Nurhachi, Manchu, Aixinjue Luo, the founder of the Later Jin (Qing), known as the Qing Taizu in history, was an outstanding politician, military strategist, strategist, and commander in Chinese history.

In the thirty-eighth year of Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty (1559), Nurhachi was born in the family of a small chieftain of the Zuowei Division of Jianzhou in Hetuara (now Xinbin County, Liaoning Province). His sixth ancestor Meng's brother Timur, was originally the Yuan Dynasty of the Yuan Dynasty Wanhu Mansion of Wanhu, Ming Yongle three years (1405) should be Ming Chengzu Zhu Di's recruitment, into Beijing tribute, awarded the Jianzhou Wei Commander, and then took charge of the Jianzhou Left Guard, promoted to the right governor. In the eighth year of Xuande (1433), because of the professor Mingdu commanding Pei Jun, he was killed by Asujiang and other guards "Savage Jurchen". His son Dong Shan is the fifth ancestor of Nurhachi, the first commander, and later promoted to the right governor, and his uncle Fan Cha was in charge of the left guard of Jianzhou, the right guard of Jianzhou, and the third year of Chenghua (1467) to repeatedly plunder the people and animals of Liaodong, and was beheaded by the Ming Dynasty. Jianzhou Sanwei was brutally requisitioned and suppressed by the Ming army. Dong Shan's eldest son, Tuo Luo, and his son Tuo Yimo, successively took office, went to Beijing many times to worship Emperor Ming, and contributed to the party. Dong Shan's third son, Xibao Qi Zhanggu, is the fourth ancestor of Nurhachi. The son of Xibaoqi, Fuman, was later posthumously honored as Emperor Xingzu Zhi by the Qing Dynasty. Fuman's fourth son, Kyaw Chang'an, was Nurhachi's grandfather. The fourth son of Jue Chang'an, Takshi, married his wife, Hitara Emoqi, and had three sons, the eldest being Nurhachi, the second being Shulhaqi, and the youngest being Yarhaqi.

Jue Chang'an is the chief of the Jianzhou Zuowei Branch, the commander of the Ming capital, the people are few and weak, and he is attached to the Jianzhou "strong chief" Wang Gao in the early days, and often leads the people to enter the Fushun horse market trade, and exchange linen cloth and grain for pigs and cattle, and receive salt, red cloth, and vultures and other things. In the second year of Wanli (1574), Li Chengliang, the chief military officer of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, led tens of thousands of troops to capture the village of Wang Gao, killing and plundering people and animals. In the eleventh year of Wanli, Wang Gao's son Ataitu avenged his father's revenge and repeatedly plundered the border, Li Chengliang led the army to attack again, took Atai's Gule Village and its fellow party Ahai's Mangzi Village, and killed Atai. Jue Chang'an and Takshi were once again the guides of the Ming army, and were mistakenly killed by the Ming soldiers in the war.

When the bad news came, the twenty-five-year-old Nurhachi wanted to take revenge on his father, but he was alone, how could he confront the "Emperor of Heaven" of the Ming Dynasty, who had millions of soldiers. In desperation, Nurhachi blamed Nikan Wailan, the lord of Tulun, the left guard of Jianzhou, and accused him of instigating the Ming soldiers to kill his father and ancestors, and asked the Ming ministers to send them. Unexpectedly, this request actually annoyed the arrogant and domineering border generals of the Ming Dynasty, who were regarded as unreasonable, refused a mouthful, and declared that they would build a city on the deck, making Nikan Wailan the "lord of Manchukuo", so the prestige of Nikan Wailan rose greatly, "so the people believed it, and all belonged to Nikan Wailan", and even the children of the relatives also "swore to God", yù killed Nurhachi to return, and Nikan Wailan took the opportunity to force Nurhachi to "attach", as if he was the king of Jianzhou.

In May of the 11th year of Wanli (1583), when Nurhachi raised his army, there were only 30 people from the 13th deputy tribe of Jia, and it was indeed difficult and difficult to use this pitiful little force to annex other Jianzhou tribes that were 120 times larger than himself (only the minister of Dong'e, Ahai, had 400 soldiers), defeat the 100 times and 200 times the strong tribes of Haixi Yehe, Wula, and Hada, and subjugate tens of thousands of Jurchens in Jianzhou, Haixi, and "savages", establish the Houjin Kingdom, and ascend to the throne of the Jurchen king. Nurhachi, in the face of danger, unwaveringly, advanced in the face of difficulties, and fought tenaciously. He conformed to the flow of the times, adopted correct principles, policies, and measures, and achieved great results in both domestic and foreign affairs. On the issue of employing people that is related to the rise and fall of a country or a country, Nurhachi emphasized six principles: First, it is necessary to appoint sages. The second is to raise people fairly, regardless of the relatives, "regardless of the foundation, see the person whose heart is upright and recommend it." Don't be tied to blood, and if you see a talent, you will be promoted to a minister." The three departments are eclectic, using their strengths, "there are brave people in battle, used to govern the army." Those who are loyal and good to the government of the country will be used to assist the government of the country". The fourth is to lift the virtuous and degrade jiān, because "if the good and just do not lift or rise, then the sage will not advance." If those who are unscrupulous are not degraded or killed, then those who are unscrupulous will be punished." Fifth, rewards and punishments are clear, merit must be rewarded, and excesses must be punished, "Those who have good deeds, even if they are enemies, do not care, but are promoted with merit." The guilty, though they do not kiss him, will be killed." 6. To reward the ministers and generals, horses, oxen, ahabs, grain, clothing, riches, and wives according to their needs.

Nurhachi also formulated an important national policy of favoring meritorious heroes. For the "founding fathers" who participated in the early years, led the army to fight, and served loyally, such as Fei Yingdong, Eyidu, He Heli, Hu Erhan, An Feiyangu and other "five ministers", as well as Yang Guli, Leng Geli and others, they were given special courtesies and preferential treatment, and a large number of people, animals, and wealth were given, and they were appointed as high-ranking officials, conferred knighthoods, married and married, and shared honor and disgrace. When these heroes went on a business trip, he emphatically pointed out that "iron is better than gold when you are poor", and he often treats them lightly with their merits.

Nurhachi reused sages and treated meritorious heroes with great kindness, and recruited many talented people and fierce generals with excellent wit, loyalty, and martial arts, who offered advice, bravely rushed to kill, and were good at managing national politics. This laid a solid foundation politically, economically, and militarily for the unification of the Jurchen tribes and the establishment and expansion of the Later Jin State.

On the other hand, in military and foreign affairs, Nurhachi also formulated correct guidelines, policies, and specific strategies. He adopted the policy of "envy and power in parallel, those who obey with virtue, and those who oppose with soldiers", that is, to focus on appeasement and complement each other with suppression. There are three specific contents, one is to kill those who resist, and those who are captured are slaves. After the surrender of the seven villages of the Nayin Department, Zhushen rebelled, and the city was defended to the death, "all of them were killed after they were gained". The Jurchens of the Ekhkuren tribe refused to surrender, and Nurhachi sent troops to conquer them, beheaded the defenders, "captured 10,000 prisoners", destroyed their country, and "turned the land into ruins". The second is to compile the households of those who descend, and compile them in each cattle directory, so that they are not reduced to slavery and do not take their property. Originally, they were ministers, village owners, Baylor, and Taiji, and most of them were awarded official positions, and their former subordinates were compiled as Niu Lu, which was under their jurisdiction. The third is the award for returnees. For those who take the initiative to return from afar, Nurhachi is especially generously rewarded. When he heard that the minister of the East China Sea Huerhabe Nakada had led a hundred Jurchen families to vote, he sent 200 people to greet him, and when he arrived, he "set up a great feast" and gave him generous gifts, "the eight ministers at the head, each of whom gave ten pairs of Ahabs, ten horses to ride, and ten oxen to plough the ploughs," as well as a large number of furs, mink hats, clothes, cloths, pots, and other things. For other entourage, they are also "fully prepared". In this way, the attack surface was narrowed, and many ministers and road chiefs were won to lead their subordinates to submit to obedience. According to the records of the "Eight Banners Manchurian Clan Genealogy" alone, there were as many as 2,300 cases of Jurchen chieftains from Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning coming and returning, thus accelerating the process of Jurchen unification and reducing unnecessary casualties and losses. It has also adopted a correct strategy for employing troops, which is generally from near to far, first weak and then strong, and gradually expanding. He actively fought for an alliance with the Mongols and tried his best to avoid a premature head-on conflict with the Ming Dynasty, until the 46th year of Wanli (1618) when he swore the Seven Great Hatreds to conquer the Ming Dynasty, he was not subject to the conquest and suppression of the Ming army, which greatly contributed to the smooth progress of the cause of unifying the Jurchens. He gave full play to his extraordinary military command ability. He is good at using tactics, attaches importance to secrecy, is resourceful and decisive, decides when he agrees, and acts when he decides, and dispatches troops like a storm, which is unstoppable, often winning more with less, and changing from passive to active.

Nurhachi has been fond of hunting since he was a child, and his martial arts are outstanding. In the event of a battle, he took the lead in charging into battle and fighting to the death. Later, when he looked back on his decades of military career, he concluded: "Since I was a child, I have been in thousands of armies, and I have broken through alone, bows and arrows intersect, and blades have touched, and I don't know how many fierce battles I have had. This heroic spirit and fierce style of killing have established a high prestige, so that the people can compete to follow suit, so that they can do what they are ordered and do what they do. With these decisive factors, Nurhachi was not only able to survive in the cracks, find a way out of the desperate situation, and avoid the disaster of annihilation, but also continued to change from weak to strong, from small to large, and smoothly carried out the cause of unifying the Jurchen tribes and establishing the Later Jin State. From the eleventh year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty to the thirteen deputy divisions of the legacy, take Tulun, lower Barda, behead Nikan Wailan, defeat the nine coalition forces of 30,000, and unify the Jianzhou Jurchen tribe within ten years. Then, he destroyed Hada again, and Huifa, killed Ula, descended Yehe, and took the Jurchens of the East China Sea. Within 36 years, the Jianzhou, Haixi Jurchens and most of the "savage Jurchen" tribes were unified, "from the East China Sea to Liaobian, from the Nenjiang River in Mongolia in the north, to the Yalu River in the south of Korea, all those with the same sound were conquered", and "all the tribes began to become one". In the process of unifying the Jurchen tribes, Nurhachi actively established state power. In the fifteenth year of Wanli (1587), Nurhachi built a three-story city in Pinggang in the two boundaries of the Jiaha River and the Shuoriga River in the southeast of Hulan Hada, and "built a yamen tower". June 24, "Determine the state government, prohibit rebellion, theft, fraud, and establish a legal system of prohibition." In the twenty-third year of Wanli, he called himself the prince of "Jurchen State Jianzhou Wei". In the thirty-third year of Wanli, he also called himself "the king of Jianzhou and other places", "the king of Jianzhou", and "the Khan of Jianzhou". At the same time, he ordered Erdeni and Kagai to create Manchu script, and gradually established the Niulu-Eight Banners system. In the forty-third year of Wanli, the Eight Banners system was formally established, and all personnel must be incorporated into the Eight Banners, one Niu Lu three hundred dings, one Niu Lu Zhen one, two generations of sons, and four Zhang Jing. The five oxen are recorded as a Jiala, and a Jiala is set up. Wujia is a flag, and the solid mountain is really one, and Melle is really two. The people of the Eight Banners lived in the same area, married each other, cultivated the fields, herded horses and sheep, collected ginseng and hunted, abided by the laws of the country, paid for service, obeyed the command of Khan and Beyler, and used Manchu language. Clothing and hairstyles must also be uniform, women are not allowed to bind their feet, and men are required to shave their hair and keep braids. As a result, hundreds of thousands of Jurchen, Mongol, and Han Chinese, who originally came from different regions, with different systems and different customs, have generally reached the same level in terms of productive forces, production relations, labor burdens, state decrees, language, writing, customs, and so on.

Fifty-eight-year-old Nurhachi, on the Chinese New Year's Eve of the first month of the 44th year of Wanli (1616), held the founding ceremony of the country and enthroned in Hetuala, claiming to be "Inheriting the Mandate of Heaven to Breed the Wise Khan of the Nations" (referred to as "Wise Khan"), and named the country as Houjin and established the Mandate of Heaven. A powerful Houjin state, with a territory of thousands of miles and hundreds of thousands of subjects, appeared in the northeastern region of China.

On April 13 of the 46th year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty (the third year of the Mandate of Heaven, 1618), Nurhachi presented to the emperor with the "Seven Great Hatreds", denouncing the faults of the Ming State and sending troops to conquer the Ming. The first hatred was that the Ming army "provoked outside the border for no reason" and killed his grandfather Jue Chang'an and his father Takshi. The second hate is that the Ming Dynasty broke its oath and "sent troops out of the border to protect Ye He". The third hatred is that Mingchen broke his oath, accusing Jianzhou of killing the Han people who were mining ginseng on the border, and forcing Jianzhou to send ten people to be beheaded on the side. The fourth hatred was that the Ming Dynasty "sent troops out of the border to defend Yehe", so that Yehe hired him to "transfer to Mongolia" with Nurhachi and his son Daishan's daughter. The fifth hatred is that the Ming court sent troops to expel the Jurchens who lived in Chaihe, Qila, and Fanaha to cultivate fields and cultivate grains, and "did not allow harvest". The sixth hatred was that Emperor Ming listened to Ye He's slanderous words, sent people to hold a letter, "prepared a book and said evil words", and insulted Jianzhou. The seventh hatred was that the Ming court forced Nurhachi to withdraw from the annexed Hada region. The basic ideas and main goals expressed in the "Seven Great Hatreds" are just and reasonable, and they have played a huge role in encouraging the Jurchens (Manchus) to work hard, bravely rush to kill, and resist the oppression of the Ming Dynasty.

In the third year of the Mandate of Heaven (the forty-sixth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, 1618), on April 15, he "broke through the gap", lightly took Fushun, and even took more than 500 castles such as Dongzhou and Magendan, plundered 300,000 people and livestock, and organized 1,000 households, and defeated 10,000 soldiers from Liaodong General Zhang Chengyin and Deputy General Po Ting, killed more than 50,000 commanders, deputy generals, generals, guerrillas and thousands of commanders, and obtained 9,000 horses and 7,000 pairs of armor. Nurhachi treated Li Yongfang, the general of Fushun, and promoted him from guerrilla to deputy general, and married his granddaughter to him, and was honored as "Fushun Forehead", and rewarded the people with a large number of cattle, horses, pigs, dogs, clothing, houses, and fields, and set up officials in accordance with the Ming system, so that Li Yongfang was in charge.

Fushun fell, the general army was killed in battle, and the defeat was reported to Beijing, "the government and the opposition were shocked". The Ming court appointed Yang Hao, who had served as an important post in the "military affairs of the Korean Dynasty" and the governor of Liaodong, as the governor of Liaodong, and Li Rubai, the son of Li Chengliang, the son of Ning Yuanbo, as the chief military officer of Liaodong.

In the leap month of the 46th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (the third year of the Mandate of Heaven, 1618), Li Weihan, the governor of Liaodong, transferred to Korea to wait for the opportunity to suppress it, accusing "Jiantou Nuer Hachi" of "making trouble for no reason, planning to attack Fushun, rebellious in public action, and committing extremely heinous crimes, and the law should be punished". Li Rubai, the chief soldier, declared: "Now there is a clear decree, select one million soldiers, and thousands of brave generals, divide the road and march together, and capture the Yuan Evil, and the first Gao Street." In December of the forty-sixth year of Wanli, Yang Hao played the "Capture Slave Reward", and Huang Jiashan, the secretary of the Ministry of War, replayed it, and Emperor Wanli approved it and issued it to the world. The reward stipulates that those who capture Nurhachi, the "Eight Great Governors", and the "Twelve Relatives and Uncles and Nephews of the Slave Chiefs", as well as their Chinese army, forwards, "big leaders of leading troops", and "small leaders of Chinese and foreign affairs who are led by cronies", will be rewarded heavily and conferred with secular positions. Yehe Jintaishi and Buyangubel were able to "capture and behead the slave chieftains", "that is, to give the edict of Jianzhou and colonize their lands with the dragon and tiger generals".

On February 11, the 47th year of Wanli, Yang Hao, the governor of Jiliao, Wang Keshou, the governor of Jiliao, Zhou Yongchūn, and Chen Wangting, were in Liaoyang to perform martial arts, gathered to recruit Liao officials and generals, and agreed to divide the troops into four routes, the north road was dominated by the former general soldier Ma Lin, the main commander of the west road was the general of the mountains and seas, the main soldier of the southern route was Li Rubai, the chief soldier of the eastern Liaodong army, and the chief soldier of the east road was Liu Wei. A total of more than 88,500 soldiers from the Fourth Route Army, plus more than 13,000 Korean soldiers and 2,000 Yehe soldiers, known as 470,000, carrying tens of thousands of guns, agreed to separate routes, and rendezvous at Erdaoguan on the second day of March, and concentrated on attacking Hetuala, the capital of Houjin.

Nurhachi had already heard the news of the Ming army. Faced with the danger of being encircled and suppressed by the army and possibly being wiped out, Nurhachi and the children of the Eight Banners, who had experienced a hundred battles, were calm and calm, and with the determination to protect their families and defend their clans, they swore to kill the enemy. Nurhachi showed extraordinary military command ability and adopted the correct policy of concentrating forces, breaking through each one, giving full play to one's strengths, and overcoming the enemy's shortcomings. He emphatically pointed out: "If you come a few ways, I will only go all the way", withdrew the soldiers of the various tunzhai villages, and left only a small number of troops to defend the south and east roads, and the Eight Banners Brigade first faced the main force of the Ming army, the West Road, Juniper Division. Jianzhou learned that Juniper was "brave and strong", and decided to set up an ambush to outwit Yong. When Juniper led more than 20,000 troops, galloped more than 100 miles, and rushed to the Hunhe River, Nurhachi had buried jīng soldiers in the depths of the mountains and forests, and sent people to block the upstream, so that the river was suddenly shallow. When the Ming army crowded across the river, the ambush broke out, Nurhachi led the Great Bel Daishan, the second Belle Amin, the third Bel Mang Gurtai, the fourth Belle Huang Taiji and the Eight Banners ministers, commanded the Eight Banners strong brigade, with twice the strength of Juniper, bravely rushed to kill, on the first day of the third month, Yu Salhu (one hundred and twenty miles away from Hetu Alaxi, now Liaoning Fushun East Dahuofang Reservoir) quickly eliminated the Ming army on the West Road, and killed Juniper, Wang Xuan, Zhao Menglin three general soldiers. Second, Nurhachi led the army to defeat the Northern Route Army, and the general army Ma Lin fled in a hurry. Nurhachi sat in Hetuala, sent the big Belle Daishan, led the Beylers and ministers, and led the troops to meet the Eastern Route Army of the Ming Yong general Liu Wei. When Liu Wei entered the Abu Dali Gang on the fourth day of the first month of March, about 50 miles away from Hetuala, the Houjin army had already "set up an ambush in the valley", and sent a Ming officer, holding the "horn arrow" (i.e., the arrow) of Juniper, galloping to Liu Ying, inducing it to advance quickly, Liu Wei was in the plan, hurriedly went, the team was not in a column, a ambush, Dai Shan waved the Eight Banners to rush suddenly, kill Liu Wei, the Ming army was caught off guard, the whole army was destroyed, and the Korean Marshal Jiang Hongli led the crowd to reduce the gold. Li Rubai, the commander-in-chief of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, learned of the defeat and retreated in a hurry on the orders of Yang Hao.

The Ming army attacked in four directions, was defeated on three routes, four general soldiers were killed in battle, more than 310 Taoist ministers, deputy general soldiers, staff generals, guerrillas, capital divisions, general judges, garrisons, Chinese army, thousand generals, and general commanders, more than 45,800 soldiers died, more than 28,000 horses, mules, and camels were lost, and 20,000 firearms and guns were abandoned.

The first decisive battle between the Ming and Jin (Qing), due to the correct command of the Manchu leader Nurhachi and the brave rush of the Eight Banners, finally ended with the complete defeat of the Ming army in Sarhu, and the emerging Manchus avoided the disaster of the dead and advanced rapidly, and the Later Jin State became even stronger.

The battle of Salhu in March of the forty-seventh year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (the fourth year of the Mandate of Heaven, 1619) made a fundamental change in the relationship between Ming and Jin, and since then, Houjin has gained the initiative, the people's hearts are excited, the equipment is sufficient, the horses are herd, and the military prestige is far away, while the Ming State is frightened and frightened, the officers and soldiers are afraid of war, the loss of human and animal firearms is huge, and the soldiers have no will, and they have fallen into a passive and embarrassing adversity.

On June 16 of the fourth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi took advantage of the Ming Dynasty to take the Kaiyuan Daoist official Zheng Zhifan to be greedy and mediocre and neglected the defense and the general army Ma Lin's laxity and negligence, and led the army to take the Liaodong military town Kaiyuan lightly, "easy as a decay", and beheaded Ma Lin and other officials. On July 25, the Jin army conquered Tieling again, and the prestige of the Jin army shook the world. Under the unusually smooth military progress, Nurhachi took a series of effective measures politically, economically, and diplomatically to consolidate the interior, strengthen the strength, break through the encirclement, and create conditions for the capture of Liaodong.

In July of the fourth year of the Mandate of Heaven, the original Kaiyuan Qianzong Wang Yiping, Dai Jibin, Jin Yuhe, Bai Qice, and Dai Yiyi, who guarded the fort, brought more than 20 people to "find a wife to surrender" because "their children were captured". Twenty members of the Tong family also defected and fled. Nurhachi was very pleased, and said: "Nikan has no example of defecting to another country", and "those who come and fall here know that God will bless me." He heard that I raised people, so I came to cast my ears", "We should be good at raising people who come to vote". Then he gave six men fifty each, fifty horses and oxen, fifty sheep, two camels, fifty taels of silver, ten horses of silk, and a hundred pieces of cloth. And he gave him forty chiefs, forty heads of oxen and horses, forty sheep, one camel, forty taels of silver, eight pieces of satin, and eighty pieces of cloth. The rest of the attendants, according to their duties, gave their wives, servants, ahahs, farms, oxen, horses, clothing, food, and other things.

On July 26, Nurha Chiqin led the Eight Banners to defeat the soldiers of the Khalkha Department of Zhaisai and other Beile aiding the Ming at Tieling, and captured the three fathers and sons of Zhaisai and 20 Beile and Taiji, which brought about a major change in Manchu and Mongolian relations.

Nurhachi has always attached importance to reconciliation and alliance with the Mongolian tribes, and very early on he had contacts with some Beile and Taiji envoys from the Korqin Department and the Fifth Khalkha Department of Mongolia, and married and married. He heard that the daughter of Ming'an Belle of the Urut tribe of the Horqin tribe was "quite rich" and hired him as a concubine, and married the daughter of Kongolbel of the Korqin tribe. His sons Chu Ying, Mang Gurtai, Huang Taiji, and Derge were all married to the daughters of Beyler such as Neiqi Khan.

Especially after the rise of Jianzhou, the Ming Dynasty implemented the policy of "using the west to capture (Mongolia) and control Dongyi (Jianzhou)", spending millions of taels of silver every year to give Mongolian Baylor, asking them to send troops to help the Ming Dynasty fight, and besiege Houjin from the north, which further highlighted the important position and strong influence of Mongolia in the Mingjin battle. Under the lure of the Ming court's heavy reward, Zhaisai, who dominated the five Khalkha tribes, as well as the Zalut tribe Sèben, Bakbele and others, allied with the Ming, swore to conquer Jianzhou, repeatedly attacked Houjin Village, robbed and killed Houjin envoys, and sent troops to aid Tieling. Even Nurhachi's brother-in-law, Sangarzhai (the son of Ming Anbele), also led troops to accompany Zhai Sai to aid the Ming Dynasty and conquer his brother-in-law.

After Nurhachi seized Zhai Sai and Sèben, he made a wise decision not to kill for the time being, and released 140 of Zhai Sai's subordinates to return to his subordinates, so as to win the separation of the five Mongolian Khalkha tribes from the Ming State and allow them to establish a friendly alliance with Houjin. In August, the five Khalkha tribes sent an envoy to ask not to kill Zhaisai, and Nurhachi replied, listing the faults of Zhaisai, explaining that he was not killed because he remembered the five Zhuolik Tuhun Batu Rubel and Ebradyi Huangtaiji. On October 22, the five Khalkha Beylers, headed by Zhuolik Tuhumba Turubele, sent envoys to ask for an alliance against Ming, and the war would be the same battle, and the peace would be the same peace. On the first day of the 11th month, Nurhachi sent five ministers, including the Nemesis, to slaughter cattle and horses with the five tribes, and swore an oath to the heavens, determined to "jointly discuss a crusade against the original enemy of the Ming Kingdom", and if peace was negotiated, they would "jointly negotiate peace", and those who violated it would "lose their lives and live a short life". Nurhachi released Jaisai's son Keshiktu, gave him a fur-fur coat and a saddle horse, and sent him back to his ministry, and announced that he would consider the return date of Saisai after the two countries had conquered the Ming Kingdom and obtained Quang Ninh, and before that, his two sons could take turns serving their father in Houjin; The relationship between the Later Jin and the Mongolian Khalkha Five Divisions has undergone a welcome change.

On the 17th day of the first month of the fifth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi replied to a letter from Chahar Lindan Khan, accusing him of arrogance and pretending to be "the Mongol lord of 400,000", ridiculing him for his two defeats to the Ming army, and advising him not to accept the wealth of the Ming Dynasty, and to excuse himself for the sake of profit.

Nurhachi also tried to weaken relations between Korea and the Ming Kingdom, breaking through the encirclement in the south. The king of Joseon has always followed the Ming Dynasty closely, despised Jianzhou, and obeyed the order of the Ming Emperor, sent the capital marshal Jiang Hongli to lead more than 13,000 troops, and followed the Ming general soldier Liu Ling to attack Hetuara from the east. At the beginning of March of the fourth year of the Mandate of Heaven, when Nurhachi defeated the Ming army in Sarhu, he forced Jiang Hongwen to lead 5,000 troops to surrender and avoid death and detention, and on March 21, he sent an envoy to the king of Joseon, calling himself "the Khan of the Later Jin State", listing the "Seven Great Hatreds", accusing the Ming Dynasty of bullying Jianzhou and Korea, "The Emperor of the Ming Kingdom wants to send his sons to Korea and our country to be the lords of the country, and this Nikan Emperor insults us and the other two countries too much", persuading Korea to turn away from the Ming Dynasty. Although the DPRK replied, adhered to the pro-Ming and respectful Ming policy, advised Nurhachi to withdraw the army and make peace, and still respected the Ming Emperor as the king and regarded himself as a vassal, Nurhachi did not give up and continued to send envoys to the DPRK to tell his views and drive a wedge between Korea and the Ming Kingdom. At the same time, Nurhachi actively consolidated his internal strength and strengthened it. In June of the fourth year of the Mandate of Heaven, in order to facilitate the use of soldiers, the "Imperial Palace" and the Eight Banners Baylor, ministers, and soldiers were built in Jiefan, and Yinghan and Zhubeile Fujin came to live here, and moved to Sal Price after 16 months, approaching the Ming Realm step by step.

In March of the fifth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi formulated the system of "Meritorious Order" for the first time, invoking the official title of the Ming Dynasty, and setting up the chief military officer, deputy general, staff general, and guerrilla, all of which were divided into three classes. From the chief military officer to the garrison, they are all hereditary positions. In addition, each cow is recorded, and there are four thousand members. This played a considerable role in encouraging the Eight Banners generals to be loyal to Khan and contribute to the country.

On the fourth day of the sixth month of the fifth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi ordered two trees to be erected outside the door, and ordered: "Whoever has a situation that cannot be reached, the written complaint can be hung on the wood, and I will turn it on according to the complaint so that it can be interrogated." "This measure is conducive to being sympathetic to the people's concerns, upholding justice, and making it possible for the lower feelings to reach Khan.

In the same month, Nurhachi sent people for the first time to "boil salt to the East China Sea." The Jianzhou Jurchen region has never produced salt, and has always relied on "reward" and "retribution" to receive ten catties, eight catties and twenty catties of salt from the border ministers of the Ming Dynasty, which is very difficult, so that a considerable number of Jurchens have no salt to eat for a long time, and Baoyi Aha often flees from the master because of lack of salt. This time, the effect of boiling salt was remarkable, and soon 120,000 catties were transported back, and "given according to the Ding in the country", which eased the extremely tight supply of salt in a certain way.

In September of the fifth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi dealt with the heavy case of disputes within the imperial family, and for the first time proposed the system of "co-governing the country". For a long time, the second Bel Amin hated his half-brother Jaisangu Beyl, and the eldest Bel Daishan abused his ex-wife's son Shuo Shan Beylor, and the relationship was very tense. On the third day of the ninth month, someone first told Zhai Sangu and Shuotuo yù to defect to the Ming Kingdom, and the thirteenth rì Nurhachi agreed with Zhu Beile and the minister to "send troops to block the road to the Ming Kingdom", and detained and imprisoned the two that night, and Dai Shan and Amin begged to the Khan, and killed the two. Asserting that Jaisangu and Shuo had complained about a discord with his brother and father, and that he had not defected, he ordered his release. It was immediately ascertained that Dai Shan did not divide the "good friends and countrymen" with his ex-wife's sons Yue Zhi and Shuo Zhi, and falsely accused Shuo Zhi of communicating with his two concubines. Nurhachi was furious and severely condemned Dai Shan, angrily pointing out that this kind of person who listened to his wife's slander and killed his parents and son, "How can he be qualified to be the king of a country and hold (in charge of great government)!" He immediately announced in public: "In the past, he attacked his father's kingdom, so he was made the crown prince, and now the prince is abolished, and his subordinates and subordinates will be seized by all the subordinates and subordinates of his dictatorship." "Twenty-eight rì, Dai Shan killed his stepwife with his own hands, and sent someone to ask Nurhachi to ask for "if his father Khan is not sentenced to death and be reborn", hoping that he would be allowed to ask for guilt. Nurhachi expressed his leniency and ordered Daishan to swear a rapprochement with his brothers. Dai Shan swore to God that he would "never do anything wrong" and complain and hate in the future. The Eight Harmony Sho Bel and the ministers "also made an oath" to accuse Dai Shan of his mistakes, declaring that "Amin Taiji, Mang Gultai Taiji, Huang Taiji, Derge, Yue Xu, Zilharang, Azig Ago, Dolgon, and Duoduo were appointed as Heshuo Ezhen", stipulating that the new Khan "shall not run amok" and cannot degrade the diligent and diligent government affairs of Heshuo Ezhen out of his own personal grudges. If a certain Heshuo Ezhen commits the crime of disrupting government affairs, it will be adjudicated by the other Seven Banners Heshuo Ezhen Assembly, and the punishment shall be punished, and the punishment shall be punished if the murder shall be punished. Although Dai Shan was dismissed as the crown prince, he still ruled over the original red and red flags, and still ranked first among the four major Baylors, supporting the national affairs and unifying the army. The internal contradictions of the ruling class in the Later Jin Dynasty have been alleviated by a great deal of relief.

On the sixteenth day of the second month of the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven, in response to Ahha's mistreatment by his slave owners and his rebellion and escape, Nurhachi issued a "Khan Edict", exhorting the head of the family to "have mercy on Aha", "Aha should love the Lord", and "the two sides should love each other". He demanded that Aha hand over all the "valleys of the cultivated fields" to the head of the house, and that the master should weave more cloth in the family, and provide Aha with clothes and food, and if the head of the house did not "raise Aha well", Aha "took it from the abusing lord and gave it to the good keeper after appealing for inferior food and clothing". Nurhachi's issuance of this edict was an attempt to ease the sharp class contradictions between slave owners and slaves on the eve of the large-scale attack on the Ming Dynasty, and to consolidate and maintain the dominant slave production relations in the post-Jin state.

After making full preparations in political, economic, diplomatic, military and other aspects, Nurhachi took advantage of the good opportunity of Xiong Tingbi, the old economic strategy of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, who was dismissed and reformed Yuan Yingtai, who was not familiar with the art of war, decided to attack Shenyang and Liaoyang, and launched the second decisive battle between the Ming and Jin (Qing).

On March 10 of the first year of the Tomorrow Dynasty (the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven, 1621), Nurha Chiqin led a large army to set off, arrived in Shenyang on the morning of the twelfth rì, and built a wooden city on the north bank of the Qili River in the east of the city. Shenyang "The city is quite strong, the moat outside the city is dredging, the logging is a fence, and the artillery is ambushed". There are ten traps equal to the human body dug outside the city, the bottom of the well is densely inserted with sharp wooden piles, there are four big trenches dug after the traps, the sharp piles are densely covered, and the big fence is set up again, the chariots are arranged along the inner moat, each car is equipped with two large cannons and four small cannons, and five cannons are placed between the two cars. Fengji Fort and Hupi Station also opened the river and built sluices, repaired solidly, and Shenyang became a horn.

In the city of Shenyang, there are He Shixian, You Shigong two general officers, each with more than 10,000 soldiers, the chief military officers Chen Ce and Dong Zhonghua led more than 10,000 soldiers from Sichuan and Zhejiang to come to the aid from Liaoyang, and Li Bingcheng, the general soldier of the fort guarding Fengji, Zhu Wanliang and Jiang Bi, the chief soldiers of the Wujing battalion, also led 30,000 troops to help. In terms of the total number of troops, the Ming State had a slight advantage, and the city of Shenyang was strong and deep, and there were many guns, so it was difficult for the Ming army to conquer if the city was held to the death.

If the war dragged on, after Chen Ce, Li Bingcheng and other more than 40,000 troops and other reinforcements arrived, the situation would be very sinister, so he took the opportunity to respond and decisively decided to lure the enemy out of the city, give full play to the strengths of his own army in field warfare, set up an ambush, and take the opportunity to annihilate the enemy. On March 12, Nurhachi sent dozens of cavalry "trench detectives", which were pursued by the chief soldier You Shigong Jiading, and four people died. He Shixian, the brave and unscrupulous general soldier, "brave and light, is easy to be a slave with", so he changed the original policy of "sticking to it" and "decided to fight". Second, Nurhachi sent a small number of old and weak soldiers to challenge, He Shixian drank and got drunk, led more than 1,000 people out of the city, boasted to Haikou, and said that he would "fight against the enemy". Jin Bing "deceived and defeated", and the sages were in the plan, "taking advantage of the sharp and advancing lightly". As soon as he entered the ambush, the Houjin "jīng rode Sihe", surrounded the Ming soldiers, bravely slashed and killed, and defeated the Ming soldiers. Shixian was "hit by four arrows in his body", fought and walked, retreated to the edge of the city, because the rope of the drawbridge was cut by the Mongols and Jurchens who were sent to the city by Nurhachi a few months ago, and could not enter the city. The Eight Banners pursued him, killed He Shixian and You Shigong, who came to help, rushed into the city, and laid down the important town of Shenyang, known as Jincheng Tangchi.

At this time, the Ming general soldier Chen Ce and others led the Sichuan and Zhejiang soldiers to help, just arrived at the Hunhe River, the Sichuan soldiers crossed the river, the camp was in the north of the bridge, the Zhejiang soldiers were in the south of the bridge, the camp was not yet well, Nurhachi took the opportunity to lead the army to attack, first eliminated the Sichuan soldiers in the north of the bridge, and then defeated the 30,000 Ming troops of Zhu Wanliang and Jiang Bi to help, and then annihilated the Zhejiang soldiers in the south of the bridge. Within one day, Nurha Chitong led 50,000 or 60,000 soldiers of the Eight Banners, fought four fierce battles, broke through more than 70,000 Ming troops, conquered Shenyang, and set a glorious example in military history of concentrating forces to defeat superior enemy forces.

Nurhachitun soldiers five rì, on the reward of meritorious deeds, March 18 rì gathered all the beylers, the ministers agreed, marched into Liaoyang.

On March 13, Shenyang was lost, Liaoyang was in danger, and the "soldiers were less than 10,000" in the city, and "the body was not intermediated, and the weapons were not profitable", and Liaodong's "strong soldiers" were half lost in the battle of Shenyang, and half were supported in various places. If the Jin soldiers gallop and attack on the 14th rì, they can easily take Liaoyang on the same day. Yuan Yingtai and Zhang Quan, the governor of the Ming Dynasty, took advantage of Nurhachi's delay and mistakes to quickly recruit reinforcements, withdraw Hupiyi, and collect fort soldiers back to Liaoyang, and within five days, gathered 130,000 troops.

At noon on March 19, Nurhachi led his army to the southeast corner of Liaoyang City, and in the evening of the same day, set up camp in Qili south of the city. At this time, the number of soldiers is clearly double that of gold. Talk about the terrain, defend clearly, and get the location. Liaoyang city is very solid, "the city is high and strong, standing majestic", digging three roads outside the city, each road is three zhang wide, two zhang deep, the embankment is rebuilt outside the Hao to drain the water, and the water of the Taizi River is introduced, and the moat is filled. There are tens of thousands of cannons in Liaoyang, seven of them, each weighing more than 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 catties, and one shot can kill hundreds of enemies, which is very powerful. The third volume of the "Records of Emperor Wu" describes the garrison situation in Liaoyang and says: "(Ming Chen) put the water of the Daizi River in the moat, plugged its west gate, lined up firearms on the city, lined up troops on all sides, and guarded it very strictly. Korean documents even describe the fearful situation of the Later Jin army looking at the city, pointing out: "(The Eight Banners Army) went to Liaoyang, and saw that the city was dangerous, and the soldiers were very strong, and the captives were all depressed and retreated. "If Yuan Yingtai of the Ming Dynasty has a good plan and sticks to it, Liaoyang will not be lost.

Seeing that the Ming army was heavily garrisoned, Nurhachi decided to avoid a hard attack and strive to outwit him. First of all, he solemnly declared his determination to fight to the death, and told the people in a solemn voice: "When I step back, I will be dead." You must kill me first, and then go back", and immediately "go alone". This fearless heroic spirit exerted a strong influence on the officers and men of the Eight Banners, prompting them to advance in the face of difficulties and turn their cowardice into courage.

Nurhachi once again used the correct tactics of giving full play to his strengths to control the enemy's shortcomings, and decided to lure the enemy out of the city and introduce an ambush in order to annihilate the enemy's army. On March 19, he first sent a few men and horses across the Taizi River to deceive the enemy, and the Ming army really fell into the plan. Yuan Yingtai of the Ming Dynasty had already agreed with the generals, "fear the enemy more, the main defense", now see that there are too few soldiers and horses in Houjin, "its horses can be counted", so because of "see few thieves and the main battle", the five general soldiers of Hou Shilu, Li Bingcheng, Liang Zhongshan, Jiang Bi, and Zhu Wanliang led the troops out of the city for five miles and camped in the teaching field. The Ming soldiers were unstable and the army was uncertain, and Nurhachi took the opportunity to command the army, "rushing to kill", "the Ming soldiers were defeated and died", and "the army was defeated and died". On the second rì, March 20, Nurha's relatives and commanders attacked fiercely, and after a long battle, the Ming army was defeated again. On March 21, Nurhachi led the army to attack with victory, and the originally sent "jiān fine" responded from the middle and captured Liaoyang, Yuan Yingtai committed suicide, and Zhang Quan was captured and died unyieldingly.

Nurhachi led the Eight Banners Beile and the ministers, entered the city, stationed in Jinglue Yamen, and ordered the Han people to return to obedience, and more than 70 cities east of the Liao River, such as Kuandian, Haizhou, Yaozhou, Gaizhou, Zhenjiang, Xiongyue, Fuzhou, Tangzhan, Wujingying, Changning, Changjing, Sanhe, Shifangsi, Yongning, Zhenyi, Weiyuan, Gushan, Tianshui Station, Caohe, Fengji, Pinglu, Puhe, Yilu, Anshan, etc., "all cut and surrendered".

On the eleventh day of the fourth month of the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi summoned the beyles and ministers to discuss whether to move the capital here. They all advocated returning to Jianzhou and were unwilling to keep Liaoyang. Nurhachi flatly rejected their proposals, accusing them of being short-sighted and unambitious. He emphatically pointed out: thanks to the emperor's favor, hard work and success, subjugated the area east of the Liao River, if you return to your hometown, Liaoyang will be recovered and fortified by the Ming Kingdom, and the castle people who fled in the valley will get rid of the rule of Houjin, "abandon the territory and return to the country, will be troubled to conquer", the emperor is so "favorite place", how can he abandon it! He exhorted the sons to have great ambitions, and said earnestly: "Today I will raise an army and create a great cause for your sons." Sons, how can you say you can't! Therefore, Zhu Beile and the ministers unanimously replied, "This is true", and then decided to move the capital to Liaoyang, send people to welcome the Khan's Fujin and the prince, and move the people of the Jianzhou area to Liaodong. Nurhachi's decision played an important role in promoting the development of Houjin.

On the eighteenth day of the first month of the seventh year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi led the Eight Banners and conquered Guangning, an important town in eastern Liaodong of the Ming Dynasty. Although the Ming had an army of 200,000 outside the pass, two and a half times more than the Jin army, and there were many firearms, Nurhachi was not afraid, and crossed the Liao River at 20 rì, entered the siege of Xiping, and stormed the city at noon on the 21st, and then fought with the 100,000 Ming army in Shaling, killing Liu Qu, the general soldier of Liaodong, and Qi Bingzhong, the general soldier of Liaodong, and won a complete victory. On the twenty-fourth day of the first month, Nurhachi led the army to Guangning, and the Ming guerrilla Sun Degong and others led the soldiers and people to carry the banner and play music to surrender, welcome into the city, and stationed in the governor's yamen. More than 40 officers and soldiers from Pingyang, Xixing, Jinzhou, Dalinghe, and Youtunwei surrendered. On February 17, Nurhachi ordered the troops of Zhubeile to stay in Guangning, move the officials and people of Jinzhou, Yizhou and other places to Hedong, and return to Liaoyang.

After the Jin army entered Liaodong after March of the first year of the Ming Dynasty (the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven, 1621), Nurhachi was faced with a completely different new form, that is, establishing and consolidating the rule of the Later Jin state in the long-feudal Han region, and thus had to solve many new problems. For example, the Liaohe River is mainly inhabited by the Han people, whether it is the production relationship, the political system, the cultural tradition, or the way of life, customs, clothing and hairstyle, as well as the language and writing, and physiognomy of the Manchus, they are completely different from the Manchus. After the Manchu people moved to Liaodong, how did they settle down, whether they stuck to the old customs, changed to the Han system, or did they use other methods? Liaodong and its vicinity, there are a considerable number of Mongol tribes, what kind of guidelines and policies are adopted towards them, and what is the layout of the relationship between Manchu, Mongolian, and Han? The population in eastern Liaodong has been greatly reduced, the people are not living peacefully, the fields are barren, and the society is chaotic. The Ming court deployed troops and horses, repaired the castle extensively, rushed to transport grain and grass, rushed to make firearms, armor, swords and arrows, and tried to save the crisis in Liaodong, defend Ningyuan and Jinzhou, and ensure the safety of Shanhaiguan, and repeatedly sent secret envoys to infiltrate Liaodong Prefecture and County, contact anti-Jin personnel, plan armed resistance and a large number of flights, in order to disrupt the Jin State, contain its troops, and then wait for the opportunity to send troops to recover the lost territory.

In particular, how to deal with the fierce resistance of the Han people in Liaodong? Since the Jin army entered Liaodong after March of the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven, the nobles of the Eight Banners plundered a large number of people into slavery, expanded the scope of slavery exploitation, and angered the Liaodong army and people who had long rebelled against the feudal system.

On March 21, when Liaoyang was lost and the Jin soldiers seized the whole city, the vast number of Liaoyang citizens protested against the greedy and plundering habits of the Houjin and "set fire to their homes, destroying pots, urns, and window paper."

Chen Da and others, who were "not subject to false orders", sent Chen Yaodao, a general of Kuandian and Guo Yanguang and Lu Duan, who were sent by the Jin Institute to surrender the four guards of Jinzhou, Fuzhou, Haizhou and Gaizhou, and garrisoned Guo Yanguang and Lu Duan, "gathered 3,000 people and fought a bloody alliance". Ren Jiu of Mahu Mountain, Jin Guoyong of Xitou Mountain, Cui Tiantai of Matou Mountain, Wang Sishao of Zhuoshan, etc., as well as the "Dongshan miners", refused to reduce the gold, and "gathered to wait for the soldiers (Ming soldiers)". Gaizhou student Li Yu Chūn and others, gathered "more than 2,000 miners to defend", and killed the envoys sent by Houjin to persuade them to surrender.

Hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians from Liaodong fled the Jinguo area, took refuge on the coastal islands and entered Korea, and even more fled into the Guannai, reaching more than 2.8 million in the seventh year of the Mandate of Heaven.

Within five years (1621-1626), the prefectures and counties that had already taken place and were actively preparing for armed resistance included Liaoyang, Haizhou, Anshan, Yaozhou, Gaizhou, Fuzhou, Xiuyan, Sanhe, Xincheng, Jinzhou, Zhenjiang, Qinghe, Fushun and other places, basically covering all the areas under the jurisdiction of Houjin. The Liao people also adopted other methods of struggle. Some secretly put poison in an attempt to poison Khan, Baylor and the officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners; Some violated the ban, secretly hid weapons, and did not hand in weapons in accordance with regulations, in preparation for the uprising; Some defied Khan's edict and took in the fleeing soldiers and people, as well as Ahha; Some tried by all means to kill the officers and men of the Eight Banners who had committed crimes and punished the rioters who oppressed the people.

It was precisely because the soldiers and people of Liaodong and the Manchu Aha strongly opposed the barbaric slavery and the enslavement of the Eight Banners nobles, "did not settle down, often fled, and engaged in jiān fine", frequently revolted, and fled in large numbers, resulting in a situation of "many defections and chaos", which made the cities and villages in the Later Jin State restless, and the territory chaotic, which seriously threatened the rule of the Later Jin.

Faced with a complex and dangerous situation, Nurhachi resolutely decided on the policy of recognizing the original feudal system of the Han people in Liaodong, successively reducing the Manchu slavery system, and promoting its transition to feudalism.

On the first day of the fourth month of the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven, that is, on the eighth day after the Jin army captured Liaoyang, when Nurhachi advised the people of Haizhou, Fuzhou, and Jinzhou to surrender, he formally put forward the policy of "keeping the old business" for the Liao people. He issued an edict saying: "The people of Liaodong who have been won by fighting to the death will not be killed but raised, and each will keep the old business", so that the people of Liaodong "will do their best, do business, do business, and produce all kinds of good things, which is a long-term benefit!" A month later, when he advised the people of Zhenjiang to surrender, he pointed out that he would not kill all the people here and discard all the grain exported here because the people of Zhenjiang killed the Houjin officials who were sent to persuade them to surrender. "We hate the lack of the people", and the Liao people should return to obedience as soon as possible, so "each guards his house and cultivates his field". This policy has since been reiterated several times.

According to this policy, the soldiers and civilians of Liaodong can each keep their original ancestral industry and engage in their previous trades, therefore, the landlord's fields and houses are still owned by him, and others are not allowed to encroach on them, and those who originally engaged in business and opened shops can still buy goods, build utensils, and sell them for profit, and the rich and large families can still hire workers, recruit tenants to cultivate, and collect rent grain, while the original tenant farmers still have to rent the landlord's farmland, the hired farmers still serve the owner, and the helpers and apprentices still have to contribute to the boss's workshop. This means that the new master of the Liaodong region, Jin Guoyingming Khan Nurhachi, recognized the old traditions, old forms of property rights, and old business methods of all walks of life in this region, that is, he recognized that the feudal production relations among the Han people in the Liaoshen region could be continued, and the feudal system was guaranteed, and even the exploitation mode of the feudal system was restored in some places.

Immediately afterwards, Nurhachi announced the implementation of the policy of "granting land to the people". On the 14th day of the seventh month of the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi issued an edict to divide the fields, ordering the land of 100,000 rì (one rì is six or ten mu of land) from the land of Haizhou and 200,000 rì of the land in Liaodong, and distributed it to the soldiers of the Eight Banners and the Han people. On the first day of October of the same year, he sent another edict to the Han people, saying: The people of the five guards of Liaodong and the people of the four guards of Haizhou, Gaizhou, Fuzhou, and Jinzhou ordered to plant 300,000 rì of the ownerless land. Since then, the land has been granted to the Manchu and Han people many times. In the land granted to the Han people, it is basically a continuation of the feudal production relations of the Liao people in the past.

On the basis of "each keeping the old industry" and "counting and granting fields", Nurhachi followed the feudal enslavement system of the Ming Dynasty and made some necessary modifications. In the edict on the division of land on July 14, Nurhachi stipulated that the Han people who received the land were required to "cultivate the official fields for one hour in three dings" and "conscript one ding for every twenty dings to serve as a soldier and one ding to serve in official service." However, this method of exploitation of labor rent for cultivating official land was too old to be suitable for the long-term feudal Liaodong region, and could not be implemented, so a new law was revised.

On the seventeenth day of August in the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi ordered: "Urgently force and urge the collection of grain grass from official endowments in accordance with the old practice." On September 16, he also issued an edict to the Eight Guerrilla and the Second Capital Division, which were in charge of the affairs of the Han people, that "the valley of official levies must be levied with grass." On the 10th day of the first month of December, he issued another edict, accusing Liu Xingzuo, the deputy general of Gaizhou, of saying: "Why don't you rush to supervise and send the official taxes such as grain, silver, charcoal, iron, and salt that were levied according to the old regulations?" and ordered Liu to send soldiers to "urge the collection of the taxes levied according to the old regulations." This "old example" is the Ming Dynasty's regulation of collecting feudal taxes in Liaodong.

Since the Jin State had always used ding as the main unit of calculation, Nurhachi, while retaining the basic items and positive amounts of feudal taxes levied by the Ming Dynasty, infiltrated the traditional practice before settling in Liao and Shen, and implemented the system of counting and levying and levying servitude. On the 18th day of November in the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi issued a "document" to the Han people, saying: "All kinds of tributes" in Liaodong were originally calculated by households, and as a result, "the rich were exempted from military service due to wealth, and the poor were exempted from military service because they had no wealth". Those who served in the army were required to "ride ten taels of horses and carry equipment," and twenty men were responsible for the purchase. In February of the eighth year of the Mandate of Heaven, "those who levy official endowments for one ding a year are endowed with grain, silver, and material for raising military horses, a total of three taels."

For the Manchu Zhushen, in addition to paying official dues according to Ding, they also had to serve as soldiers, which was generally three Dings and one was a soldier, and in case of heavy wars, the proportion was greater. In November of the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi issued an edict to increase the armor of each cow by 50 and stationed in Liaoyang and Haizhou. In the first month of the seventh year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi ordered each ox to record 100 jia to join the expedition, and 50 jia to stay behind. According to one ox record one hundred and fifty armor, it is two to draw one soldier. Other city builders, grain transportation, etc., are also often sent to the service.

As Bao Yi Aha violently opposed the barbaric slavery of the slave owners and fled in large numbers, Nurhachi issued a kha decree ordering Aha to "take the Lord as his father", "refrain from thieves and thieves, and deceive and violent thoughts", and "do his best to do Ahha's deeds" so as not to be scolded and tortured by the Lord; At the same time, some slave owners who cruelly abused Aha and beat Aha to death, and prevented the master from arbitrarily killing Aha (4). This played a certain role in promoting the transition of the Manchus from slavery to feudalism.

In the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven, after Nurhachi was stationed in Liaoyang Ming and Liaodong Jingluo Yamen, he set a policy of appointing a large number of Han officials. Twenty-four rì, he ordered "to release the officials and people in Liaoyang Prison, investigate those who are idle and reinstated, and restore them to their original posts." Eight guerrilla members and two capital divisions were set up to entrust them with affairs." Nurhachi was quite right to do so. Because the Manchu nobles headed by Khan and Baylor were not numerous, and the 50,000 or 60,000 Jin soldiers could only live in Liaoyang, Shenyang, Guangning, and a few important military areas, and it was difficult for other prefectures and counties and the vast countryside to be stationed one by one. Under such constraints, without the support of the representatives of the Han landlord class, it would have been difficult for Khan and Baylor to gain a firm foothold in Liaodong. Nurhachi once specially summoned the Han officials and said to them: "The people of your country, those who are credible, and those who are unreliable, know it." ”

Nurhachi paid special attention to the collection and use of criminal ministers, deposed officials, and middle-level generals and officials of the Ming Dynasty. On the eighth day of the sixth month, he issued a special edict to the governor, instructing that instead of Ming ministers, petty officials who were willing to serve the Jin State should be promoted, because those who were originally ministers of the Ming Dynasty "have always been officials, not equal to me", and it is useless for Jin, and those petty officials are biased towards the last minister, as well as criminal ministers and idle officials, or because they read less poetry and books, they only want to make profits, bend the law for bribes, and seek promotion; Or they may lose their officialdom and go to prison, and they may be disgruntled, so they may betray the old king, take refuge in the new Khan, and "turn to us", "flatter us, and do their best to make them talented". Therefore, the Han officials he appointed were "half of them were sentenced to death in the Ming Dynasty and were imprisoned, and half of them lost their official positions and had nothing, and they were all supported by the battle."

In the Khan's edict to the "guerrillas of the Ming Kingdom," Nurhachi put forward four demands on them: First, he ordered the Han officials to "diligently abide by all kinds of laws and regulations," that is, to implement the decrees and edicts requiring Aha to cultivate the fields and hand over the grain, force the Han people to cultivate the land and abide by the law, pay grain for errands, and not to defect. Second, the Han officials should "be the eyes of the sweat and observe the people; for the ears of the sweat, for the hearers, and for all things, to be supervised in detail. That is, they wanted to reconnoiter the attitude of the Han people towards Khan and Baylor, whether there was any defection and conspiracy, and report it at any time, so as to serve the policy of "pacifying thieves and stopping evil rebellion" formulated by Nurhachi. The third is to order Han officials to "judge fairly" in order to maintain the rule of the Later Jin State. The fourth is to advise the Han officials not to "subordinate the people of Kesuo", so as not to intensify the contradictions and cause the Liao people to oppose the rule of the Jin State more violently.

Nurhachi has repeatedly announced that Han officials who serve loyally and faithfully should be promoted unusually, "rewarded with wealth", "rewarded with merit and given as officials", and made them "enjoy it for life", and the descendants of meritorious heroes can inherit the official positions of their ancestors and fathers from generation to generation. The former Ming Fushun guerrilla Li Yongfang, was promoted to the third deputy general at the beginning, and was promoted to the third rank of the general military officer after the conquest of Liaoyang. Ming merchant Tong Yang was awarded the third rank of deputy general at the beginning, and the second rank of chief military officer after breaking Liaoyang. Liu Xingzuo, a native of Kaiyuan, was appointed as the first emperor after the descent, and after going down to Liaoyang, he was promoted to the deputy general, and his nephew was also a general in Haizhou.

These measures had a great impact, and in the early days when the Jin army entered Liaodong, many Ming Dynasty officials, generals, and students surrendered to the new monarch, offered advice, sent letters, urged taxes, moved people and divided land, checked Dingkou, and pursued fugitives, which played a considerable role in consolidating the rule of the Jin State.

Taking advantage of the favorable conditions of conquering Liaodong's defeat of the Ming army, Nurhachi further strengthened the work of winning the return of Mongolia and establishing the Manchu-Mongolian alliance, and achieved remarkable results. In November of the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Gulbush and Manggoltaiji of the Khalkha Department of Mongolia led 645 households to return. On the 16th day of February of the 7th year, 16 beylers of the Ulut tribe of Horqin, Mongolia, including Ming'an and Uerzatu, and Shilinak and other beylers of the Khalkha department, led more than 3,000 households to return to Shun. Another 1,200 households from the five Khalkha departments came to vote. Nurhachi was given official positions, furs, satin, cloth, and silverware, as well as "barrage, slaves, cattle, horses, grain, and millet", and "everything used was rewarded." For some people who are strong Baylor and Taiji, they are also allowed to marry Jin Guohan and Baylor to share the glory and wealth. Nurhachi named Gulbush as a first-class commander-in-chief, married the eighth daughter, Princess Conggutu, with the honorific title of forehead, and gave the Jurchen a Niu Lu and a Mongolian Yi Niu Lu. He was awarded the rank of chief military officer of Mangguoer and married to the daughter of his brother Jibaili. Buyan Dynasty, the first second-class general, married the princess as his wife, and sealed the forehead. Nurhachi conferred on his father-in-law, Ming'an, the rank of third-class commander-in-chief, and gave him special privileges. Ming'an's son Dorji also married a princess and was a concubine. Ngdertaiji, the Bayott of the Mongolian Khalkha tribe, who had come to pay homage very early, also married Nurhachi's niece, with the honorific title of Eji, and after his return, he was conferred the rank of third-class commander-in-chief, and gave him an oath, and gave him fourteen towsos, forty pairs of men and women who were "close servants and felling and carrying water", as well as a large amount of gold and silver. His son Solha married Nurhachi's granddaughter.

Nurhachi also issued a special document to the Mongol Beylers, declaring that he would "treat his own sons without distinction between those who come from him and those who come from him," and designated them to "form kinships" with Khan and Beyler, respectively, in order to "provide good support" for them. When the house of Saisai gave his two sons and a daughter hostages and brought 2,000 horses, 3,000 cattle, and 5,000 sheep to the Saisai race, Nurhachi was very generous and agreed to release him early. He led the Four Beyler Emperor Taiji and the Second Beyler Amin to swear an oath to the heavens, declaring that if the livestock was deceived and not returned to Saisai, "they would suffer to death." Jaisai also vowed to "take the adopted father (referring to Nurhachi) as his father" and "his brothers as his brothers", and if he changed his mind after returning to the tribe, he would "suffer to death". Nurhachi generously gave him a bow and a saddle and a horse armor, and ordered Zhu Bel to be sent ten miles away, and set up a feast to say goodbye, and gave the daughter he held hostage to the Great Belle as a concubine. Nurhachi ordered Zhubeile to swear an alliance with Korqin and Oba and other beylers to "be willing to work with one heart" against Chahar. These policies and measures attracted many Mongolian Beile and Taiji troops to join them, incorporated them into the Eight Banners, expanded the army, strengthened their combat effectiveness, established a relatively solid friendly alliance with Khalkha and Korqin, and provided favorable conditions for the Later Jin State to fight against the Ming Dynasty and against Chahar Lindan Khan. In view of the power of the Beyles and the difficulty in selecting suitable heirs, Nurhachi announced in March of the 7th Mandate of Heaven (1622) that the system of "co-governance of the country" would be implemented in the future, and some measures were taken to gradually create conditions for the full implementation of this system.

Although Nurhachi was a "wise and heroic" founding monarch who solved many seemingly unsolvable problems, after entering Liaoshen, he quickly recognized the new form, and promptly adopted the policy of "keeping the old professions" and appointing a large number of Han officials, which achieved certain results, but due to the class limitations of the big slave owners and the big serf owners and the constraints of historical conditions, he could not adhere to and thoroughly implement the correct policies that were in line with the needs of Liaodong to conform to the flow of the times. Leaping forward and a little fluttering, proud and imperious, rigid and self-serving, so since the eighth year of the Mandate of Heaven, he has made a lot of mistakes and done some stupid things. First of all, he should not change from "nurturing Nikan" to killing Liao people.

In June of the eighth year of the Mandate of Heaven (1623), when he heard that the number of Han people in Fuzhou had increased, and that he was about to defect after accepting the Ming Dynasty's "Jiān Xihe Zafu", Nurhachi sent Beile Daishan, Zaisangu, Azig, Dudu, Shuo and other Beile to lead 20,000 troops to suppress them, killing all the men and bringing back a large number of children and livestock. In the first month of the ninth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi issued nine successive kha edicts and sent a large number of officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners to check the grain of the Han people in most areas of the Jin State. Nurhachi insulted the "people without grain" as "those who do not plow the fields, have no grain, do not settle at home, and flee from this place to another place (the Ming Kingdom)", and ordered the officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners to "regard the people without grain as enemies", and when they found them "idle and begging", they immediately "arrested them and sent them", and on the 27th day of the first lunar month, they "killed the nikan (Han people) who were found and sent from everywhere". On the third day of the tenth month of the tenth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi issued a long edict, accusing the Han people of "harboring Jiān fine, accepting Zafu, and defecting endlessly", and listed the cases of armed resistance of the Han people in Zhenjiang, Changshan Island, Chuancheng, Yaozhou, Changyi Station, Anshan, Haizhou, Jinzhou and other places, and announced that he would kill the defectors. He ordered the Eight Banners Baylor and the chief military officer to prepare the generals above the imperial level, and led the soldiers to each go to the villages under his own jurisdiction to "distinguish" the Han people, and all those who resisted the gold were to be executed. Each general obeyed the order, "go separately, meet the village fort, that is, dismount and kill." From time to time, it was said that the Liao people had almost killed everything, and the relationship between the Manchus and the Han Dynasty deteriorated extremely.

In the "Khan's Edict" on the third day of the first month of October, Nurhachi ordered the "villains" (i.e., laborers) who had not been killed to "build the city and pay for the endowment" to all the tunkesos (villages) of the Khan and Beyler, with thirteen dings and seven oxen per village, 100 pounds of cultivated land, 80 pounds of Zhuang Ding "for their own consumption", and 20 days for "official endowment". After the compilation of Ding Lizhuang, below the chief military officer, above the reserve, "each reserve is given a village". As a result, the Han people, who had been "counting Ding and receiving land", lost their status as "households" and were reduced to "Zhuang Ding" who were slaves, and were forced to pay several times the amount of Ding paid by the "Ji Ding Grant Land", which aggravated personal slavery and made the exploitation even more severe. Most of the Han people in the eastern Liaodong region (i.e., except for the Han people who were originally from the Aha lineage), fell from the "households" of the Later Jin State who "granted land to the Later Jin State" to the feudal serfs who paid high land rents and were oppressed by the owners, which severely deepened the suffering of the Liao people, and the serfdom of the manors expanded to spread throughout the Houjin jurisdiction, which was a great regression.

Since the suppression of the soldiers and civilians in Fuzhou in June of the eighth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi has undergone great changes in his treatment of Han officials, abandoning the original correct policy of wooing Han officials and appointing a large number of Han officials, mistakenly becoming suspicious of them, and adopting an attitude of alienation. In the early days of Liao and Shen, many Han officials who reduced Jin tried their best to be loyal to Jin Khan, requisitioned land endowments, recruited Han soldiers, sent servants, transported official grain, built cities, counted people, seized "jiān fine", captured fugitives, and persuaded the Liao people to obey the orders of the new monarch, and did many things. However, because the military and civilians of Liaodong hated the harsh government of the Later Jin Dynasty and resisted violently, and the Ming Dynasty continued to send secret envoys to persuade the Han officials to abandon the Jin Dynasty and join the Ming, some Han officials hesitated, fearing that the Jin Khan and Baylor would not be able to stay in Liaoshen for a long time, so they either exchanged letters with the Ming ministers to leave a way back, or secretly made secret agreements and waited for an opportunity to defect. Instead of fundamentally reforming the maladministration, reducing killings, and easing the contradictions to calm the people's anger and stabilize the situation, Nurhachi changed his tactics, doubted the Han officials, and alienated them. When Nurhachi decided to send troops to slaughter the soldiers and civilians of Fuzhou, Li Yongfang, the "Fushun Forehead Commander", admonished him and said: "The so-called traitors of Fuzhou are not true, and they are afraid that they are framed by others." "Li Zhi's original intention was that he should be cautious and verify the situation before sending troops, which is beyond reproach. However, Nurhachi was furious, and sharply accused Li Yongfang and other Han officials of "taking Emperor Ming as a long time and me as a short time", "heart to the Ming Kingdom", and contempt Jin Khan, and even dismissed him from his position as a general soldier and arrested his son for interrogation. As a result, all the Han officials were suspicious of their own danger, held two hearts, and did not dare to give direct advice, which hindered Nurhachi's in-depth understanding and correct handling of the situation of the Han people in Liaodong, affected the alliance between the Manchu aristocracy and the Han landlord class in Liaodong, and aggravated the turmoil in Liaodong.

Nurhachi also did some wrong things in dealing with the issue of the Eight Banners Baylor and high-ranking generals in the eighth year of the Mandate of Heaven. In March, Hu Erhan, the founding father of the country who had been fighting for more than 30 years for the establishment of the Houjin Kingdom, wrote to his adoptive father Nurhachi, admitting his mistakes, begging his father for forgiveness, and begging to serve the country again. In May, the great Bakssh Erdeni, who created the Manchu language and was hailed as "an outstanding man of the generation", was innocently killed by Nurhachi and his family was confiscated because of minor reasons. In June, Urgudai, the son of the former lord of Hada, Mongebulubele and Nurhachi's son-in-law, was sentenced to death because he was accused by the Han officials of receiving his gold and silver, although there was no basis. Nurhachi also bitterly reprimanded the "beloved son" Sibeile Huang Taiji and the three beylers of Yue Xu, Zilharang, and Derge for this case. This heavy case caused a strong reaction among the Eight Banners Baylor and the ministers.

These mistakes made by Nurhachi in his later years severely ruined Liaodong production. This rich area, which used to be "rich in the fields and valleys, rich in fresh water, rich in materials for the mountain people, and rich in goods for the seamen," and "full of people with enough homes, full of despised and despised people, and envious of goods and bribes," has caused a sharp decline in the number of people, barren countryside, dilapidated houses, withering of all industries, social chaos, unrestful people, frequent famines, soaring prices, and even a tragic situation of "cannibalism."

In the fifth year of the Tomorrow Dynasty (10th year of the Mandate of Heaven, 1625), Nurhachi began to prepare for a large-scale expedition. In the first month, I heard that the Ming sent 10,000 troops, from the sea to Lushun, repaired the castle, stationed the soldiers, and Nurhachi ordered the three Bel Mang Gurtai and the two chief officers of Abutai and Baduli, and led 6,000 troops to attack, conquer the city, defeat the Ming soldiers, destroy the city and return.

On the third day of the first month of March, Nurhachi convened the Eight Banners Baylor and the ministers to discuss and move the capital to Shenyang. Nurhachi categorically rejected the public opinion, saying: "Shenyang extends in all directions, conquers the Ming Kingdom in the west, crosses the Liao River from Duerbi, and the road is straight and near. Northern expedition to Mongolia, two and three rì can be reached. The southern expedition to Korea can be entered from the Qinghe Road. He insisted on his own opinion, so he agreed to move the capital to Shenyang.

On the fourteenth day of the first month of the eleventh year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi led Zhubeile to personally unify the Eight Banners Force, known as the 130,000 army, to conquer the Ming State and launch the fourth decisive battle between the Ming and Jin (Qing).

On the sixteenth day of the first month, the army arrived at Dongchang Fort, and the seventeenth rì crossed the Liao River, "deploying troops in the wilderness, reaching the coast in the south, and crossing the Quang Ninh Road in the north. The army was overwhelming, and it went straight to the Ming Kingdom. At this time, Gao Di, a member of the eunuch party who was in the important position of the secretary of the military department and the economic strategy of Liaodong, was timid and afraid of death, and strictly ordered the withdrawal of defense from Jinzhou, Youtunwei, Dalinghe, Xiaolinghe, Xingshan, Songshan, Tashan and other cities, and drove the soldiers and residents into the customs, burned the houses, and abandoned more than 100,000 stones of rice millet, so that the soldiers and people of Jinzhou and other cities "died on the way, the cry shook the wilderness, the people were resentful, and the army was not profitable." Therefore, the Jin soldiers did not encounter any resistance, and "as if they were in a no-man's land", they arrived on the outskirts of Ningyuan City in the twenty-third year. Ningyuan only has more than 10,000 Ming soldiers, besieged by Jin soldiers, hanging alone, and all contact with the outside world has been cut off.

Nurhachi sent the captured Han people into the city and told the city lord Ning Qian, Yuan Chonghuan said: "I will attack this city with 200,000 people, and it will be broken. Yuan Yan refused. On the twenty-fourth day of the first lunar month, Nurhachi ordered the whole army to attack fiercely. Yuan Chonghuan led the soldiers and the people to resist desperately, "guns and cannons can thunder and stones", more than a dozen cannons continued to be fired, "Zhou and non-stop, in each artillery station, erosion can be several miles", and then wrapped the bedding in fire, rolled into a bundle, threw it under the city, and sent a lit rocket, "as far as Mars reaches, all are eroded", killing and burning a large number of gold soldiers. Nurhachi attacked for two days in a row, failed to conquer the city, suffered heavy casualties, "the attack equipment was burned, and it was completely lost", so he sent the third-class deputy general Wu Nag to lead the Mongolian soldiers to attack Juehua Island, where the Ming army was storing grain and grass in 16 miles south of Ningyuan, killing 7,000 defenders, burning more than 1,000 piles of grain and grass and more than 2,000 ships. On the twenty-seventh day, Nurhachi led his army to withdraw from the siege and returned to Shenyang on the ninth day of February. The famous Battle of Ningyuan ended with the victory of the Ming army and the defeat of the Jin soldiers.

Since the age of 25, Nurhachi has been fighting a hundred battles and galloping across the battlefield for 42 years, and has always won more with less, riding everywhere with iron, invincible, invincible, repeatedly defeating the Ming army, invincible, and never encountering obstacles. Why did he, the invincible Khan who had been on the battlefield for a long time, defeat Yuan Chonghuan, who was born as a Jinshi who led the army for the first time? He and the Eight Banners Officer will have to think seriously about this issue.

On the third day of the third month of the eleventh year of the Mandate of Heaven, that is, on the thirty-seventh day after the defeat of Ning Yuan, Nurhachi said the following: I have a lot of things to worry about, and I am tired of working hard and do not pay attention to the way of governance? The country's security and people's feelings are willing to suffer without being examined? Is there a reversal of the meritorious and upright people? Think about my heirs, is it effective for me to serve the country wholeheartedly? Are ministers diligent and cautious in political affairs? Immediately afterwards, on March 19, Liu Xuecheng, a Han official, presented to Nurhachi the reasons for the defeat of the Jin soldiers and proposed four constructions. He said: Khan is less than half of Shenyang, one rì captured Liaodong, and the rest of the cities are innumerable, why has Ningyuan not been captured in two days, it is not that there are fewer people in Liaodong and Shenyang than Ningyuan, nor is it cowardly, nor is it that there are few guns and dull and inferior. Since the Khan occupied Liaodong, the infantry cavalry has not fought for three years, the soldiers are really lazy, the soldiers have no fighting spirit, the ladder rattan brand is bad, and the weapons are not sharp. Khan despised Ning Yuan, so the angel Khan toiled. …… I have no place to repay my kindness, so I will give four suggestions to my thoughts: reward those who have merit at any expense, and those who have no merit will not be exempt from (sin) even if they are relatives, and the rewards and punishments will be clear, and it will become a great thing. This is one of them. Gu Yun is better than doing it. The people of Liaodong yù defected, they were guilty people, and they could be killed, if they led the battle, they would attack Nikan with Nikan, which would be beneficial to Zhushen. This is the second one. After conquering the land, maintaining the original system is the best policy compared to destroying it.

To sum up, Nurhachi's defeat of Ning Yuan was first due to the fact that he made a strict mistake in politics. First, he should not change from "nurturing Nikan" to indiscriminately slaughtering and killing the Liao people, "whether rich or poor, they are all killed", the more people kill, the more hatred the people, and the more fierce the resistance. Second, he mistakenly changed from appointing Han officials and relying on Han officials to doubting, rejecting, and discriminating against Han officials, and lost the support of most Han officials to Jin. Third, there are internal disputes, suspicious cases emerge one after another, and too many people are injured. As far as the supreme leadership group is concerned, from the four major beyls, namely the Great Beyler Daishan, the Second Beyler Amin, the Third Beyler Mang Gurtai, and the Fourth Beyler Huang Taiji, to the "ruling Beylers" such as Jaisangu, Dege, Zilharang, Yue, and Shuo, they were all reprimanded and punished by Nurhachi. The high-ranking officials and generals of the Eight Banners, such as Darhanzhi, Adun, Urgudai, Erdeni, Baduli and other governors, chief military officers, and Da Bakshi, were beheaded or imprisoned, or demoted and dismissed, and the fluctuations were not small. In this way, the Khan was extremely powerful, the ministers were afraid, and he kept silent, and Nurhachi became a real loner, making him unaware of what was going on, and it was difficult to distinguish between right and wrong, and the worse it was. Militarily, he was proud of the enemy, rigid in thinking, in the face of Ning Yuanjian City, he actually took the risk of attacking hard, with a bow and arrows against guns, with flesh and blood to meet cannonballs. However, Yuan Chonghuan, the commander of the Ming army, gave full play to his strengths, overcame his shortcomings, used Western cannons to deal with the spears and bows of the Eight Banners Brigade, avoided the Jin soldiers who were good at field warfare by defending the city to the death, and subdued the Jin soldiers who plundered grain and fed the army with the method of clearing the wilderness.