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Chapter 511~512 The Air Force Competition Rises Again [10,000 Words]

After Zhang Kelin joined the Chinese Empire's nuclear weapons research department, his main task was to continue to use artificial transmutation to find new elements suitable for weapons-grade nuclear fission. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 info╔╗Through artificial transmutation, Zhang Kelin continued to use deuterium to impact uranium series elements to synthesize new elements, and selected elements suitable for thermonuclear reactions.

At this time, after years of huge capital investment, the natural uranium strategic reserve plan has been implemented for more than 20 years, and the uranium ore hoarding base located in the Bohai Bay of the Liaodong Peninsula has reserved 120 million tons of uranium ore, which can theoretically refine 46,000 tons of uranium. However, the Chinese Empire was not mature in the pre-war uranium purification technology, and was only able to extract uranium at a concentration of 4.5%, which was just enough to reach the concentration required for nuclear reactors, and the production capacity was limited, which could only meet the daily consumption of laboratory research.

After the war, the various equipment required for the nuclear physics research of the Chinese Empire was continuously upgraded and improved, especially the development of mechanical and electronic technology, and the high-power centrifuge was successfully developed one after another, and the accuracy was also greatly improved, which could not only provide a large number of high-purity uranium elements for the laboratory, but also provide a guarantee for the strategic reserves of the imperial uranium elements.

After years of uranium ore strategic reserve planning, the Chinese Empire has established a large-scale uranium mining base in Australia, and the uranium ore shipped back from Australia is refined at the Liaodong uranium enrichment base in Bohai Bay every year. By the 27th year of Guanghua, the Strategic Reserve Center of the Chinese Empire had stockpiled 825 tons of enriched uranium with a concentration of 75 percent, which was basically close to the 80 percent concentration stipulated by the weapons level.

These high concentrations of uranium provide the basis for research and testing in the nuclear laboratory, but there is a lack of plutonium, a key raw material for inducing nuclear reactions, so the next step for the nuclear weapons laboratory is to further enrich uranium and find new thermonuclear reaction elements.

Although the elements that induce nuclear reactions are also present in nature, they are too small to be known and discovered. Therefore, the creation of new elements has become the key, and Zhang Kelin's artificial transmutation technology has become the key to the key.

Zhang Kelin did not fail in his mission, in March of the 27th year of Guanghua, he used deuterium to impact uranium series elements, and finally found after thousands of impact tests that after using deuterium to impact uranium-238, a new element with thermonuclear reaction performance was synthesized - this is plutonium, and multiple isotopes of plutonium were found in succession. The most stable isotope of these is plutonium-244, which has a half-life of about 80 million years, which is enough for plutonium to exist in trace amounts in the natural environment. Plutonium-239, on the other hand, has a half-life of 24,100 years, and elements that meet the conditions for thermonuclear reactions with uranium-235 were quickly identified by nuclear weapons laboratories as substances used to make nuclear weapons. Then there's plutonium-241, which is susceptible to fission, meaning that its nuclei can split under a slow-hot neutron impact, releasing energy, gamma rays (γ rays), and neutron radiation to form a nuclear chain reaction that can be used in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. However, soon the nuclear weapons laboratory found that plutonium-239 is accompanied by a large number of plutonium-238, plutonium-240 and other isotopes, among which the rate of spontaneous fission of plutonium-240 is very high, which is easy to cause a surge in neutron flux, thus affecting the applicability of plutonium as a nuclear weapon and reactor fuel.

In this way, it was very difficult to make plutonium, and it was necessary to separate plutonium-240 from plutonium-239, which was too close to each other, which brought greater difficulties to the separation, so although the plutonium element was obtained, and the plutonium-239 element suitable for nuclear reactions was also found, it could only be prepared in small quantities in the laboratory, and the plutonium element obtained by Zhang Kelin for the first time was only a pitiful 50 micrograms, and it had to be embedded in plexiglass to be preserved. Subsequently, the Imperial Chinese Nuclear Weapons Engineering Laboratory increased its efforts to produce plutonium, and the large-scale ion collider built at a cost of 120 million dragon coins only obtained 5 grams of plutonium for each large-scale critical plutonium production, and the electricity cost was as high as 100,000 dragon coins, and the high cost shocked the empire. Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of weapon-grade plutonium production and concentration, the current technology and equipment capabilities of the Chinese Empire are still very insufficient, and it is necessary to greatly improve the technology and equipment capabilities. ╔╗

Despite all the difficulties, Wang Chenhao was very happy when he learned the news that the plutonium element was the first to be extracted in the nuclear weapons laboratory, and issued an order to commend Zhang Kelin and other scientific experts in the laboratory, urging them to make persistent efforts to overcome difficulties and strive to complete the research on nuclear weapons at an early date. Of course, the discovery of plutonium in the nuclear weapons laboratory also pointed out the direction to Marie Curie and Rutherford and others in the nuclear engineering laboratory, although Marie Curie and others have not yet discovered the existence of a secret nuclear weapons laboratory in addition to them, which has also aroused their suspicions. Marie Curie wrote to Wang Chenhao to ask if she was developing nuclear weapons without them, which Wang Chenhao firmly denied. Since Marie Curie and others had no direct evidence, coupled with the fact that the emergence of plutonium made thermonuclear reactions a reality, and the fact that the Yunnan region had finally found high-purity graphite to control the nuclear reaction after years of searching, and the refining of heavy water had also entered a critical moment, their energy was attracted by the light water reactor and heavy water reactor projects that were about to be put into research and development, and they quickly forgot about it.

The first experimental heavy water reactor of the Chinese Empire was built on an uninhabited island near the Huludao military base, which was used by Rutherford, Marie Curie and other nuclear engineering researchers to test the slowing and cooling of nuclear reactions, with the purpose of controlling the chain nuclear reaction, so that the energy release and energy absorption processes of the nuclear reaction were carried out within the effective and controllable range of the staff. Heavy water is an effective agent for slowing down and cooling nuclear reactions, but the refining price of heavy water is too high. Nuclear physics scientists such as Rutherford believe that since the purpose of studying nuclear reactors is to generate electricity for the benefit of mankind, it makes no sense to develop them if the cost is much higher than that of thermal power generation. As a result, they soon found a way to replace heavy water with ordinary water, and the light water reactor project was included in the development research program at the same time.

On the whole, the development of nuclear reactor engineering and nuclear weapons engineering in the Chinese Empire increased dramatically after 1927, and once the experimental heavy water reactor or light water reactor was successful, then the nuclear power plant could be built. Similarly, the production of nuclear weapons can be achieved once the uranium enrichment project reaches a concentration of more than 90 per cent (52 kg) and enriched plutonium reaches a critical mass state of more than 25 per cent (16 kg).

It can be said that the Chinese Empire has entered the final stage of tackling tough problems at this time, and although it has not been able to invite Einstein and other nuclear physics experts to the Chinese Empire, the Chinese Empire has still come to this point with excellent talent and technical reserves, and it is only a matter of time before the development of nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons is successful. In other countries around the world, the study of nuclear physics is still basically at the starting line of theory, and no one is aware of the huge role involved.

Throughout the treaty era, because the Chinese Empire had absolute economic strength and military power, it did not have to worry about other countries surpassing the Chinese Empire in terms of conventional weapons, so the emperor conveniently focused on nuclear weapons engineering. In terms of conventional weapons, since the end of the war, the Chinese Empire has been using weapons and equipment developed before and during the World War, and basically the large-scale renewal of all kinds of military equipment has stopped, and only the scientific research projects in the laboratories have been retained. For example, the Army had been using equipment from the Great War before the South African War, including the M16 tank, the W16 wheeled infantry and the Z16 anti-tank tank, which had been in service for more than a decade. Similarly, for a long time after the war, the Air Force equipment has been using Thunderbolt fighters and Hellfire fighters as the main fighters, and the H2N1 bomber as the main bomber.

As the hero of the Chinese Empire's global control, the Chinese Imperial Navy also took a long vacation during the treaty era, and its capital ships were basically warships that had been in service for fifteen or six years, the oldest Tang-class battleships had served for sixteen years, and the battlecruisers had been in service for seventeen years. The latest capital ship in the navy is the Qing-class battleship, but it is not the super battleships built in the shipyards of the Imperial Chinese Navy, but the Imperial Chinese Navy has modernized and modified the five super battleships with 16-inch guns that were captured by the US Navy, the USS South Dakota, the USS Montana, the USS Indiana, the USS Massachusetts, and the USS Chilshaji, and named them after the Qing-class battleships of the Chinese Empire, so that they have been in service until now.

It can be said that the officers and men of the three armies of the Chinese Empire were quite leisurely throughout the treaty era. However, Europe and the United States are different, in the first seven or eight years, because the financial inability of the countries to support a strong armament, so there is no action, like the Chinese Empire, the navy, land and air force have a long vacation, a lot of World War I equipment has been used until now. ╔╗

However, with the continuous recovery of the economies of European and American countries, hawkish figures in various countries have raised their heads one after another, and they have introduced armament plans.

However, due to the limitations of the five-nation pact, the five permanent members of the five permanent members cannot expand their armaments beyond the provisions of the treaty.

Beginning in 1927, during the South African War, the German Heinkel fighter was born, which once broke the hegemony of the Chinese Imperial Air Force, and drove the Thunderbolt fighter that dominated the world after the war off the altar, and even the Hellfire fighter of the Chinese Empire had to be upgraded on a large scale to meet the challenge.

France was the first to obtain relevant information from the Chinese Empire, on the one hand, importing Hellfire fighters from the Chinese Empire to compete with the Luftwaffe Heinkel fighters, and on the other hand, it also began to develop its own advanced fighters.

At the end of the 20s, the development of global aircraft entered a new stage, and combat aircraft of various countries followed the development direction of the Chinese Imperial Air Force and began to develop in the direction of monoplanes, retractable landing gear, and all-metal structures. In 1926, the Aviation Technical Service Department of the French Air Force put forward the requirements for the development of a modern monoplane single-seat fighter, codenamed "C1".

In accordance with the requirements of the C1, Morana-Sonier has developed a single-wing fighter - MS.405 - under secrecy. Of course, this fighter began to be researched as early as five years ago, but it has not been satisfied by the French side, and the French government has not passed the allocation of funds for air force equipment, so the research and development of the aircraft is insufficient, and it has been delayed.

The first prototype actually flew into space on August 8, 1924. However, in addition to the Chinese Empire, which has a special aircraft test wind tunnel, other countries do not have the kind of advanced equipment for testing flight data, and the same is true for France, their aircraft test flights generally take a long time, and the grasp of the data depends on the test pilots, and the error is very large, often requiring hundreds of thousands of test flights to get accurate data.

The number MS.405 was finalized after hundreds of revisions, so the number was 405, and the Chinese Empire had a wind tunnel for comprehensive testing, and tens of thousands of test data were basically able to pass after a large-scale change. In contrast, the technological gap between the two countries is immediately apparent.

MS.405 was not finalized until March 1927. The aircraft refers to the aerodynamic layout design of the Hellfire fighter of the Chinese Empire, due to the lack of advanced and perfect technology of the French material industry, only 70% of the shell of its fuselage is made of aluminum alloy, and the rear fuselage is still made of canvas skin. The power plant is powered by 860 hp Spanish-Swiss (HS) 12ygrs engines, with an improved wing design and a maximum speed of 443 km/h (4,000 m altitude) and a retractable landing gear.

The Morana Ssoniers fighter became the first French fighter to exceed 400 km/h, and its outstanding performance made the French side very satisfied, and immediately issued an order for the manufacture of 16 pilot production models. In the same year, the MS.405 prototype participated in the international air show held at the 25th anniversary of the Royal Aviation School of the Chinese Empire, and its billboard was written "the best fighter in the world", which made people from all over the world sweat.

Similarly, the Luftwaffe also officially brought their most advanced Heinkel fighter to this international air show, and in the air show and competition on the same stage, the Heinkel fighter pressed the MS.405 fighter at its super high speed, which made the French Air Force very unhappy.

Therefore, at the request of the French Air Force, the Morana Ssonier company improved the MS405 fighter and replaced it with the 1060-horsepower "Tornado" X1000 engine developed by the Royal Aviation Industry Group of the Chinese Imperial Aviation Industry Group for ten years, and reduced the weight of the wings, and the improved aircraft was named MS.406, which went into the sky two months later, with a maximum level flight speed of 526 km / h (5000 meters altitude), and the armament was a 20 mm machine gun in the nose. Two wing 7.5 mm machine guns (drum for ammunition), take-off weight of 2.5 tons, maximum range of 1000 kilometers, is an air superiority fighter with combat and escort as the main purpose, with the ability to compete with the German Heinkel fighter, and then the French side officially finalized and mass-produced. ╔╗Because the French Air Force purchased Hellfire fighters from the Chinese Empire at a high price, and the maintenance cost is not low, and the cost of this fighter from Morana Sonier is much lower than that of Hellfire fighters, so it got an order for 1,200 aircraft from the French Air Force.

Until the outbreak of World War II, the main model of the French Air Force was the MS.406 fighter equipped with an aero engine made by the Chinese Empire, as well as hundreds of Hellfire A fighters imported from the Chinese Empire.

Also participating in the Imperial China International Airshow was France's newest long-range postal aircraft, the Amio 341. The machine by Jean? The AMIOT 341 long-range postal aircraft, supervised by Jeancalvy and designed by Lambert and Girodin, was a major performer at the show and was hailed as the best of French aviation. Inspired designers have developed the AMIOT370 racing aircraft for next year's international air competition in Hongkou, Shanghai. Although the French Air Force rejected the proposal on the grounds that it was too dangerous, Amio built the aircraft at its own expense, and seven months later made its first test flight in Istres.

Although the 341 long-range postal aircraft designed and developed by Amio was for civilian use, the French Air Force was impressed by its large range and payload, and thought it was very suitable to convert it into a bomber.

After various tests of the Amio 341, the French Aeronautical Technical Agency (STAÉ) technicians proposed a number of modifications to the aircraft, including the addition of a fifth crew member and the replacement of the engine hood design to reduce drag during flight. Just before Amio implemented these improvements, the prototype was selected for an unplanned promotional flight. The head of the technical department of the Luftwaffe, Ernst? General Udet invited the Chief of Staff of the French Air Force, Joseph? General Viemann visits Germany, and the latter decides to take the opportunity to demonstrate the strength of the French Air Force with the "modern" amiot341. In order to convince the Germans that the aircraft was heavily equipped with the French Air Force, all the identification marks and numbers indicating the identity of the prototype were erased.

On 16 September 1927, the amiot 341 flew non-stop from Villa Kublay to Berlin at an average speed of 440 km/h. When the visit ended after five days, the aircraft returned to Vila Kublay to continue its mission as a prototype. According to the requirements of the Aviation Technology Bureau, Amio replaced the amiot341 with two 1020 horsepower Land Gods. The Rhône 14N20/21 engine was replaced by a twin vertical tail layout in order to accommodate a fourth crew member in the fuselage. After this makeover, the aircraft was renamed AMIOT351NO01.

Calvi and his design team changed the design of the engine frame and simplified the design of the fuselage and tail section, which allowed the machine to work with several different engines, mainly in line with a series of aircraft engine interface standards produced by the Chinese Empire, because the French Air Force was not very comfortable with the locally made aero engines, and had to be replaced with aircraft engines produced by the Chinese Empire if necessary, because the things made in the Chinese Empire had always been considered to be of considerable quality and were safe products.

In addition to the geometry, the new aircraft also differs significantly in appearance. The cockpit on the prototype, which was biased to the left side of the fuselage, was extended and moved to the centerline of the fuselage, while the six fuel tanks inside the wing could carry 2798 liters of fuel. The armament consisted of a 7.5mm MAC1934 machine gun with 500 rounds in the nose and an 800-round identical weapon in the belly to protect against enemy aircraft attacking from behind. In addition, there is a 120-round Ispano at the rear of the cockpit. Siza HS40420 mm cannon. The crew consisted of four people: pilot, bombardier/navigator, belly gunner, and back gunner/radio operator.

The aircraft was eventually converted into the first bomber of the French Air Force with an empty weight of 4719 kg and 11285 kg when fully loaded. At an altitude of 4,000 meters, the maximum level flight speed is 480 km/h, and the ceiling is 10,000 meters, but the range is only 2,500 kilometers, and it is still a medium-course bomber. ╔╗The aircraft can accommodate a payload of 1250 kg in the bomb bay, and the combination includes: two 500 kg bombs or six 200 kg bombs, or ten 100 kg bombs or twenty 50 kg bombs, and 80 10 kg anti-personnel bombs are also common mounting schemes.

On the whole, there is still a big gap between the Amio 351 bomber and the H-5 bomber of the Chinese Empire, and it cannot be compared with the H-6 long-range bomber, which is known as the Flying Fortress.

However, for the French Air Force, after having this medium-range bomber, the whole of Germany is already under the deterrence of the strategic bombers of the French Air Force, and compared with the German Messersmitt bomber, it still has a considerable advantage.

When it comes to bombers, the British Air Force has always been at the forefront of the world. Judging from the Handley O-400 bomber developed by Britain at the end of the World War, Britain has always closely followed the pace of the Chinese Empire in this regard.

It has been more than ten years since the birth of the O-400, and this bomber has been regarded by the world as a bomber comparable to the H2N1 bomber of the Chinese Empire, which was reflected in the Sino-American war.

Britain exported this powerful bomber to the United States and transferred the technology, apparently the British Air Force itself was left behind, and in the years that followed, the British Air Force instructed the major British aircraft manufacturers to develop the next advanced bomber.

Although the H-5 medium-range bomber developed by the Chinese Empire was the first monoplane all-metal bomber, the latest British bomber was not far behind, and it was also a monoplane design, but the United Kingdom, like the Chinese Empire, was also kept secret.

The Schott Stirling bomber was the first British heavy bomber in the treaty era after World War I. The aircraft was developed and manufactured by Schott Brothers in 1920 at the request of the British Air Force, and in 1927 it was listed by the British Air Force as the main model for the next air force equipment innovation.

The Stirling bomber was developed only 6 years ago, but it was the best of its peers. Defeated the competition of Halifax bombers and Lancaster bombers, and won the final order of the British Air Force.

Throughout the 1920s, the RAF maintained a keen interest in twin-engine bombers. This design puts less pressure on the production and maintenance of the engines, both of which have become very tight due to the large number of new aircraft in other countries that have been put into service, and at the same time the shortage of engine power has become very serious.

Although Britain had invested heavily in the development of larger 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) engines to improve the performance of the aircraft, none of them were put into production by the end of the 1920s, by which time the Chinese Empire had successfully developed a large transport aircraft powered by four smaller horsepower engines, which proved to have good endurance and take-off weight. The British Air Force then hoped to use this as a basis for the development of a large four-engine bomber.

The British Air Department proposed a hybrid requirement in the specification B.12/36. It should have a maximum bomb load of 6,350 kg, a range of 2,000 miles (3,218 km) or a range of 3,000 miles (4,800 km) at 8,000 pounds (3,629 kg), a cruising speed of 230 mph at 15,000 feet, and three defensive turrets. At the same time, this type of aircraft should be used as a 24-seat troop transport aircraft. This was based on the idea of transporting troops to the farthest angles of the British Empire and then supporting them with bombing, and to do so while reducing the pressure on production, it had to be able to be dismantled into multiple parts and transported by rail.

Of course, this is only a theoretical requirement of the British Air Force, which is impossible to meet according to the production and manufacturing capabilities of the British aviation industry system. ╔╗

At the same time, the British Air Department also required it to take off and land at limited "backcountry" airports, and it had to take off from a 150-meter runway and fly over 50-foot trees, a norm that many smaller aircraft in later generations struggled to meet. It is often said that the reason why the wingspan of an aircraft is limited to 100 feet is so that the aircraft can fit into an existing hangar. 'Wingspan reduced to 100 feet at the request of the Department of the Air Force,' but the largest hangar can accommodate 112-foot-wide aircraft, and the code calls for outdoor maintenance. In fact, the wingspan limit was imposed in an attempt to ensure a reduction in the weight of the Stirling bomber.

SCHOTT Brothers initially ignored these requirements for design bidding, but eventually got involved because they already had similar designs in their hands and because they had a large team of designers and production equipment. They have also put into production several four-engine seaplane designs of similar dimensions to the requirements, and by removing the lower deck and boat-type hull from SCHOTT's Sunderland seaplane, they have formed their S.29 design. The new S.29 design is almost identical in other respects, such as the wing and control system are identical, the structure is identical, and it even retains a slight upward curve of the rear fuselage that keeps the Sunderland's tail from touching seawater droplets.

By January 1927 the Super Sergeant Type 317 had already produced a prototype, and a month later the military asked SCHOTT Brothers to incorporate modifications to their design, including considering the use of a Bristolhercules engine instead of the Napierdagger engine, increasing the flight altitude (up to 28,000 feet) while reducing the wingspan, and SCHOTT Brothers accepted such a large number of redesigns.

The S.29 used Sunderland's 114-foot wing, which now had to be reduced to less than 100 feet, and the same restrictions were imposed on aircraft designed to the P.13/36 specification (Halifax bomber). In order to achieve the required lift in a design that shortened the wingspan and increased weight, SCHOTT Brothers redesigned the wing to make it thicker and change the shape.

In June, the S.29 was accepted and became a replacement for the Super Naval Sergeant Type 316, and in October it was officially ordered.

SCHOTT Brothers built a half-size version of the aircraft, called the S.31 (also known internally as the M4 - the model on the tail) using four Pobjoyniagara engines, which made its maiden flight on September 19 and was tested by JnkesterParker, the chief test pilot of SCHOTT Brothers, and all the parameters of the design were satisfactory, except that the take-off distance was longer than expected, and to correct this problem, it was necessary to increase the angle of the wing.

Normally, this means that the nose of the aircraft must be downwards during cruising, but SCHOTT Brothers has made the nose during take-off by lengthening the landing gear struts. But this led to the fragile structure of the installation and caused a number of accidents with take-off and landing.

The first S.29 (now officially known as "Stirling", from the Scottish city of the same name) made its maiden flight on 14 March 1928 and was equipped with four Bristolhercules II star-shaped engines, which caused a brake lock during landing, causing it to slip sideways on the runway and damage the landing gear. On the second prototype, the landing gear was redesigned, using stronger and heavier struts. On its first mission two months later, one of its engines failed during takeoff, but the plane landed easily.

Since then, the safety record has continued to improve, and production of the stenter began in August 1928 at SCHOTT Brothers' Rochester plant.

Although the Stirling bomber was much smaller than the experimental design of the Empire's most advanced H-6 long-range strategic bomber, it had more power and a better load/range ratio than any other aircraft that had flown before. With a huge bomb load of 14,000 pounds, it is placed in a unique class, twice as many as other bombers. The design included nose and tail turrets (the latter being known for its wide firing angles). It also included a belly turret that could be retracted behind the bomb bay, which proved to be almost useless due to too many restrictions. And it adds interference, and the turret is prone to fall out and hit the ground when gliding on uneven ground. So this design was removed at the very beginning of production, and a temporary replacement was the installation of a pair of cannons on the beams of the hatches. It was only later that a twin-gun turret was used, however this new installation also had problems, it had a metal dorsal case with an evacuation hatch, which turned out to be unusable. The later Stirling MKIII replaced this metal turret with a full-coverage glass turret (the same Type FN.50 as on the Lancaster bomber), which provided more space and better visibility. Later, Stirling also installed an enhanced low-drag airfoil remote-controlled FN.64 turret.

A lot of attention has been focused on how to reduce drag – all the rivet heads are smoothed, all the plates fit well to avoid gaps – but all of this effort is likely offset by the camouflage paint used. The gougeflaps used on the wings are very similar to those used by seaplanes.

The first few MKIs used Herculesii engines, most of which used 1500 hp (1100 khp in addition to a similar new turret mounted with an enhanced 1635 hp (1200kw) Herculesvi or XVI engine, which increased its top speed from 255 to 270 mph.

Prior to the start of production in Stirling, SCHOTT Brothers had designed the S.34 to improve performance to meet the requirements of the B.1/39 specification. It is equipped with four Bristol Hercules 17SM engines, which are optimized for high-altitude performance. The new design extended the wingspan and revised the fuselage, allowing it to mount an electric turret with four 20mm Hispano cannons on the back and belly, however, despite the better maneuverability and capacity obtained, the Air Department was not interested.

Subsequently, SCHOTT Brothers planned to launch an enhanced version of Stirling, which was optimistically dubbed "Super Stirling" in the company's chronology. This Stirling has a wingspan of 135 feet 9 inches (41.38 m), uses four Bristol centaurus star engines, and has a maximum take-off weight of 104,000 pounds (47,174 kg).

The basic performance parameters are: flight speed of 300 mph (483 km/h). With a range of up to 4,000 miles (6,437 km) with 10,000 pounds (4,536 kg) of armament, it was originally designed to the B.8/41 specification, but Arthurharris, commander-in-chief of the Bomber Command, decided that while it was a better aircraft, it might be too late to actually go into production, so it would be better to put the effort into retrofitting Stirling with enhanced Hercules engines to reach a higher ceiling. As a result, the program was cancelled shortly after.

It was not until the outbreak of World War II that the British Air Force discovered that the long-range bombers of the hostile countries appeared on the battlefield and played a huge role in the war, that they rushed to regret that they did not produce the Super Stirling ruthlessly, so that at the beginning of the war, they suffered from the ultra-long-range bombers of other countries.

The British Air Force saw the power of the German Heinkel fighter from the battlefield in South Africa, and also learned about the performance of the most advanced Hellfire fighter in the Chinese Empire.

However, before Britain developed a new fighter, in order to maintain an air balance over France and Germany, when it learned that the Luftwaffe had already put more than 400 Heinkel fighters in service, the British Air Force learned from the French Air Force and first imported 400 Hellfire fighters from the Chinese Empire as British air superiority fighters during the transitional period, and waited for Britain's cutting-edge fighters to be successfully developed before replacing them.

After reaching an agreement with the Chinese Empire to purchase Hellfire fighters, the British Air Force issued bidding conditions for cutting-edge fighters to major British aircraft manufacturing companies, and major British aircraft manufacturing companies successively came up with bidding plans. At the same time, aircraft manufacturing companies from several countries, including the Chinese Empire, also intervened, but the British Air Force, considering its own national defense and security, used various excuses to exclude more than 20 companies from several countries, including the Chinese Empire, and only allowed British local enterprises to participate.

At the end of the twenties, the British Ministry of Aeronautics issued a new fighter development specification F7/30 in accordance with the international situation and the progress of aviation technology, requiring the development of fighters with high flight speed, high cruising speed, high climb rate, and long range for the Hellfire fighter of the Chinese Empire, the Heinkel fighter of Germany, and the Morana fighter of France, and to double the firepower of the aircraft from an operational point of view.

This document changed the conservative situation of the past and brought the British fighter development into a new period, which was a completely new challenge to the fighter design. The most dramatic is the competition between monoplanes and biplanes. In order to achieve the required speed, monoplanes are the preferred option, but for good stability, biplanes should be chosen. Other options include retractable landing gear, torque propellers, lifting ailerons, and load-bearing skins. In 1927, the British Ministry of Aviation formulated a new fighter development specification F5/34, which required the development of a new fighter with a maximum speed of more than 440 kilometers and six to eight machine guns.

Despite the post-war economic downturn, Britain has been having a strong aircraft development and production capacity since the war, with more than 20 aircraft manufacturers. Unlike France, Britain has never stopped developing aircraft. In the twenties, more than 100 aircraft models were developed and tested by these factories. These jobs have provided a solid foundation and experience in British aviation technology.

Due to the development of civil aviation and the development of aviation competitions, aviation enterprises often raise their own funds to develop new aircraft. In addition, Britain's aviation theory research and engine technology have also begun to be at the forefront of the world, so that Britain's aviation technology and aircraft development have great potential.

The Spitfire was created by Rawls? Reuss is a streamlined aircraft with a water-cooled piston engine called "Merlin". The machine uses a 1700-horsepower "Merlin" 63 high-power piston engine and a good aerodynamic shape. The semi-spindle nose, which was different from the flat and coarse nose of most aircraft at that time, had a good rectification effect and low resistance. The engine was mounted on a fire-resistant load-bearing wall behind the support frame, behind which was the middle and rear fuselage of a semi-monocoque structure. The wing adopts an elliptical plane shape of the cantilever lower wing, although the manufacturing process is complex, labor-intensive and time-consuming, but the aerodynamic characteristics are good, and the lift-to-drag ratio is large. The Spitfire was the first British combat aircraft to successfully use an all-metal load-bearing skin. All the aircraft's fixed weapons, main landing gear and coolers were installed in the aircraft, and the single-seat cockpit had a good view of the "Spitfire" prototype began its first flight in January 1927, with a maximum flight speed of 625 kilometers and a ceiling of 10,850 meters. Its armament system consists of two 20mm cannons and four 7.7mm machine guns. During the test flight, various reports reflected it well.

Among the many fighters in the British competition, the Spitfire fighter has sprung up as the ideal fighter of the British Air Force, and has been rated as the most advanced fighter by the British Air Force. New technologies include a monoplane structure, all-metal load-bearing skin, riveted fuselage, retractable landing gear, torque conversion propellers and flap devices, and the fuselage is small enough to fit only one pilot. The British Air Force decided to order this new fighter in large quantities, and by the outbreak of World War II, it had been the main fighter of the British Air Force, with tens of thousands of units produced before and after.

Germany, France, Britain has developed their own high-performance fighters and bombers, but Italy does not have this ability, from the beginning of the world war, to the post-war and now, the Italian Air Force has been picking up ready-made use, during the war from the Entente to obtain advanced fighters and bombers, after the war imported advanced Thunderbolt fighters, Hellfire fighters and H2N1 bombers from the Chinese Empire. As Britain, France and Germany began a large-scale air force competition, Italy still pursued the national policy of improving relations with Germany, maintaining relations with Britain and France, and then seeking benefits from both sides, as a result, Germany, France and Britain were unwilling to offend Italy, so the advanced fighters and bomber technology and equipment of the three countries successively flowed into the Italian Air Force, and the Italian Air Force evaluated the indicators and performance of the combat aircraft of the three countries. Then consider using the advanced technology of the three countries to produce fighters and bombers in Italy.

In this way, the Italian Air Force has actually mastered the advanced air force equipment technology of China, France, Germany, and Britain, but Italy's industrial capacity is too poor, even if it has mastered these technologies // the fastest text update without advertising //, it can only barely do copycats, and key engines have to be imported from various countries.

The five permanent members of the Security Council had no intention of setting off an arms race in the air force, but the five countries did not trust each other, and as the five-nation convention was about to expire and the treaty era was coming to an end, all countries wanted to seize the opportunity, so they unwittingly set off a great arms race in the air force, which triggered other countries to follow suit, leading to the launch of a global air force arms race.