleships, it cannot be completed with Germany's current manufacturing capacity, because the flying scissor bow needs to be stamped at one time in order to resist the huge wave beating, and the warship also has to resist the attack of artillery shells, so the strength requirements are higher. With the manufacturing capacity of the German naval industry, its hydraulic press is not up to par. As a result, the German Naval Engineering Department had to turn to the Chinese Empire, the only one with this technical capability, to import 10,000-ton hydraulic presses and giant gantry crane systems from the Chinese Empire, and submitted to the Export Control Committee of the Chinese Empire on the grounds that Germany wanted to build giant ocean liners.

After a year of procrastination, the Export Control Commission of the Chinese Empire finally approved the export of 10,000-ton hydraulic presses to Germany, so the construction time of the German Bismarck-class battleships was dragged down for a year, which made the German Navy quite sad. But what the German Navy did not know was that the National Security Bureau and the Central Intelligence Agency of the Chinese Empire were very sensitive to the export orders of this high-precision technology, and soon sent people to follow up and investigate, and finally found that the German side was the buyer behind it, and it also found some unusual clues about the Bismarck-class battleships under construction in Germany, which aroused the vigilance of the Chinese Imperial Navy, until many years later, when the German Bismarck-class battleships were put into service, Britain and France and other countries were greatly frightened, but the Chinese Empire had already been psychologically prepared.

In addition to the bow imitating the flying scissors bow of the Chinese Empire, the superstructure layout of the Bismarck-class battleships also adopted the structural arrangement of the capital ships of the Chinese Empire, but the German Navy could not build the ship island as big as the Chinese Imperial Navy because of its limited funds, and it was luxurious, comfortable and spacious like a star-rated hotel. In order to save money, the design of the entire island of the Bismarck-class battleships is very compact, which in turn reduces the center of gravity to a certain extent and improves the stability and seaworthiness of the hull.

In terms of power transmission system, the Bismarck battleship basically followed the standard layout of 3 axles and 2 rudders designed by German battleships in World War I, but the steering gear was changed to an electric-based hydraulic method with reference to the Yuan-class battleships of the Chinese Empire. ╔╗ Because it is the Bismarck battleship Germany since the end of the First World War in 1918 for the first time to build a super battleship, in order to reduce the risk, to ensure the development progress, the overall design as far as possible to use ready-made technology, so abandon the Chinese Imperial Navy Ming-class battleship triple gun layout, decided to use the mature technology of the twin 460 mm caliber 45 times the diameter of the naval gun system, the main turret to adopt the front and rear symmetrical knapsack layout, front and rear two arranged. However, this layout is not conducive to reducing the length of the hull and the length of the armor belt.

Although the Bismarck-class battleships had only eight 18-inch guns, the technological progress after the war was rapid, and the maximum rate of fire of the 18-inch main guns developed by the German naval factory was much higher than that of the main guns of the Ming-class battleships of the Imperial Chinese Navy more than ten years ago, with a minimum elevation rate of 2 rounds / 3 minutes and a maximum elevation rate of 1 round / 2 minutes, reaching the highest level of battleships in the same period. Its armor-piercing projectile adopts a "high muzzle velocity light projectile", which has a good power in medium and close combat distances, but the long-range target storage velocity performance is correspondingly reduced, which is contrary to the main gun shells of the Ming-class battleships of the Imperial Chinese Navy, which is mainly due to the fact that the German Navy found in the Battle of Jutland that the hit rate of long-distance artillery bombardment is too low, and one hundred shells can hit one, so after the war, it chose the tactical method of letting the capital ship engage at medium and close ranges. The Imperial Chinese Navy does not have this limitation, because the Imperial Chinese Navy has an advanced radar system, an optoelectronic ranging system, and a powerful central fire control system, and long-range shelling is the best way to give full play to the advantages of these technologies and equipment. There was a huge technological gap between the two, and from the very beginning the Bismarck-class battleships lagged behind the Ming-class battleships of the Chinese Empire at a tactical level.

Although the firepower of the Bismarck class is not outstanding, the enemy of the German Navy in the short term is still the British and French navies of the Entente countries, although it is still unable to catch up with the more powerful Chinese Empire in terms of armor protection, but it is more than enough, and Germany has always had an advantage over Britain and France in terms of armor protection. Its armor protection follows the design pattern of comprehensive protection, the side walls of the main armored fort cover 90% of the waterline length and 56% of the broadside height, the thickness is up to 420 mm, and the total weight of the armor reaches 41.85% of the standard displacement, which is higher than the 30% coverage of the Ming-class battleships of the Chinese Empire.

In addition, while achieving a large protection scale, the ship relies on the space compensation provided by the large protection scale, and arranges the main horizontal armor on the third deck, so that it overlaps on the ballistic trajectory at the same time with the main side armor, so that the protection of the critical parts of the hull has also been greatly strengthened, and the anti-sinking ability has been greatly improved. Its TDS (Torpedo Defense System) was designed to withstand underwater blasting of 250 kg TNT, but in fact it could withstand 300 kg of Hesokin high explosives of the Chinese Empire.

In terms of power, the Bismarck battleship uses 16 high-pressure boilers and 3 Parsons gear-driven steam turbines, with a design maximum power of 168,000 horsepower, a speed of 30 knots, a fuel load of 7,400 tons, and a cruising range of 8,525 nautical miles/19 knots, and also carries four Arado-196 seaplanes (for reconnaissance, calibration and liaison).

In terms of secondary artillery systems, the Bismarck battleship was equipped with 6 twin 150 mm / 55 x diameter secondary guns, 8 twin 105 mm anti-aircraft guns, 8 twin 37 mm anti-aircraft guns, 2 quadruple 20 mm anti-aircraft guns, and 12 single-barreled 20 mm anti-aircraft guns.

In terms of the air defense weapon system, the German Navy originally planned to install the Vulcan Phalanx of the Chinese Empire, but the Chinese Empire has always been ambiguous about this, and the Vulcan Phalanx has not been approved for export for a long time, until the Bismarck battleship began to install the air defense system and did not get the Vulcan Phalanx system, and the German Navy, which was delayed for time, gave up the use of the Vulcan Phalanx system and changed to ordinary anti-aircraft artillery.

Of course, the German Naval Engineering Department also tried to develop an imitation of the Vulcan Phalanx system, but because there was no experience, only through the shape of the Vulcan Phalanx for imitation, the German naval engineers designed several sets of anti-aircraft fire systems equipped with Gatling guns, but because of the use of a conductive gas power system, the sudden jamming of the Gatling guns during high-speed firing occurred from time to time, which was very dangerous in air defense, so the test was unsuccessful for many years, and finally gave up. No one knew that the Gatling cannon system of the Vulcan Dense Array of the Chinese Empire was independently powered by an external power supply, and the Chinese Emperor was also highly secretive about this, so it was impossible for the Germans to know the true secret of the Vulcan Phalanx, and there was no way to imitate it.

Similarly, in terms of onboard electronics, the Bismarck-class battleships had only radio systems and sonar systems that performed up to the standards of the Chinese Empire in 1920, and did not have radar systems. ╔╗Due to financial constraints, equipment such as large-capacity freezers, air conditioners, and washing machines are also underequipped, which is too poor compared with the standard of living on ships of the Imperial Chinese Navy.

Two Bismarck-class battleships were built in the same class, namely the Bismarck, the iron-blooded Chancellor of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Chancellor of the German Empire, Otto? Feng? Bismarck named Tirpitz after the German Imperial Admiral, the talent of Alfred, the father of the German Navy? Feng? Tirpitz named.

On the whole, the Bismarck-class battleships are still very good, and their comprehensive combat capabilities are second to none in Europe, but the anti-aircraft firepower is still too weak, and there is no Vulcan phalanx system of the Chinese Empire, and anti-aircraft anti-aircraft guns and anti-aircraft machine guns alone cannot defend against fighters with a speed of more than 500 kilometers per hour, which has also become the biggest weakness of the Bismarck-class battleships.

In addition to the two Bismarck-class super-battleships, the four other capital ships of the German Navy, which began construction in 1927, were Graf? Spee-class battlecruisers.

Although it was a battle cruiser, it was not the thinly armored battlecruiser of the First World War, and with the advancement of the steam turbine system, the main battleships of the Chinese Empire during the war reached a speed of more than 30 knots, and the traditional thin-skinned battlecruiser has become a chicken rib. The results of the Sino-American Atlantic naval battle showed that the battlecruisers of the US Navy could only be beaten in front of the battleships of the Imperial Chinese Navy, and had no chance of winning at all.

After the war, the navies of the world still retained the title of battle cruiser, but its armor has been greatly upgraded and thickened, and in fact it should be called a fast battleship.

Graff? The Spee-class battlecruisers are actually fast battleships, with a design displacement of about 38,000 tons for all four battle cruisers, four twin 381 mm guns, 360 mm Krupp steel armor for main armor protection, and a maximum combat speed of 31 knots.

The Graff War Cruiser built four ships of the same class, named Graff? Spee (named after Maximilian, commander of the German Navy's East Asian Fleet in World War I?) Feng? Spee), Gneisenau (named after Field Marshal August of the Kingdom of Prussia?). Naihart? Feng? Gneisenau), the Scharnhorst (named after the Prussian military reformer Gerhard?). John? Davide? Feng? Scharnhorst), the Hippert (named after Franz, the last commander-in-chief of the German Navy's High Seas Fleet?). Feng? Hippert named).

Construction of the four Trenchers at the Royal Wilhelm Dockyard and the Bremen Shipyard began in the summer of 1927, but was not commissioned until 1933 due to continuous improvements and installation of advanced equipment during the construction process, as well as the impact of the economic crisis.

The German Navy's equipment renewal plan is not only six capital battleships, Hitler also wants to build the German Navy into one of the most powerful navies during his tenure to improve his political performance, so in addition to the six capital ships, the German Navy also learned from the previous naval establishment plan of the Chinese Empire to build the German version of the 66 fleet, that is, to build six Schell-class heavy cruisers and six Emden-class light cruisers.

The Sher-class heavy cruisers were actually built with reference to the heavy cruiser standards of the Chinese Empire, and although the German Naval Engineering Department has not been able to develop a powerful Vulcan Phalanx air defense weapon system, the construction of the fleet's air defense fire network has been vigorously carried out. The fleet air defense fire network of the Imperial Chinese Navy was the main force to protect the security of the main force of the fleet, while the German Navy did not have an air defense phalanx system and could only rely on air defense heavy cruisers to provide fleet air defense security.

The Sher-class heavy cruiser has a design displacement of about 16,000 tons, a standard speed of 32 knots, and is equipped with three triple 240 mm 45 times radial rapid-fire gun systems to deal with the threat of surface destroyers, eight twin 105 mm anti-aircraft guns, eight twin 75 mm anti-aircraft guns, eight twin 37 mm anti-aircraft guns, eight quadruple 20 mm anti-aircraft guns and 12 single-barreled 20 mm anti-aircraft guns to deal with air targets.

Although the number of anti-aircraft artillery is very large, compared with the Vulcan Phalanx of the Chinese Empire, the rate of fire of this kind of anti-aircraft artillery is too low, the coverage of shells is too narrow, and the firepower per unit time is obviously insufficient, and it is easy to form a blind spot for shooting. ╔╗ But for the German Navy, it was already a huge step forward to be able to learn from the Chinese Empire to equip the fleet with anti-aircraft heavy cruisers, and it was more than enough to deal with a small number of low-performance fighters.

However, the construction of six Sher-class heavy cruisers soon after the start of the economic crisis and the eventual cancellation of two were cancelled, and only four were built before the outbreak of World War II. Respectively, the Schell (the German commander Reinhard in the Battle of Jutland?) Scher), Blucher (named after Field Marshal Gebhard of the Kingdom of Prussia?). Leborecht? Feng? Named after Blucher), the Lützov (named after Lieutenant General Rudvig of the Kingdom of Prussia?). Adolph? Verheim? Feng? Lützov), the Prinz Eugen (named after François Eugen, Prince of Savoy-Carignan of Austria).

The six Emden-class light cruisers were finally completed, but the tonnage, speed and firepower were different, and the completion and service time were also different, but the German Navy reluctantly classified them into the ranks of light cruisers, in fact, their tonnage was basically more than 6,000 tons, exceeding the current standard of less than 4,000 tons of light cruisers in the world's navies, which was actually caused by the German Navy in order to hide its strength.

The six light cruisers were Emden (named after the German port city of Emden, with a full load displacement of 6,990 tons), Königsberg (named after the Königsberg region of East Prussia, with a full load displacement of 7,700 tons), Karlsruhe (named after the southwestern German city of Karlsruhe, with a full load displacement of 6,650 tons), Cologne (named after the German port city of Cologne, with a full load displacement of 8,350 tons), Nuremberg (named after the southeastern German city of Nuremberg, with a full load displacement of 7,150 tons), Leipzig (named after the eastern German city of Leipzig, with a full load displacement of 8,250 tons).

In terms of submarines, the German Navy paid great attention. Because German submarines almost completely defeated Britain during World War I, Hitler ordered the submarine industry to be vigorously developed, striving to defeat Britain within three months and force it to surrender when the next war came.

During the World War, the main submarines of the German Navy were imported from the Chinese Empire. After the war, the submarine department of the German Navy conducted in-depth research and analysis of the Chinese Empire's upgraded submarines, and finally developed the first submarine completely developed by Germany in 1925, the U-9A class submarine.

Although this class of submarines is based on the upgraded submarines of the Chinese Empire, the German Navy yearns for the surface combat capability of submarines, and believes that the installation of artillery and machine guns on the outside of submarines to attack enemy transport ships is very effective, and sometimes it can even capture the enemy without wasting torpedoes, which is economical and practical.

In this way, the submarines of the German Navy abandoned the direction of submarine development of the Chinese Empire, and returned to the previous design of submarines equipped with artillery systems, emphasizing surface speed, rather than being faster underwater than surface speed like the submarines of the Chinese Empire.

In this way, the German Navy abandoned the mainstream direction of future submarine development and once again returned to the era of submarines, which was considered primitive by the submarine forces of the Imperial Chinese Navy.

The design displacement of the U-9A class submarine (surface 1032t/underwater 1178t, the main scale is also very different from the advanced submarines of the Chinese Empire, the size of 76 looks quite slim, and the safe pressure depth is 60 meters. Of course, this is also related to the shortage of funds of the German Navy, and naturally it cannot build submarines as big as the wealthy Imperial Chinese Navy did, just so that the officers and men of the submarines can live comfortably in it. For the German Navy, they despised the young master-style military life of the Imperial Chinese Navy (in fact, they were jealous to the extreme).

The main engine of the U-9A class submarine uses 2 M-type diesel engines (for surface navigation), 2 Parker motors (for underwater navigation), and dual propulsion shafts. The power is approximately: 4400 hp/1000 hp, speed: 18.2 knots/9.7 knots, endurance: 10,500 nautical miles when sailing at 10 knots at surface and 78 nautical miles at 4 knots underwater. In terms of armament, there are 6 533-mm torpedo tubes (4 in the bow and 2 in the stern), and the total number of torpedoes loaded is 22.

1 105-mm naval gun, 1 single-barreled 20mm machine gun were restored, and the total crew was 48 (of which 4 were officers).

In terms of its overall combat capability (the fastest update), it is basically equivalent to the combat effectiveness of the promotion submarine, but because the German side does not want to rely on the Chinese Empire, comprehensive independent research and development and production, so the gap between this class of submarines and the Tang-class submarines that the Chinese Empire served during the war is quite large, but if compared with the submarine forces of Britain, France, Italy and other countries, the German Navy's cutting-edge submarine is still a lot ahead.

The German Navy continued to believe in the idea of giant ships and artillery, and with limited funds, funds were not enough for capital ships, so there was even less investment in aircraft carriers.

But Germany also had aircraft carriers, and during the World War, the German Navy followed the example of the Imperial Chinese Navy in mass-requisitioning civilian merchant ships and converting them into aircraft carriers.

During the entire war, the German Navy converted a total of 45 aircraft carriers, but the aircraft carriers of the German Navy did not play any combat effectiveness, because when they entered the war, the world war had entered the end, and all countries were preparing for the Madrid peace talks, so the aircraft carrier battle group of the German Navy has not participated in the actual combat.

As a result, within the German Navy, the role of aircraft carriers was further weakened.

Hitler longed for the military power of the Chinese Empire, so he also attached more importance to the development of aircraft carriers, but the funds were limited, so he ordered the naval shipyards to officially build two aircraft carriers for the German Navy, which were classified as the Postan class. Two ships of the same class, the Bostan and the Bremen.

The Postan class has no technical content, as the first real aircraft carrier of Germany after the war, as a whole imitates the earliest Huangshan-class aircraft carrier of the Chinese Empire, is an internationally popular straight-through deck layout, displacement of 27,000 tons, plans to build 70 Heinkel fighters, speed of 28 knots, endurance of 8,000 nautical miles / 18 knots.

Of course, the German Navy also thought about developing the Emeishan-class or Wudangshan-class aircraft carriers of the Chinese Empire, the kind of polygonal flight deck that can take off and land fighters at the same time. However, in front of the German naval aviation, the kind of aircraft carriers of 60,000 or 70,000 tons were expensive to build, and it was simply wishful thinking with the funds of the German Navy, so Hitler finally gave up.

The German Navy underwent a major equipment replacement, which naturally focused on Germany's Entente camp. Britain and France were the most nervous about this, and although they had not yet intercepted the real data on the Bismarck-class battleships, they also assessed the moisture in the data claimed by the Germans on the Bismarck-class battleships, and proposed corresponding countermeasures in connection with the construction of their own navy.

The British Navy hated the fact that it had been repaired by the German Navy during the World War, and the defeat at Jutland was so humiliating that the Royal Navy vowed to win the next naval battle against Germany. At this time, the British Navy no longer had the luxury of competing with the Imperial Chinese Navy, and they knew that the gap in strength between the two sides was too great. Therefore, the British Navy shifted its focus to dealing with the German Navy, and all naval preparations were aimed at the German Navy.

The British were very smart, although they could not grasp the real parameters of the Bismarck-class battleships, but they knew that the German Reichstag allocated 2 billion marks to the German Navy, and the British calculated this money and roughly guessed the funds needed for the Bismarck battleships.

The British Admiralty speculated that the Bismarck-class battleships had at least a displacement of more than 50,000 tons and a caliber of about 17 inches of main guns, which should be an improved version of the Wilhelm the Great-class super battleships that were not built during the World War. The British underestimated the ambitions of the German Navy, but in order to comprehensively suppress the German Bismarck-class battleships, the British allocated 300 million pounds (about 2.76 billion German marks) to update the British naval equipment, including the construction of two Queen Elizabeth-class battleships, requiring a full load displacement of 70,000 tons, equipped with 18-inch guns, and a speed of 32 knots. This allowed the British Navy to balance the superiority of the German Navy's Bismarck-class battleships by mistake, and the two sides maintained a balance in quantity and quality on the super-battleships.

However, Britain is richer than Germany, although it lost South Africa, but from the post-war to the present, Britain has been ruthlessly looting South Africa for ten years, gaining a lot of wealth, plus there is a vast colonial market, so that Britain's economy recovers quickly, and at the same time it is a traditional shipbuilding power, so the construction speed and completion time of the two Queen Elizabeth-class super battleships are much faster than Germany.

Similarly, the British Navy still cannot jump out of the previous shipbuilding mentality, and still emphasizes speed and firepower. The Queen Elizabeth class is equipped with three triple 18-inch 45-diameter main guns, which is one more main gun than the Bismarck-class battleships, and the speed is more than 1 knot, but the armor protection is not as good as the Bismarck-class, and the main armor belt is only 390 mm, which is 30 mm less than the Bismarck-class. One of the two sides attaches importance to offense, the other to defense, or two extreme developments.

In terms of electronics, the UK, like Germany, does not have the radar system that is the hallmark of the modern navy. There was also no anti-aircraft phalanx system, and the British were unable to unlock the secrets of the Vulcan phalanx of the Chinese Empire, which was also the Achilles heel of this class of super battleships in terms of anti-aircraft firepower.

Due to the lack of access to the Vulcan phalanx system of the Chinese Empire, the British Navy abandoned the plan to build air defense cruisers, but the air defense of the fleet could not be ignored, and the British Navy decided to use light cruisers and destroyers to create a fleet air defense fire network. To this end, the British Navy built Linxian-class light cruisers and Z-class destroyers, equipped with a large number of anti-aircraft guns and anti-aircraft machine guns, which could be used both for fleet air defense and for escort missions.

Similarly, the British Navy did not realize that this level of fleet anti-aircraft fire could not stop the increasingly fast fighters, and it was not until the outbreak of World War II that the British suddenly realized this.

In addition, in order to counter the German Navy's newly built Graf-class battlecruisers, the British Navy approved the construction of five R-class battlecruisers, equipped with 16-inch mainstream guns, with a design speed of 33 knots, which is also not the same as before, and the armor has been increased from 224 mm to 330 mm, which is actually a fast battleship.

The five R-class battlecruisers, also known as the Revenge class, are the Revenge, Resolution, Ramillies, Royaloak, and RoyalSovereign. In fact, the five names had already been sunk during the World War, and more than once, they were also sunk and captured by the Imperial Chinese Navy during the Sino-British War, which became a great disgrace to the British Navy, which was supposed to be removed from the British Navy, but the British Navy always wanted to be ashamed, so the five names continued to serve.

The British Navy still has the ability to compete with the German Navy, but the French Navy and the Italian Navy are not, after learning that the German Navy has updated its equipment, the French Navy also wants to update its equipment, but France was hit hard in the war, the economy can not support it at all, and there is no money to build new ships, so it has to refurbish and upgrade the original Dunkirk-class battleships and several old battlecruisers that have been in service for more than ten years to serve as new ships.

The Italian Navy has no money, but the country is under the rule of the Italian National Fascist Party, the new Prime Minister Mussolini is busy fighting against the forces that oppose him, all the funds are used to seize power, the Italian Navy has no funds to build new ships, and Mussolini is also worried about the naval rebellion, large-scale framing of senior Italian Navy officials, causing the Italian Navy to continue to be in a state of long vacation.

The Chinese Empire, far to the east, felt another spark between the British and German navies in Europe, but it was not worried at all. Because even if the German Bismarck-class battleships and the British Queen Elizabeth-class battleships were built, they would not be able to compete with the Imperial Chinese Navy. Because the Imperial Chinese Navy has mothballed 27 super warships, including 16 super warships equipped with 18-inch cannons alone, even the British and German navies together cannot defeat the Imperial Chinese Navy, so they are not worried.

At the same time, the Chinese Empire wanted to see another confrontation between Britain and Germany, which would be in line with the national strategic interests of the Chinese Empire.

Of course, the most important thing is that the emperor Wang Chenhao, who is the supreme commander of the three armed forces of the Chinese Empire, has a very resolute attitude on the issue of building battleships in the imperial navy, that is, he is against it, and even if he has money to build them, he will not be allowed to build more battleships. Because Wang Chenhao knew that even if the Aegis air defense cruiser of the Chinese Empire could prevent aircraft carriers from replacing battleships as the main battle weapons, it would be temporary, and the future would still be the world of aircraft carriers, so it was no longer cost-effective to spend huge sums of money to build battleships.

Therefore, while Britain and Germany in Europe continued to build super battleships, the Imperial Chinese Navy, under the instruction of Wang Chenhao, was making every effort to develop aircraft carriers.