() Huang Taiji (1592-1643), a work of Huang Taiji, Hong Taishi, Hong Taizhu, Hong, etc., are homonyms, also known as Abahai, Manchu, Aixin Jue Luo, Zhengbai Banner, the founder of the Qing Dynasty, known as Qing Taizong in history, outstanding politicians, military strategists, strategists, commanders.

Huang Taiji was born in the twentieth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1592). He is the eighth son of Nurhachi, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and has been loved by Nurhachi since he was a child, and Huang Taiji's biological mother, Yehena Lashi, named Sister Menggu, is the daughter of Yang Jinu (Yangjianu), the leader of the Jurchen Yehe tribe. In order to form an alliance with Nurhachi, Yang Jinu married his youngest daughter to him, saying that this was a natural "good couple". In the sixteenth year of Wanli (1588), Nurhachi was married at the age of thirty, and the bride was only fourteen years old. At that time, Nurhachi had many wives and children, and the highest status was the Fucha Gundai, the mother of Mang Gurtai. However, Nurhachi had a close relationship with the Yehnara clan and liked her to serve her husband without interfering in political affairs.

Huang Taiji himself was born with a red face, clear eyebrows, steady movements, and dignified manners. He is clever and clever, he hears what he hears, and he knows it at first sight. He loved to read and learn, and he was the only one of Nurhachi's generals who could read.

When Huang Taiji was born, Nurhachi was engaged in the cause of unifying the Jurchens, with the Manchurian department as the core, and had unified the surrounding ministries. In the fifteenth year of Wanli (1587), Feiala, now the old city of Xinbin County, Liaoning Province, was built in the southeast under Hulan Hada Mountain. Huang Taiji was born here, and his family lived in the innermost part of this mountain city, and was the richest family within a radius of several hundred miles. Outside the city there is its own "farmhouse", that is, a farm, and there is a large amount of silk brocade at home. Endless chicken, duck, fish and wine. When his father and brother were busy fighting for many years, the seven-year-old Huang Taiji began to preside over the housekeeping, not only managing the family's regular affairs, money and income in an orderly manner. In particular, there are some things that do not bother Nurhachi's heart, and Huang Taiji can do it very well, as he thinks, so Nurhachi loves Huang Taiji even more like "heart and liver".

Unfortunately, when Huang Taiji was twelve years old, his biological mother died of illness. This Yehenala clan, whose mother is more precious than her son, was respected as the queen of the middle palace after Huang Taiji became the emperor, and was called "Empress Xiaoci Gao" in the Qing Dynasty. After the death of his mother, Huang Taiji followed his father and brother and grew up rapidly, capable of both civil and martial arts, both civil and military. The Manchu and the Jurchens of the ancestors were known for their martial arts, and Huang Taiji learned the traditional customs of his own people from his father, and participated in hunting since he was a child. After becoming the emperor, Huang Taiji still remembers this life when he was a child, and once said: "When Taizu, we heard that we were going out to hunt the next day, that is, we adjusted the eagle and squirrel in advance to make all kinds of preparations. If you don't let you go when the time comes, you have to ask to go even if you cry. In the past, both young and old, they forged ahead with each other, and they all took marching and hunting as a great joy. At that time, there were few servants, and everyone herded their horses and saddled their horses, chopped wood and cooked, and even if it was so hard, they were willing to serve the Lord, and the prosperity of the country was the result of this hard work. "Huang Taiji is very much like his father, hard-working and strong. Shenyang Shisheng Temple once had a bow he used, the arrow was more than four feet long, not only ordinary people dare not ask, even a strong man is difficult to pull away, and Huang Taiji used it freely.

Huang Taiji gradually came to prominence in the process of participating in the war and assisting Nurhachi in governing the country. According to the literature, Huang Taiji's early military campaign was against Ula. The time is the forty years of Wanli, and Huang Taiji is twenty years old. At that time, Nurhachi was unifying the four tribes of Hulun, and had destroyed the two tribes of Hada and Huifa, as well as the tribes of Ula and Yeh. After being captured by Nurhachi, the leader of Ulla, Buzhantai was put back, betrayed the alliance, plundered the Hurha tribe of the Woji Department in the East China Sea, and openly wanted to marry Nurhachi's "old daughter" Yehe, who had already paid a dowry, and also married his Nurhachi niece with a arrow, in fact, this was to prevent and oppose Nurhachi to achieve reunification. So Nurhachi decided to send an army to Ula. Huang Taiji went out with the army at this time. On September 22, the army set out, and on the 29th of September, it arrived at the Ula Department and confronted the Ula soldiers for three days. Nurhachi's troops went out in all directions to burn grain and grass, and the Ula soldiers went out of the city to fight against each other during the day, and entered the city at night to hold on. Huang Taiji and his brother Mang Gurtai were impatient and wanted to cross the river immediately to attack. Nurhachi said to them, "The use of soldiers cannot be as simple as you think, it is like cutting down a big tree, how can you cut it down at once?" It must be cut with an axe at a time, and it will gradually break. How is it possible for the same great power, evenly matched, to destroy it in one fell swoop? It is necessary to take the castles attached to it one by one, and continue to do so. Without Ahha, how can Ezhen survive? How could Baylor survive without Zhushen? Under Nurhachi's command, they destroyed some of the walled cities of Ula, and the theory of "cutting down big trees" had a profound impact on Huang Taiji's later war against the Ming Dynasty. The next year Ullah was destroyed.

On the basis of the gradual unification of the Jurchen tribes, Huang Taiji helped his father Nurhachi establish the new Later Jin state. Nurhachi once wanted to make his eldest son Chu Ying the prince, but Chu Ying did a lot of things against Nurhachi's back against his wishes, and even forced Huang Taiji and others to act with him. Huang Taiji and others exposed Chu Ying's plot to Nurhachi, and in the forty-first year of Wanli, Nurhachi imprisoned Chu Ying, and resolutely executed him two years later. Since then, Huang Taiji has been further trusted. In the 29th year of Wanli, Nurhachi began to build the four flags of yellow, white, red and blue, and in the 43rd year of Wanli, he combined the yellow, white, red and blue flags and added yellow, white, red and blue, and officially completed the establishment of the eight banners of military and political integration. Huang Taiji was appointed as Baylor in charge of the white flag.

On the first day of the first month of the forty-fourth year of Wanli (1616), when the New Year came, Huang Taiji and his brothers held a solemn and warm ceremony for Nurhachi. Now the old city village of Xinbin County, Liaoning Province is the capital city of Hetuala at that time, and there are still the ruins of "Zun Horn Terrace", commonly known as "Jinluan Palace". Since then, a state power opposed to the Ming Dynasty was born in the northeast.

In this post-Jin state, Nurhachi was at the pinnacle of power in the name of his father and Khan. The second is his four sons and nephews, called Heshuo Baylor, who "discuss state affairs together, and each has an official subordinate." These four people are in chronological order: the Great Belle Daishan, the Second Belle Amin, the Third Belle Mang Gurtai, and the Fourth Belle Huang Taiji. Collectively known as the Four Baylors. They are equivalent to what the Han people call kings, so they are sometimes called the big king, the second king, the third king, and the fourth king. Amin is the son of Nurhachi's brother Surhachi, and the other three are all sons of Nurhachi. Among the four, Huang Taiji ranked last, which does not mean that his status is low. In February of the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven (1621), Nurhachi "ordered the four major beylers to be divided into six major beylers on a monthly basis, and one in the country to be in charge." This shows that their status and power are equal.

Not only that, in the main war activities engaged in by the Houjin, Huang Taiji played an important role by offering wisdom and courage. In the third year of the Mandate of Heaven (1618), Nurhachi made up his mind to launch an attack on the Ming Dynasty, but the specific action was not decided. And at the banquet to celebrate Nurhachi's 60th birthday, Huang Taiji offered a plan. He proposed to hit Fushun first, "Fushun is where I go in and out, and I must take it first." He also took advantage of the opportunity of the Ming Dynasty to defend the city guerrilla Li Yongfang to open the horse market from April 8 to 25, and sent 50 people to pretend to be horse merchants, divided into five groups, and entered the city as a city, and then he personally led 5,000 soldiers to the city at night. Nurhachi gladly accepted his proposal. On April 13, he swore an oath of "Seven Great Hatreds" and won a great victory. The Battle of Fushun was the first major battle between the Later Jin Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty, which had a far-reaching impact on the later development of the Later Jin Dynasty.

The news of the defeat of the Fushun army and the fall of the city reached the Ming capital, "the dynasty was shocked", and the Mingshenzong, who had ignored the government for many years, exclaimed: "The Liaozuo army has fallen, the state is in flames, and the border affairs are very critical." In order to put Houjin to death, the Ming Dynasty united the Jurchen Yehe tribe and Joseon in the 46th year of Wanli (1619) and launched the famous Battle of Sarhu. The Ming Dynasty poured the strength of the whole country, concentrated nearly 100,000 soldiers, and attacked Hetuala, the capital of Houjin, in four ways, in an attempt to encircle and annihilate it. This is a severe test for Houjin, life and death, in one fell swoop. In view of the offensive strategy of the Ming army's separate attacks and combined attacks, Nurhachi adopted a counteroffensive strategy of concentrating superior forces to break through each one, and proposed: "I will only go all the way depending on how many ways I come!" Although the attacking army of the Ming Dynasty was first exposed in the south, the Nurhachi and Daishan of the Later Jin still judged that the Western Route Army of the Ming Dynasty was the main force, that is, the Juniper Army from Fushun. Therefore, Dai Shan and Darhan led the troops to Fushun first. The army crossed the Zakha Pass (Sandao Pass), and waited for Nurhachi according to the soldiers, and Huang Taiji proposed not to wait, but to speed up the pace to prevent the Ming army from attacking the people of Houjin Zhucheng. When they arrived at Tailangang, Dai Shan and Dar Han hid their troops, and Huang Taiji disagreed, saying that they should show off their might and set up a formation against the enemy. The number one hero of the Houjin Dynasty also agreed with Huang Taiji's proposition. According to Huang Taiji's opinion, the Houjin army marched to Salhu (now the east side of the Dahuofang Reservoir in Fushun, Liaoning), fought with the Ming army, and with the cooperation of the people who built the city, they annihilated Juniper in Tiebei Mountain, and won the first battle. Then he went north to meet the Ming army of Kaiyuan General Ma Lin all the way, and on the way, Huang Taiji defeated the rear camp of the Juniper army, the guerrillas Gong Niansui and Li Xiyu. After the victory in the west and north roads, and when he was ready to move to the east road, Huang Taiji followed closely after Daishan, Amin, and Mang Gurtai and rushed to the front line. He and Dai Shan met the Ming army in Abu Darigang (now ten miles south of Gabazhai Village, Yushu Township, Xinbin County, Liaoning), cooperated with each other, and defeated the Ming army, and Liu Weili, the chief officer of the Ming army, died in battle. The other Ming army, led by Li Rubai, did not have time to fight, and the wolf fled back. The Battle of Salhu was the first decisive battle between the Later Jin and the Ming Dynasty, and Huang Taiji made great contributions to the victory.

The Manchus were a new ethnic community formed on the basis of the unification of the Jurchens in the Ming Dynasty. Huang Taiji made a special contribution to the formation of the Manchus. Before the Battle of Sarhu, Yehebu relied on the support of the Ming Dynasty and had been resisting the unification of Nurhachi. After this battle, the combined forces of Yehe and the Ming Dynasty were defeated, and the foundation of its existence was shaken. Then Houjin went down to Kaiyuan and Tieling, and Ye He was even more isolated. However, the Yeh chieftains Jintaishi (Jintaishi) and Buyangu (Buyanggu) refused to surrender. In August of the fourth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi attacked Yehe, and Jintaishi and Buyangu occupied the eastern and western cities respectively and resisted stubbornly. At the moment when Dongcheng had been breached and had no way out, Jin Taishi asked to see Huang Taiji, saying that he could surrender later. Huang Taiji was his nephew and came to Dongcheng from the battlefield of attacking Xicheng. After the meeting, Huang Taiji tried every means to persuade Jin Taishi to surrender, but he was personally stubborn to the end and set fire*. Since then, the Yehebu has been unified. This marked the arrival of a new Manchu on the stage of history. History: "Manchukuo from the East China Sea to Liaobian, from the Nenjiang River in Mongolia in the north, to the Yalu River in the south of North Korea, all those who speak the same voice have conquered. It was the beginning of the year when the departments became one. ”

The pinnacle of Nurhachi's life's work was to lead his troops into Liaoshen and establish a solid rule in the land of Liaoshen. Huang Taiji actively helped his father achieve this great cause. Before the occupation of Liaoshen, Dai Shan, Huang Taiji, and Nurhachi himself all led troops to this area many times. However, Huang Taiji was one of the earliest figures among them to recognize the importance of Liao Shen and advocated its occupation. One day in June of the fifth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Huang Taiji led 8,000 ironclad cavalry to raid the northern border of Shenyang and plundered more than 1,000 people. In the past, "when the Tang people were slaughtered, now they will not be killed" to win the hearts of the people. In August, Huang Taiji and others led troops with Nurhachi to attack Yilu and Puhe (northeast of Shenyang City). The Ming army went out of the city to counterattack, and Huang Taiji led Jīng Rui light cavalry to chase and kill, and he always wanted to kill in Shenyang City, but was persuaded by Dai Shan. In the second year, on February 11, Huang Taiji led the Eighth Route Army with his father and attacked Fengji Fort (now Fengji Fort in Sujiatun District, south of Shenyang). Huang Taiji's Jīng troops advanced to Huangshan and pursued the Ming general Zhu Wanliang to Wujing Camp (present-day Dawujing Camp, Sujiatun District, southwest of Shenyang City).

In the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi launched the Liaoshen War. Huang Taiji was one of the planners of this great battle and the front-line commander who charged. On the tenth day of the first month of March, Houjin poured troops into the country, twelve soldiers came to the city of Shenyang, and the Ming general soldier He Shixian went out of the city to resist being defeated, and the thirteenth rì Houjin occupied Shenyang. The Ming aid Liao commander-in-chief, Tong Zhonghua, Chen Ce and Zhou Dunji, fought with the Houjin soldiers against the Hunhe River. Huang Taiji bravely entered the battle. The general of the Later Jin, Yasong, looked at the Ming soldiers from afar and retreated timidly, but Huang Taiji fearlessly rushed forward, defeated the Ming army, and pursued them to Baitapu (now the southern suburb of Shenyang). Then he engaged Li Bingcheng, Zhu Wanliang, and Jiang Congee, the guards of Ming Fengji Fort. Huang Taiji defeated the three general soldiers of the Ming Dynasty with more than 100 cavalry. The next day, Nurhachi rebuked Yasong and said, "My son, Huang Taiji, my father and brother are as dependent as eyes, because of your defeat, you have to fight into the enemy camp, in case of misfortune, your sin will be cut by a thousand cuts!" After the reprimand, he was cut off.

After capturing the city of Shenyang, the Houjin soldiers entered the city and lived for five days, and on March 19, Nurhachi led the army to attack Liaoyang. All the generals of the Ming Dynasty in Liaoshen were concentrated in this ancient and important town. Huang Taiji led the four banners of the right wing of Houjin to charge ahead, and with the cooperation of the four banners of the left wing, defeated the Ming army outside the city of Liaoyang, and chased straight to the Anshan boundary to return. Twenty-one rì, after repeated fierce battles outside the city, Houjin captured Liaoyang, and Yuan Yingtai*, the Ming Dynasty's defense of the city, and Zhang Quan, the patrol of the imperial history, were captured alive. This loyal minister of the Ming Dynasty refused to submit to the Houjin. Li Yongfang went to persuade him to surrender and was scolded by him. Huang Taiji used the story of Song Dynasty Hui and Qin Erzong to persuade him, although he did not bow his head, but he expressed considerable respect for Huang Taiji. It reflects that Huang Taiji is not only a brave and warlike general of the Houjin, but also a relatively mature politician. The victory of the Later Jin in the Liaoshen War affected more than 70 cities east of the Liao River, and together with the previous gains, the Later Jin had already included most of the northeast into its rule. Later, Huang Taiji took Liaoshen as the center and unified the whole northeast and part of Mongolia. Six years after the Mandate of Heaven, Jin moved its capital to Liaoyang, and set its capital in Shenyang for ten years.

Nurhachi died of illness on August 11, 1626, in the 11th year of the Mandate of Heaven (now Daaijin Village, Chengnan, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province). On September 1, Huang Taiji's stepfather ascended the throne. This change of khan was full of fierce and complicated struggles.

The first is that Nurhachi did not explicitly choose a Khan heir before his death. Before the founding of the Later Jin Dynasty, he wanted his eldest son Chu Ying to succeed him, and later he intended to make the second son a good heir, but he gave up halfway. On the twelfth day of the first month of the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven, Nurhachi, Dai Shan, Huang Taiji and others swore to the heavens to burn incense, so that their descendants would assist each other and not to open the killing ring. No heir was appointed.

Secondly, there are more than one or two heirs to the throne of Nurhachi, and they have already started a battle in the open and in the dark. Among them, Huang Taiji and Dai Shan competed the most. In the Salhu War and the Liaoshen War, he fought with Dai Shan. At that time, the Koreans estimated that after Nurhachi's death, Daishan "will replace his father", and Huang Taiji "has a plan to kill his brother". In addition, there is Dolgon, the son of the Ullanara. At the time of Nurhachi's death, Ula was only thirty-seven years old, she was the eldest concubine, she was in the prime of life, "organically changed", and she wanted to make her son Khan. As soon as Nurhachi closed her eyes, she was forced to die on the grounds of "jealousy." In the early years of Shunzhi, Dolgon also said that Huang Taiji's Khan, "the original line seized the throne", and also revealed the inside story of the struggle for power.

The third is that Nurhachi has already said that after letting Daishan succeed him, he wants to replace him with Huang Taiji. One of Nurhachi's younger brothers, Adou, was "brave and wise", and Nurhachi once asked him: "Who among the sons can replace me?" Answer: "The one who is wise and brave and praised by everyone is the one!" Nurhachi immediately understood that he was referring to Huang Taiji. This matter quickly spread, and Dai Shan was deeply disturbed when he found out. Adou secretly sued Sù Daishan again, Huang Taiji was ready to attack him, Daishan cried to Nurhachi and told the truth, Nurhachi tracked down Adou and punished him.

However, after Nurhachi's death, Huang Taiji finally ascended the throne as Khan. Those who competed for the throne of Khan with them sacrificed only one Ulanara. The reason why Huang Taiji was able to win this struggle was that, first, he himself was relatively powerful at that time, had military exploits, and had experience in political struggle, and Dorgon, who was only fifteen years old, could not be compared with him. The second is that when Nurhachi died, the Houjin state was already a stable regime, and those who succeeded him as Khan must have the ability to govern the country. This point is most suitable for Huang Taiji. He was one of the "literate only" among Nurhachi's generals, and he "praised many paintings" for Nurhachi's rule. When seizing Liao and Shen, he first paid attention to adopting the Liao people, showing his foresight, so when choosing the heir to the throne of Khan, Dai Shan's son Yue Sakhalian was the first to propose Huang Taiji "Cai De Guanshi" and supported him. The third is that Huang Taiji's mother was favored by Nurhachi, and he himself was relatively steady, not going to extremes, and won the hearts of the people, and he was a "person who is praised by everyone" at that time. And the more important factor is that the most powerful and most likely to inherit the throne of the Khan, the Great Bel Daishan, is very wise, focusing on consolidating the overall situation of the Later Jin, willing to let the virtuous, and advocate the establishment of Huang Taiji. Based on these reasons, Huang Taiji finally succeeded Nurhachi as Khan. <

The ceremony of Huang Taiji's ascension to the throne of Khan was held on September 1. At that time, the three major Bel Dai Shan, Amin, Mang Gurtai and all the Baylor, civil and military ministers gathered in the court, led by the Emperor Taiji to burn incense to the sky, after the nine bows, the Emperor Taiji is the Khan, turn around, and the ministers of the Baylor will pay congratulatory gifts to the Emperor Taiji. At that time, the Khan of the Later Jin State was thirty-five years old, and the second year was changed to the first year of Tiancong. Huang Taiji is also known as Tiancong Khan. On September 2, Huang Taiji led the ministers of Baylor to swear an oath to heaven and earth, praying that the emperor and the queen of heaven would "weep" and the country would be prosperous. Huang Taiji himself swore an oath, which said: "Today, my brothers and nephews, with the weight of the people of the family and the country, push me as the king, respect the cause of the imperial examination, and admire the heart of the imperial examination. The three Baylors and the Baylors then swore that in addition to expressing their support for Huang Taiji, the three Baylors also separately stated that they would keep their oaths and be loyal.

Emperor Tiancong Khan was not satisfied with the success, and was determined to create a new situation. After he came to power, he was full of ambition and adopted a series of effective measures in view of the internal affairs he was facing, and achieved remarkable results.

First, "reassuring the people". In Nurhachi's later years, the revolt of the people in the territory was in full swing. After succeeding to the throne, Huang Taiji proposed: "The key to governing the country is not to settle the people first." He knew that the mistreatment of Han officials and Han people was the source of trouble, so he stipulated that even if all Han officials and Han people in China wanted to escape in the past and those who made "jiān fine" dealings, the matter was already in the past and would not be investigated, and as a result, "all those who fled will stop, and jiān fine will be extinct." Huang Taiji emphasized that the Manchurians and the Han people "belong to one body", and there should be no difference between the trial and service. He learned that in the past, the plundered Han people were assigned to slaves according to the rank of the full official, and the Han people were often bullied, so he reformed to give eight strong men and two cattle to each Beiyuzhi, and the rest of the Han people were divided into separate residences and classified as private households. He also forbade the subordinates of the ministers of Zhu Beile to go to the homes of Han officials to extort money and property and engage in sāo harassment. This reassured the Han people that the place under the rule of the Later Jin was a "happy land".

Second, "heavy capital". After the Later Jin entered Liaoshen, not only the local Han people engaged in agriculture, but even the Manchus also took agriculture as their main business. Huang Taiji cherished the people's power and stopped building the city and walls, in order to "specialize in the south and focus on the main business". He ordered that all the village fields and the Eight Banners should not be changed in the future. It is forbidden to arbitrarily take the property of the villagers and the cattle, sheep, chickens, pigs, etc.

Third, strengthen centralized rule. The post-gold of the Nurhachi era has a strong national primitive character. After Huang Taiji became Khan, he devoted himself to imitating the lighting dynasty to engage in ** centralization. At the beginning of his coming to power, he set up eight ministers to manage state affairs, called Bagu Shan Ezhen, in charge of a qiē affairs in the banner, and when there was something in the country, he and Zhu Beile "sat together to discuss", hunted out of the division, each led their own banner and marched, and also had the responsibility of inspection. The establishment of Gushan really weakened the power of Zhubeile, but strengthened the power of the Khan. What is even more excessive is the abolition of the "straight moon" system of the three Baylors. In the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven (1621), Nurhachi ordered the four major beylers to "divide the direct by month", and the emperor Taiji was the Khan throne, and the other three beylers were still "in charge of the month", which was a system of decentralization. In the third year of Tiancong (1629), it was completely changed to the following Zhubeile to perform the affairs of Zhiyue. Huang Taiji's power is high. The Later Jin State founded by Nurhachi was not well established until the fifth year of Huang Taiji's reign as Khan. In order to strengthen the rule, Huang Taiji formally established six ministries according to the Han official Ning Wan's construction and imitation of the political system of the Ming Dynasty, and took charge of each ministry with Dolgon and other Baylors, and below Baylor, each department set up three members of Manchu, Mongolian, and Han Chengzheng, eight members of political participation, and one member of Qixinlang. Only the Ministry of Industry Province has six members of the Mongolian and Han armies participating in politics. Later, it turned out that due to the establishment of the six ministries, "each does its own thing, and does not leave anything behind".

The innovative measures that marked the strengthening of Huang Taiji's centralized rule in the sixth year of Tiancong were that when the Chinese people met each other, Huang Taiji and the three major Baylors sat in the south, and from the beginning of the first month of this year, Huang Taiji sat alone in the south. In the past, Zhubeile led the ministers to meet the court, regardless of the flag, but in the order of the year, and from then on, they also met according to the flag, in turn.

In terms of external expansion, Huang Taiji far surpassed his predecessors. In the first year of Tiancong, who had just ushered in his reign as Khan, he sent the army of the Great Bel Amin, Bel Zil Harang, Azig and other commanders to conquer Korea, igniting the war between the two countries on Korean soil. He proposed this battle, one to conquer Korea, and the other to fight Mao Wenlong, saying that it was "two pictures". North Korea reprimanded Hou Kim for raising troops for no reason, which was refuted by Amin, and listed seven major crimes such as North Korea's refusal to send an envoy to hang Nurhachi's death. Under the armed attack of the Later Jin soldiers, the Joseon king Yi Liang abandoned the capital and fled to Ganghwa Island with his wife, and sent his younger brother Yuan Changjun to make peace with the Later Jin and conclude the "Jiangdu Alliance". Later, Jin and Korea became brotherly countries and returned from plundering. From this victory, the Later Jin broke the alliance between Korea and the Ming Dynasty, alleviated its worries about the possibility of sending troops in the future, and obtained certain material benefits from Nagong and Kaishi.

The most important test for Huang Taiji was, of course, against the Ming Dynasty. Nurhachi died shortly after Ningyuan's defeat, and when Huang Taiji ascended the throne, the Ming Dynasty was hardened by Ningyuan's victory. As soon as Huang Taiji came to power, he sent a letter to Yuan Chonghuan, the governor of Ningyuan, expressing his hope to "reconcile with each other". Yuan Chonghuan never showed weakness, and replied that since he hoped for reconciliation, he should explain how the Later Jin would withdraw from the occupied Liaodong region. In fact, neither side had much sincerity in making peace, and the Later Jin wanted to buy time to use troops in Korea, while the Ming Dynasty never forgot to restore the rule of the world. There was a Han member Yue Qiluan in Houjin, who advocated peace with the Ming Dynasty, saying that if peace was not negotiated, the people would flee completely, and if they were reconciled, they should be released back to the Han people as soon as possible, or returned to their gentlemen. After his recital was reached, Huang Taiji killed him. The Ming Dynasty did not sit back and wait for the Houjin to withdraw its troops, but while asking for land, it built Tashan, Xiaolinghe City and Jinzhou City to step up preparations for war.

In May of the first year of Tiancong, following the conquest of Korea, Huang Taiji personally led a large army to conquer Ming. This was his first use of troops against the Ming Dynasty since he became Jin Khan, and it was also the beginning of his greatest ambition. But the road ahead is full of thorns and difficulties. At this time, Yuan Chonghuan, a loyal minister of the Ming Dynasty, was implementing the "plan of restoration", that is, "guarding the Liao land with the Liao people, and raising the Liao people with the Liao land". He repaired the city and tuntian, and used the tun to raise the war, and "the defense is the right thing, and the war is the strange work". He summed up the lessons learned since the battle and built a Ningjin defensive line. Huang Taiji wanted to launch an attack as soon as possible, aiming to make Yuan's defense system go to waste. He set off on six rì, and eleven rì soldiers came to Jinzhou City, and as soon as he went up, he was surrounded on all sides. Later, the Jin soldiers attacked the periphery first, trying to force the Ming army in Jinzhou City to surrender without a fight. However, Zhao Shujiao, the general soldier of Pingliao, and the deputy generals Zuo Fu and Zhu Mei persevered. Huang Taiji ordered the siege of the city, and fought for a whole day, suffering heavy casualties himself, but the city remained unmoved. continued to attack for more than ten days, but still to no avail. Later Jin only sent part of his troops to besiege Jinzhou, and the main force was led by Huang Taiji to attack Ningyuan (now Xingcheng County, Liaoning). It was Yuan Chonghuan who guarded Ningyuan, and he ordered Man Gui, You Shilu, and Zu Dashou to go out of the city to resist the battle. Huang Taiji Governor Daishan, Amin, Mang Gurtai, Azig and others attacked. The Ming soldiers shouted to resist. Yuan Chonghuan took command, magnified the artillery, and the Houjin soldiers fell in rows, and the guerrilla Jue Luo Bai Shan and Beiyu Bashi were killed, and Belezir Harang, Saharan, and Wakda were all wounded. The Ming general Man Gui was also seriously wounded, and most of the soldiers were killed or wounded. Ning Yuan did not go down, Huang Taiji returned to Jinzhou and attacked the city again, when it was June 4. The city is not down, and catch up with the summer day coming, the soldiers have a lot of heat stroke, Huang Taiji knows that he can't stay for a long time, and the next day he ordered to retreat and destroy the two cities of the big and small Ling River. In this battle, the Ming army successfully defended, and it was called "Ning, Jin Great Victory".

Ning Jin fought hard and returned without victory, and Huang Taiji encountered new problems. The problem is that if Liaoxi cannot be captured, it cannot enter Shanhaiguan, and if you want to capture Běijīng, you have to find another way. But regardless of whether to take the road of Liaoxi or not, this route must invest considerable troops, otherwise the Ming Dynasty will counterattack from here. In addition, changing the offensive line had to clear the obstacles in the way of the advance.

Huang Taiji had to compete with the Ming Dynasty in terms of overall strategy, which was unchangeable. However, it was blocked in western Liaoning, and he had to find another way for a while. He decided to march on the Mongols, both to conquer the remnants of the Mongols that had not yet been unified, and to find a way to attack the Ming Dynasty from the Mongols. Huang Taiji knew something about Mongolia, at that time he had already participated in the alliance with Khalkha, Horqin and other departments, also led troops to aid Horqin, and married two Mongolian women as wives. However, the greatest rival of the Mongols was Chahar Lindan Khan. If he is to make progress in dealing with the Mongols, he must subdue this formidable enemy.

In February of the second year of Tiancong, Du Ling Guying of the Karaqin tribe sent a letter to the Emperor Taiji, reporting that "Chahar is fundamentally shaken, and you can take this opportunity to take advantage of this opportunity to take it from the young men and horses, and when the grass is green, they will be taken by the teachers of Nen Aba Yuan, Karaqin, and Tumut Xingshi." Therefore, Huang Taiji first led his two younger brothers, Dolgon, and the army of Duoduo to conquer the Dorot tribe to which Har belonged, and entered the area of Omurun, capturing 11,200 people. Because of the great victory of Aomulun, Dolgon was given the name Murgen Daiqing, and Duoduo was given the name Erke Chuhuer. In August, peace was negotiated with Karaqin, and in September, troops from Horqin, Karaqin, Aohan, Naiman and Khalkha were transferred to the meeting. On September 6, the Later Jin army set out for Chahar. Twenty rì attacked Silha, Sibertu, Ying, Tang and other places, all down. The next day, they chased to the Xing'an Mountains and obtained countless people and animals. Victorious in mid-October. In this expedition, the Later Jin not only dealt a blow to the great enemy Chahar, but also further consolidated the rule of the subjugated Mongols. Soon after, the Emperor Taiji sent Ashdarhan to these places to proclaim the edict, and in the future, if he was to conquer Har, all those who were in charge of the banner were under the age of seventy and above thirteen, and all of them were to be levied, and those who violated the law were punished with horses and camels, and those who did not go to the place of rendezvous were also punished with horses.

Huang Taiji changed his strategy and route to attack the Ming Dynasty. He was going to make great use of the Mongols, and bypassed the Shanhai Pass and entered the border through the mouths of the Great Wall. In June of the third year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji made it clear that the new deployment of the conquest of the Ming Dynasty was: first, this time the division could not go alone, and the Mongols should join forces at the same time; Second, in order to ensure the supply, it is necessary to first collect wood and build boats; 3. Where there is a good strategy in Manchu, Han and Mongolia, each of them will be sued according to what he sees, and he will choose the good and follow. Before the departure of the army, he sent an envoy to the Mongol Zhubeile to lead his troops to the meeting. On the second day of October, Huang Taiji's pro-unified army conquered the Ming Dynasty and bypassed Shanhaiguan for the first time and attacked the interior. History calls this the Battle of the "Entrance". Eleven years later, the Jin soldiers arrived at the Liao River, and along the way, various Mongolian tribes came to the meeting. However, when it came to the question of which Chahar or the Ming Dynasty would conquer first, two divergent opinions emerged. Huang Taiji was in favor of conquering the Ming Dynasty first, so he continued to march to the border of the Ming Dynasty. Twenty rì, arrived in Qingcheng in Karaqin, Huang Taiji suddenly encountered pressure from the two major Beile Daishan and Mang Gurtai, the two went to Huang Taiji's residence, "secret class teacher", citing "labor and long attack", "food and horse fatigue", "outnumbered", "fear of no return" and so on, but Yue Xuan, Zierharang and others resolutely supported Huang Taiji's action. In the end, Huang Taiji ruled to continue the march. This was a great victory for Huang Taiji in the centralization of military and political power. After the unification of opinions, the four banners of the right wing were unified by Zierharang and Yue, and the four banners of the left wing were led by Abatai and Azig, and the Da'ankou and Longjing passes were quickly broken. Huang Taiji then conquered Hongshankou City and entered the garrison. Zhao Commander-in-Chief of Mingshan Customs led the troops to aid Zunhua, and was defeated and beheaded. After November 3, the Jin soldiers captured Zunhua. Huang Taiji especially praised the heroic behavior of Samhatu, the pawn of the white flag, who bravely climbed first. After entering Zunhua City, he also feasted on the heroes, and used "glory and wealth" to inspire them to "work diligently". Twenty rì, after the Jin soldiers entered the city of Běijīng, the Ming Datong general soldier Man Gui, the Xuanfu general soldier Hou Shilu led the troops to help, to Deshengmen. It turned out that Huang Taiji had been sending a part of his troops in western Liaoxi to defend as an attack, constantly disturbing, and the Ming Dynasty did not dare to relax in the slightest, and the soldiers were all gathered in Ningyuan, and the west of Shanhaiguan was very empty. At this time, in order to defend Běijīng, he had to transfer border troops to help. Even Yuan Chonghuan and Zu Dashou also led troops into Shanhaiguan to come to the rescue.

The great gain for Huang Taiji from the threat to Běijīng was that his opponent Yuan Chonghuan was purged by Emperor Chongzhen. Yuan Chonghuan's stubborn resistance in western Liaoning had hindered Huang Taiji's father and son, and it was Yuan Chonghuan who forced Huang Taiji to bypass Shanhaiguan. But this loyal minister of the Ming Dynasty died unjustly under internal and external attacks. The disaster originated from the platform summons in the first year of Chongzhen. At that time, Yuan Chonghuan was promoted to the secretary of the military department and the right deputy capital of the imperial history, the superintendent Ji Liao and the governor of Denglai Tianjin military affairs, into the capital, Chongzhen summoned him on the platform, he said to the emperor, "count five years, the whole Liao can be restored." At that time, some people thought that he was talking empty words and was going to cause trouble. The following year, he went to Phi Dao to personally kill Mao Wenlong. Shi Mao was the commander-in-chief of Liaodong, and although there were indications that he was secretly making peace with Hou Jin, Yuan's actions were a bit reckless after all. When the Houjin soldiers quickly marched towards Běijīng, Yuan Chonghuan and Zu Dashou's reinforcements did not snipe, and only outside the Guangqu Gate did they inflict heavy losses on the Houjin soldiers. But at this time, it was rumored all over the city that Yuan Chonghuan would lead the enemy to make peace, and it would be an alliance under the city. In particular, when the Later Jin soldiers attacked the south of the city, Yuan Chonghuan supported the troops without fighting, and Duman Gui fought with 5,000 people and 20 battles. Legend has it that there are five arrows in the body of Man Gui, and they are pulled out, all of which are Yuan Bing's name. Chongzhen and some in the Ming ruling circles became suspicious of Yuan Chonghuan. At this moment, Huang Taiji cleverly used a counter-plan. He captured two eunuchs of the Ming Dynasty from the attack on Běijīng, and deliberately revealed to them that Houjin's withdrawal of troops was a secret agreement with Yuan Chonghuan. Put the two eunuchs back again. When they arrived at Běijīng, they reported Chongzhen with a heavy military situation, and Emperor Chongzhen, who was suspicious of him, thought that Yuan Chonghuan could no longer be kept. This led to the arrest of Yuan Chonghuan on December 1, and Zu Dashou saw this scene on the sidelines, trembling and immediately fleeing back to Jinzhou. In August of the following year, Yuan Chonghuan was tortured to death. This is a historical unjust case, Yuan Chonghuan's struggle against Houjin is resolute, and Chongzhen's killing of him is the anti-plot of Huang Taiji. Since then, the Ming Dynasty "has no one to benefit from the side affairs, and the Ming Dynasty has decided to conquer it".

Yuan Chonghuan was imprisoned, the Liaodong army was defeated, and the Houjin soldiers led by Huang Taiji continued to be able to attack and plunder near the Beijing Division. When they saw that Běijīng could not go down, they went west to Liangxiang, Kegu'an, and then returned, and when they passed through the suburbs of Běijīng, they got the news that the more than ten cities they had captured were all rebellious. In the first month of the fourth year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji personally commanded the Houjin soldiers to capture Yongping, Qian'an surrendered without a fight, and Luanzhou also surrendered. In February, Huang Taiji led his army back to the north, and Yongping, Qian'an, Luanzhou, and Zunhua all ordered the ministers of Baylor to lead Manchuria and Mongolia to garrison. During these more than four months of entrance warfare, Huang Taiji issued many "edicts" to the local officials and people of the Ming Dynasty to surrender, and constantly sent envoys to demand peace with the Ming Dynasty. This shows that he is not willing to give up the land he has captured, but also yearns for the land he has not obtained.

However, the Ming Kingdom still had considerable power until this time, and there was no shortage of promising people within it. Soon after the Jin soldiers returned to the east, Sun Chengzong, a scholar and scholar of the Ming Dynasty's military department, restored the four cities in the Guannei. Amin, who was sent by the Later Jin to defend the city, not only abandoned the city and fled back, but also slaughtered the Ming Dynasty officials and people who surrendered in the city before abandoning the city. Huang Taiji was very indignant and imprisoned Amin for his great sin. The second great Baylor died in the secluded place in the fifth year of Chongde (1640). Sun Chengzong took the opportunity to strengthen the defense, repaired the city of Linghe, Liang Tingdong, the secretary of the military department, took charge of the matter, and the construction was started in July, but it was not completed, and Huang Taiji had launched the famous siege of the Dalinghe River. The Houjin soldiers were divided into eight banners in all directions, and artillery battalions were also set up in each banner. From this year on, Houjin was able to build a red-clothed general cannon. About 30,000 soldiers and civilians of the Ming Dynasty in the city were besieged. The soldiers in the city broke through several times, but all failed, and the foreign reinforcements were also intercepted by Houjin and retreated to Jinzhou. During this period, the Ming Dynasty sent the supervisor Zhang Chūn and the general Wu Xiang to lead 40,000 reinforcements, but Zhang Chūn was captured alive, Wu Xiang fled, and the whole army was annihilated. From the seventh day of the eighth month of the fifth year of Tiancong, after the siege of Houjin for two months, the food in the city was exhausted, and the bones were dissolved, and Huang Taiji continued to launch political offensives, and by the twenty-fifth day of October, the guard general Zu Dashou "exhausted his strength and calculated poverty" and surrendered to Houjin. He Kegang, the deputy general who refused to surrender, was beheaded. Of the original 30,000 people, only 11,682 remained, and 32 horses. Later Jin eliminated Ming's Jīng Rui forces outside the pass. Later, Zu Dashou ran back to Jinzhou under the pretext of going back, and Zhang Cunren and dozens of other Ming generals returned to Jin, and most of them became the pillars of the country. Huang Taiji and Zhu Beile both celebrated the winning of people.

Five years after the fifth year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji established a more consolidated foundation for the reign of the Later Jin with the main jīng force. On the twenty-ninth day of August of the sixth year of Tiancong, he ordered the Eight Banners to investigate the poverty and suffering of the people in each of the banners under his control, and seriously judge the criminals. At this time, the Manchu rulers, who had always been engaged in shè hunting, also proposed that they were not allowed to enter Zhuangtun privately because of shè hunting, and they were not allowed to take firewood without permission, and they were not allowed to make noise. In the first month of the seventh year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji warned all the cattle to record the truth: "The fields and the houses are the people's livelihood, and the peasants are persuaded to talk about martial arts, and the great scriptures of the country", asking them to care about the construction of the farmhouse's houses, raising cattle and sending conscription. When there is a conflict between farming and conquest, it is preferred to obey farming. This brought a stable farming life to an important position.

Huang Taiji himself had a good cultural literacy, and at this time he implemented measures to revitalize culture and education. In the third year of Tiancong, he first proposed to "fight chaos with martial arts, and promote peace with literature and education", changed his father Nurhachi's policy of massacring literati, and held an examination that year, and selected 200 Manchu, Han and Mongolian students. He has recognized the importance of the development of culture and education in governing the country, and said that he cannot think that if you do not study, you will not be mistaken. It is stipulated that from the sixth year of Tiancong, the children of the ministers of Van Baylor are under the age of fifteen and over the age of eight, and they are all ordered to study. In the Nurhachi era, there is no circle point in the Manchu text, the upper and lower words are the same, and the names of people and places are very easy to make mistakes. Huang Taiji also attaches great importance to absorbing the advanced culture of the Han people. By the time of Dahai's death in July of the sixth year of Tiancong, the Chinese books that had been translated by him included "The Dictionary of the Criminal Department", "Sushu", "Sanluo", "Wanbao Quanshu", and "Zizhi Tongjian", "Liutao", "Mencius", "Three Kingdoms" and so on. Later, he ordered the son of Dahai to continue to study Hanshu. Nine years after Tiancong, the ministers of Jin's Wenguan translated the history books of the Liao, Jin, Song and Yuan dynasties.

As the ruler of the Later Jin state, another success of Huang Taiji during this period was to expand his influence by "raising people well". In the first month of the sixth year of Tiancong, Beile Yue of the Ministry of Military Management changed the original practice of slaughtering the four cities of Liaodong and Guannei to Huang Taijijian, and took the Han people who surrendered from the Battle of Dalinghe as an example, and re-established the image of "good at raising people". He advocated that both the government and the people should give their families and villages, and not let one lose his place. On the second day of the sixth month of the seventh year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji ordered the soldiers to "not be disturbed" by the newly attached people in a speech. Under the influence of Huang Taiji's policy, the Ming generals Kong Youde, Geng Zhongming, Shang Kexi and others surrendered to Houjin. Kong and Geng were both from Liaodong, and they were generals in Dengzhou in the Ming Dynasty, and due to internal contradictions, they launched a mutiny and occupied Dengzhou. The Ming Dynasty sent troops to attack, but it was difficult for them to survive on their own, and they returned to gold by sailing. On June 3 of the seventh year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji led Zhubeile to welcome him to the Hunhe River and greeted him with a hug to show Youlong. This was a great miracle in the history of the development of the Later Jin Dynasty, Kong and Geng not only brought more than 12,000 Jīng strong officers and soldiers and Hongyi cannons, but also contributed to the rapid collapse of the Ming Dynasty's Liaodong coastal defense. Less than four months later, Shang Kexi, the deputy general of Ming Zhen guarding Guangludao, followed in the footsteps of Kong and Geng, and Huang Taiji praised him for "knowing the turn of the times and turning his back" and "breaking the coastal defense, which is really my merit". Huang Taiji reappointed Kong Youde as the marshal of the capital, and Geng Zhongming and Shang Kexi as the commanders-in-chief, and let them continue to lead the troops, alongside Heshuo Baylor. It turned out that the army of Houjin was the Manchurian Eight Banners of Qing Yi sè, Tiancong five years Tong Yang xìng was ordered as the chief military officer, management of Han soldiers, when attacking the Daling River, this army called the old Han soldiers with red-coated cannons made many meritorious contributions, to Tiancong seven years when Ma Guangyuan led the Han soldiers, actually formed a Han army flag, Manchu called Wuzhen Chaoha. The troops led by Kong, Geng, and Shang were also Han troops. Prior to this, the Mongol banner soldiers had also been formed. On March 13 of the eighth year of Tiancong, Emperor Taiji paraded in the suburbs of Shenyang, and participated in the eight banners of Manchuria, two banners of Mongolia, and one flag of the old Han soldiers, a total of 11 flags. What is very different from the past is that the army has changed from a private army to a state army.

In recent years, the use of military power to expand has always been an important activity of Huang Taiji. On June 19 of the seventh year of Tiancong, he sent more than 10,000 Manchu and Han soldiers to attack Lushun on the left and right flanks, and on July 14, the fortress of Lushunkou, the southern gate of the northeast, fell into the hands of Houjin, and at the same time captured a large number of people and animals. In December of the eighth year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji ordered the deputy capital to dominate Qilan and the staff commander Samshha to lead 2,500 soldiers to conquer the unconquered land of Heilongjiang. In the second year, good news came from their homeland, and they subdued more than 7,300 people from Huerhazhuangding, young and old, men and women. At the same time, Wu Bahai went to Varka and won many battles. Huang Taiji expanded his territory in the northeast from Lushunkou in the south, east of the Ussuri River in the north and the middle reaches of the Heilongjiang River.

Of course, the important thing is still the war against the Ming, which is not only related to the survival of the Ming Dynasty itself, but also to the attitude of Mongolia and Korea. In June of the seventh year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji asked the ministers of Zhu Beile: "Zhengming State, Korea, and Chahar, which is the first to use troops?" A total of fifteen speakers, including Zilharang, advocated attacking the Ming Dynasty first. In fact, Chahar was attacked first. In the previous year, Huang Taiji personally led the troops to conquer Har, set off in April, pursued Lin Dan Khan, crossed the Yellow River, the Houjin army ran out of food, shè yellow sheep was hungry, there was no water, and a sheep was easy to drink in a cup of water, so he had to return halfway. In the eighth year of Tiancong, he visited Har again, and learned that Lin Dan Khan had died of illness in Qinghai, and everyone had nowhere to go. In the second year, he sent Dolgon, Yue and others to collect his son Erke Kongguoer Ezhe and his subordinates. Dolgon unexpectedly obtained the heirloom seal of the Yuan Dynasty. This victory marked the return of all southern Mongolia to the Later Jin unification. Huang Taiji took advantage of the conquest of Chahar in the eighth and ninth years of Tiancong to attack the Ming Dynasty, but mainly lingered near Datong and Xuanfu, and did not fundamentally shake the rule of the Ming Dynasty. In the experience of Huang Taiji's life, the biggest turning point was from the Later Jin Khan to the Qing Emperor. He was the first person to become emperor of the Qing Dynasty, which was a sublimation of his personal power, an epoch-making leap since his father Nurhachi founded the Later Jin State, and a sign of the progress of Manchu society.

Since the throne of Huang Taiji, he has devoted himself to learning the feudal rule of China's previous dynasties and constantly strengthening the centralization of power. He abolished the system of monthly division of the three beyles, weakened the privileges of the beylers, and allowed the officials appointed by the khan to play a greater role. With no one able to compete with him, he ascended to the throne of the emperor. The time was April of the tenth year of Tiancong (1636). First of all, the ministers of Zhubeile requested to be honored by the emperor Taiji on the grounds that the people were far away and the country was strong, but they were not allowed. Later, Sakhalian asked Zhubeile to review the past and said that he would be loyal and effective in the future, and Huang Taiji promised that he could consider it. Then Huang Taiji consulted the opinions of Han officials and Confucian ministers with the "Zaozheng Zun", and Bao Chengxian, Ning Wanme, Fan Wencheng, Luo Xiujin, etc. all agreed. Sakhalian also summoned all the beylers to take an oath of allegiance to the emperor. When the "Outer Domain" Zhubeile heard the news, he also asked for the honorable title, and Huang Taiji agreed. The preparatory activities of the Shangzun were largely ready by the end of March of the 10th year of Tiancong.

On the 5th of April, the Manchurian Zhubeile, Gushan Ezhen, the Mongolian Bagushan Ezhen, the six ministers, Kong, Geng, Shang, the Mongolian Beile of the outer vassals, and the Manchu, Mongolian, and Han civil and military officials gathered. Dolgon holds a full character list, Badali holds a Mongolian character table, Kong Youde holds a Chinese character table, and leads the ministers of the Baylor civil and military officials to kneel at the palace gate, the Huang Taiji is in the inner building, the imperial guards convey, the Emperor Taiji is full of orders, Mongolia, and the three Confucian ministers of the Han Dynasty hold the table in, and the ministers of the Baylor kneel three times and kowtow to the head, and wait for the order on the left and right. The three Confucian ministers held the table to kneel in front of the emperor to read, and praised the emperor's martial arts, which was in line with the will of heaven and the people's feelings. After hearing this, Huang Taiji agreed, and vowed to be more vigilant and diligent in the country. The news came out from the Confucian ministers, and everyone rejoiced enthusiastically and kowtowed. The next day, it was decided to choose the auspicious day of April 11 to hold the ceremony. At that time, the official sacrifice to heaven and earth, by the "Kuanwen Rensheng Emperor" honorific title, the founding of the Qing Dynasty, in fact, the Houjin changed to the Qing Dynasty, changed the Yuan Chongde, that is, the ten years of Tiancong for the first year of Chongde. After the sacrifice to heaven and earth is completed, the tree in front of the altar is more shè. Since then, the veritable Qing Dynasty in Chinese history was born, and it was this feudal dynasty that ruled the whole of China for 268 years, spanning two historical periods of ancient and modern times. A year earlier, Huang Taiji had ordered all people in the country to call Manchuria by its original name, and it was forbidden to call it Zhushen, and a little-known Manchu tribe was thus expanded into a world-famous and important member of the Chinese nation.

The Chongde period (1636-1643) was the second period of Huang Taiji's reign. On the basis of the original, he consolidated and expanded his rule in Northeast China, and made full preparations for entering the customs to rule the whole of China. There is one thing that reflects his thoughts, on the eve of the emperor, the ministers of the inner court imitated the system of the Ming Dynasty and named the newly built city gates, called Yangwei, Zhaode, etc., Huang Taiji thought that bluffing was not as good as pragmatism, and changed the names of consolidation and Jingyuan. Huang Taiji considered himself a great architect, and he wanted to create a great cause for his descendants, so he attached great importance to laying the foundation. One day in June of the second year of Chongde (1637), he explained to the princes and ministers that since his accession to the throne, he had unified Mongolia, conquered Korea, expanded his territory, and prospered the people. For example, he said: "The way to govern the country is like building a room. The foundation site is solid, and those who are good will not be destroyed quickly, and future generations can live for a long time. If it is harsh and successful, it will soon be destroyed, and the catalpa will be used as a curse. That's why the ancients admonished them. In less than a month, he repeated the same words to all the kings, Belle, and his ministers. The last sentence is broken: "From ancient times to the present, those who are slack in governing the country will lose the country; Those who are diligent in governing the country will endure the country. ”

In order to keep the country in rule for a long time, although Huang Taiji did not change the means of plundering wealth, he paid more attention to the development of production in the region. He said that the emperor immediately made the protection of land and livestock a legal code, and the crops in the field were not allowed to be stolen, and sows were not allowed to be killed, which was for breeding. It is not permissible to kill horses or oxen for sacrifice or to sell them. Since then, almost every year, he has regarded the supervision of farming as an important activity, and has proposed that "agricultural time should not be lost" and "those who waste agriculture are guilty". He knew that the five grains were the destiny of all the people, so he repeatedly stressed that there should be no shortage of grain in the Qing Dynasty before entering the customs, which was inseparable from this effort. Handicraft production has also made great progress. In December of the third year of Chongde, he rewarded Princess Chahar Gulun with 1,700 pieces of porcelain, which can reflect the achievements of the porcelain industry. Most of the palaces in Shengjing (now Shenyang) were built during the reign of Huang Taiji, and their scale and craftsmanship indicate a high level of handicraft in the later gold industry. Shengjing City West Shisheng Temple, cast a large bell thousand catties, is a symbol of the development of the smelting and casting industry. Commercial trade existed within the territory, as well as with Ming and North Korea. Huang Taiji had ordered the scholar Xifu to lead a large delegation of eight merchants and the families of Niu Lu and Zhang Jing to trade in Zhangjiakou. Later, he ordered people to buy horses in Guihua City (now Hohhot City). There are also examples of individuals who have traveled far away to trade.

During the Chongde period, although a large number of Han people were killed, or Han people were poisoned, roadblocks and robberies and other rebellions, Huang Taiji still paid attention to alleviating the social contradictions of the Qing Dynasty. He ordered his subordinates to do a good job of "raising people", especially to settle the newly plundered or surrendered Manchurians, Mongols, and Han Chinese. In Huang Taiji's later years, his sons and nephews were imprisoned in front of him and said that Taizu killed the Han people, and now the Han people are the kings and the people of Angbang Zhangjing, while the Manchurian clan has officials and people, "The times are reversed, and this is the case!" But the far-sighted Qing emperor did not let this shake his national policy.

In the past, Huang Taiji's authority was not very absolute. In September of the ninth year of Tiancong, that is, half a year before the emperor, Daishan and Princess Hada had despised him, and the emperor was furious, and summoned the ministers of Zhubeile and asked them to "not raise a strong person as the king". During the Chongde years, no one dared to challenge his authority.

Corresponding reforms and further improvements have also been made in the institutional setup. An important decision-making body in the early Qing Dynasty was the Council of Ministers. In April of the second year of Chongde, this body was adjusted: 1. In addition to the members of Linggushan Beizi Nikan, Ra, Bolo, etc., there were three ministers of parliament in each banner; 2. Stipulate that they have three tasks: enlightening the heart, relieving the poor, and raising the new; 3. The ministers of parliament must first communicate with each of them and then perform after the public discussion. Since then, the Council of Ministers has had a fixed procedure, and it has become a tool of the imperial power. During the Mandate of Heaven and Tiancong years, there was no supervisory authority, and during the Chongde period, Huang Taiji established the Metropolitan Procuratorate to give them the power to inspect a qiē official. There was a Qing generation, and the combination of Manchu and Mongolian was closer than that of Manchu and Han. In order to deal with Mongolian affairs, a Mongolian yamen was set up, and in June of the third year of Chongde, it was changed to the Lifan Yuan. The original six departments and the Metropolitan Procuratorate constitute the famous Eight Yamen. Huang Taiji appointed Manchurian, Mongolian, and Han Chinese to serve as the undertaker, with three people from each department, and the following all participated in politics. In July of the third year of Chongde, the official system of the eight yamen was changed, and each yamen only had one person to undertake the administration of Manchuria, and the following officials were set up to participate in politics, directors, deputy directors, and directors, and other officials, from the second class to the fifth class. This strengthened the ruling power of the state headed by him.

There was no name of the cabinet before the clearance. However, the Qing Dynasty under the rule of Huang Taiji had begun to take shape with the inner three courts of the cabinet. In March of the tenth year of Tiancong, the Huang Taiji Reform Museum was transformed into the Inner National History Academy, the Inner Secretary Academy, and the Inner Hongwen Academy. From the Wenguan to the Inner Three Academies, although the incumbents are all university scholars and bachelors, the division of labor is clearer, some are responsible for compiling history, some are drafting edicts and commenting on the gains and losses of ancient and modern political affairs, and some give lectures to the emperor. After Chongde, the bachelors and bachelors of the three inner academies had a greater influence on Huang Taiji's decision-making.

Huang Taiji's rule also continued to make use of the Eight Banners, an organization that integrated the military and the government. He made the Eight Banners Guò Revolution more and more vibrant. The first is to constantly add new members to the Eight Banners of Manchuria, and the second is to improve and expand the Eight Banners of Mongolia and the Eight Banners of the Han Army. Manchuria at the time of Nurhachi was called "Buddha Manchuria", that is, old Manchuria. Huang Taiji used troops against Heilongjiang and other places many times, bringing a large number of ethnic minorities to join the Manchurian community, which was called "Yiche Manchuria", that is, New Manchuria. Huang Taiji incorporated New Manchuria into the Eight Banners. Once in the fifth year, Chongde compiled the 5,673 young people of the New Manchurian Zhuangding and his family captured by Sauron into Niu Lu, which was subordinate to the Eight Banners. At the same time, the 42 New Manchurian Zhuangmen captured by the Kurkha conquest supplemented the shortage of armor in each banner. In addition to the Eight Banners of Manchuria, the Eight Banners of Mongolia were established earlier than the Eight Banners of the Han Army. During the Chongde period, the Eight Banners of the Han Army developed the fastest. In the second year of Chongde, according to the Manchurian example, the Han army was divided into two flags, and expanded to four flags in four years, each flag set up 18 people in Niulu Zhangjing, one person in Gushan Ezhen, two people in Meler Zhangjing, and four people in Jialazhangjing, but the interior is still divided into two flags of yellow and yellow, two flags of white and white, two flags of red and red, and two flags of blue and blue. In June of the seventh year of Chongde, the establishment of the Eight Banners of the Han Army was officially completed. Huang Taiji said: "If our country goes out, it will be a soldier, and if it enters, it will be for the people. This expansion of the Eight Banners of Manchuria and the establishment of the Eight Banners of the Mongol Army and the Eight Banners of the Han Army not only strengthened the armed forces of the Qing Dynasty, but also exercised a deeper level of control over the broad masses of the Manchu, Mongolian and Han people. In particular, in order to seize the right to rule the whole of China, the Eight Banners of the Han Army founded by Huang Taiji were of great significance.

The Qing Dynasty after Chongde was not as fragile as before, and although Huang Taiji continued to take some measures to consolidate his rule, he did not fear its annihilation, and his aim was to use this as a basis for his rule over all of China. On June 25, the fourth year of Chongde, Huang Taiji ordered that all the Ming Dynasty edicts accepted by Hada, Yehe, Ula, Huifa and the Mongol tribes in the past be collected and burned in front of the Dugong Hall (now the Shenyang Forbidden City Palace). This shows that from then on they were all subjects of the Qing Dynasty and could no longer have illusions about the Ming Dynasty. Huang Taiji had realized that at this time, the Ming Dynasty was full of peasant uprisings in full swing, and it was impossible to survive. In June of the seventh year of Chongde, he explained that the fortune of the country was about to fall. In the same year, he sent troops to attack the Ming Dynasty, and said to the general Abatai, who led the army, that the Ming Dynasty asked for peace, and you could reply, "We are ordered to come to the campaign, but the king's order is to listen, and he has nothing to say." If you speak, he will speak to me." He also told them that if they encountered a peasant rebel army, they said that you are in turmoil and change because of the disorder of the Ming government, and our country has come to conquer for this reason. If they send an envoy to see them, they bring them with them, and if they have a recital, they will convey them. Huang Taiji clearly saw that there were three major political forces competing on the Chinese social stage at that time, and as the ruler of the Qing Dynasty, he wanted to deal with the two major forces of the Ming Dynasty and the peasant army, but his attitude towards the two was different, and he really wanted to use the peasant army to deal with the Ming Dynasty. The goal was not achieved for a while, but he became more and more convinced that "Mingzhi will perish."

The development of the Qing Dynasty was conceived as three steps, the first step was to unify the northeast, the second step was to expand to the north of the Yellow River, and the third step was to rule the whole of China. That's when he wanted to leap from the first step to the second. After Chongde won a great victory in the second year of the conquest of Korea and the conquest of Phi Island, Huang Taiji had a dream. In the dream, he arrived in the Ming Dynasty, in the palace, as if he saw the Wanli Emperor, take a closer look, it turned out that the statue of the Jin Dynasty gave him a book of Jin History. The next morning, he repeatedly told the scholars of the year and the kings of Baylor and asked for advice. Everyone said that it was a good omen for the country. But the ambition of Huang Taiji, as reflected in the dream, was to rebuild the second Jin Dynasty. In June of the third year of Chongde, Huang Taiji said to the Khalkha Mongolian Darhan Nangsu Lama, which had the same meaning. He said: "The lords of the three kingdoms of Liao, Jin, and Yuan, when they were in war, went to Ernerthei in the west, Korea in the east, Heilongjiang in the north, and the sea in the south. 朕今rì正 and equal also. "In the second year, the emperor wrote to the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, on the one hand, he said that since ancient times, the descendants of no emperor have often been emperors; On the other hand, it is said that Liao, Jin, and Yuan also ruled the world, implying that he also wanted to replace the rule of the Ming Dynasty with another ethnic minority as in history. In the seventh year of Chongde, he used the Jin Dynasty's occupation of the Central Plains as an example, signaling that he would enter the Central Plains like them. However, the Ming Dynasty sent Ma Shaoyu, a member of the Ministry of War, to the Qing Dynasty to make peace, and the Qing Dynasty only proposed to take the Tuling coast in the middle of Shuangshu Fort in Ningyuan to the west of Huangcheng Island as the boundary, and the east of Huangcheng Island belonged to the Qing Dynasty. It's just a stopgap measure.

Huang Taiji was an outstanding military strategist and commander. After he became emperor, he either personally led the troops or commanded the town, and his military activities were an important part of his imperial cause. At this time, he personally led his troops to fight the first major battle was the conquest of Korea. Since becoming a brother with North Korea ten years ago, North Korea has still severed ties with the Ming Dynasty, and has found excuses to refuse to accept the Later Jin's demands for political respect, economic trade, and military borrowing. Whenever Huang Taiji had a victory, he never tired of telling the Joseon in detail, trying to pull the DPRK from the side of the Ming Dynasty, but with little success. At the ceremony of Huang Taiji's ascension to the throne, the most disappointing thing was that the Korean envoys did not worship, which made Huang Taiji very angry and contributed to the outbreak of the Korean War.

On November 19 of the first year of Chongde, Huang Taiji decided to send troops to fight on the grounds of "Korea's defeat and rebellion". On December 1, the soldiers met in Shengjing (now Shenyang) and deployed Zierharang to stay in Shengjing, Azig to stay in Niuzhuang, and Abatai to garrison Kahai City. The next day, the soldiers of Korea set out, and Daishan, Dolgon, Duoduo, Yue, Haoge, Dudu and others accompanied them. The whole army was divided into two wings, the right flank was arranged from the main road to Tokyo (Liaoyang) to the bank of the Hunhe River, and the left flank was arranged from the main road to Fushun. At 10 o'clock in the morning, Huang Taiji set off. The Joseon king Yi Liang expected that "he would be defeated day and night" and pinned his hopes on the support of the Ming Dynasty, but it was actually disappointed. The Qing army crossed the Yalu River on December 10 and arrived at Anzhou on the 13th, and the attack was fierce. Minister Li Qizhao asked: "Kou is already deep, what will it be?" Some of the ministers advocated resistance, while others offered to flee. Li Ju was undecided. I heard that the Qing army had passed Songdu, so I had to run to the mountain city of Nanhan, which was forty miles away. The cries of the Korean capital shook the sky, and the mountain fortress of Namhan was also surrounded by the Qing army. Thirty rì Qing troops entered the capital of Korea. On the fourth day of the first month of the second year, the Qing army crossed the Han River to the north and camped twenty miles away from Wangjing. On the seventh day of the first month, the Qing army defeated the Korean Jeolla and Chungcheong reinforcements, but the sixty-six-year-old Eju Yanguli was killed by a Korean defeater. Li Liang was "desperate" and claimed that his ministers were guilty. Huang Taiji demanded that the ministers of Korea who provoked provocations be severely punished, and at the same time, shipbuilding and sending troops to attack Ganghwa Island, and won the Korean princess, prince, and cabinet ministers. Twenty-eight rì, Li Liang offered two evils. On the same day, Emperor Taiji proposed: It is necessary to remove the name of the Ming Dynasty, cut off contact with the Ming, and dedicate the Ming Kingdom and the seal of the Ming Dynasty; The king himself came and took the firstborn and the other as hostages, and the ministers also took their sons as hostages, and made their protons their heirs. From now on, the text should be moved, and the Qing Dynasty will be in Zhengshuo, and all festivals will be made contributions. The envoys and ministers all follow the old customs of the country; When there was an expedition to the Ming Kingdom, the number of troops and the period were transferred, and fifty shotguns, archers and warships were immediately prepared to assist Phi Dao; When the army retreats, it sends off, and the captured flee back to their master; After that, the tribute was paid once a year, and there were fixed numbers of 100 taels of gold, 1,000 taels of silver, and leather paper mats. Thirty rì Li Liang personally went to the ground in front of Huang Taiji and pleaded guilty. After the surrender ceremony, his eldest son and second son were immediately left hostage, and more than 200 people from the rest of the captured wives were sent back to Beijing. On the second day of the second month of February, Huang Taiji was taught from North Korea. From then on, the Qing Dynasty replaced the Ming Dynasty and turned Korea into a vassal. Joseon was known to the Qing Dynasty as a former brother, and was more courteous to a vassal courtier. Soon, Azig led his troops to conquer Phi Dao and beheaded the Ming general Shen Shikui and others, completely relieving the Qing Dynasty's worries about attacking Guannei.

Huang Taiji's military operations against the Ming Dynasty were still blocked by the Shanhaiguan Pass, and were divided into the Battle of the Entrance and the Battle of the Outside of the Pass. During the Chongde period, a total of three entrance battles were launched, and in each battle, a part of the troops were divided outside the pass to contain them. In May of the first year of Chongde, Azig and other leading troops were sent to battle, and on June 27, they divided into the border and met in Yanqing Prefecture, which was the first entrance battle. The battle was won on September 8, and his army went straight to the Great Wall, passed through Baoding, to Anzhou, and Ke 12 cities, and all 56 battles were victorious, capturing 179,820 people and animals, and capturing the general army Chao Pichang. Zhang Fengyi, the secretary of the Ming Army, and Liang Tingdong, the governor of the Ming Army, did not dare to attack, and the Qing army was able to return with a plunder. In August and September of the third year of Chongde, the Qing Dynasty launched the second entrance battle, sending Dolgon as the general who was ordered to be ordered, and Yue Zhi as the general of Yangwu, and divided the left and right flanks to attack the Ming. Huang Taiji personally led his troops to Shanhaiguan to contain them. Yue Zhen entered from the northeast wall of Miyun and entered from the mouth of Zilingkou, and Dolgon entered from the Dongjiakou Dongshan Guanxi Wall, which was a large-scale military operation in the Guan. In March of the fourth year of Chongde, Dolgon reported that the two wings of the army would be in the west of the Tongzhou River, passing Yanjing from the north, going south from Zhuozhou into eight roads, and the six prefectures within a thousand miles west of Beijing were ravaged, and returned to the Shanxi boundary, returning to Linqingzhou, crossing the canal, breaking through the Jinan Mansion in Shandong, defeating the enemy in Kecheng, and capturing more than 250,000 people. The right-wing Du Du reported that his army had marched from Yanjing west to Shanxi and south to Shandong, and Kecheng had been defeated, capturing more than 204,000 people. Both wings returned from Qian'an, out of Qingshan Pass, triumphant in April. The greatest loss of the Qing army was the death of the mighty general Yue Zhen in the army. However, the losses of the Ming Dynasty were even greater, and the famous anti-Qing figures Sun Chengzong and Lu Xiangsheng were both killed in battle. It turned out that Yang Sichang, the military department of the Ming Dynasty, advocated peace with the Qing Dynasty, and also said that the Qing army would not go south, they had no firearms, and so on, but in fact it was not the same thing at all. Emperor Chongzhen not only declared martial law in Beijing, but was also very worried, so that when both the peasant army and the Qing army attacked, he would rather temporarily relax the encirclement and suppression of the peasant army, and transfer the main forces to the battlefield of resistance against the Qing Dynasty.

Before the third entrance of the Qing army, the Ming and Qing dynasties launched the second decisive battle after the Battle of Salhu in the Songjin area. The Ming Dynasty saw that only by defeating the Qing army in the northeastern battlefield could they be prevented from launching an offensive inside and outside the Guan. Huang Taiji knew better that only by attacking Běijīng from Shanhaiguan could he destroy the Ming Dynasty or establish a state like the Liao, Jin, and Yuan. So it is no accident that there is such a big battle in Songjin. Since the Battle of the Daling River, Zu Dashou returned to the Ming Dynasty and was stationed in Jinzhou. Wu Sangui was the nephew of Da Shou, when he was a deputy general, Zu and Wu had strong strength in Liaodong, and they were a military group that the Ming Dynasty relied on. The Qing army could not defeat him, so Huang Taiji used high-ranking officials to win over his descendants. In the third year of Chongde in order to cooperate with the Qing army entrance battle, Huang Taiji personally led the troops to attack Ningyuan and Jinzhou, Zu Dashou was in Zhonghousu, defeated Duoduo's army, Huang Taiji went to Zhonghou and asked Zu Dashou to come to see, but was refused. In the second year, Huang Taiji led his troops to besiege Songshan, next to Lianshan, Tashan, and Xingshan, Chongzhen summoned Zu Dashou to rescue, but Huang Taiji asked him to surrender, but he was also unsuccessful. Zu Dashou held on to Jinzhou, and the Qing army was repeatedly defeated. From the sixth year of Chongde, Zilharang began to order the armies to besiege Jinzhou. Due to the threat of the Qing army, the Ming Dynasty has transferred Hong Chengchou to the Weijing Division, and officially appointed Hong Chengchou as the military affairs of Jiliao, the secretary of the military department and the deputy governor of the imperial history, which is an important step in preparing for the decisive battle. Hong's army went out of Shanhaiguan in October and mobilized Cao Bianjiao, Wang Tingchen, Zi Guangen, Ma Ke, Wu Sangui, Yang Guozhu, Wang Pu, Tang Tong's eight general troops, and 130,000 troops, to fight a decisive battle in the east. At that time, Zu Dashou was stationed in Jinzhou, with the three cities of Songshan, Xingshan and Tashan as the horns.

In March of the fifth year of Chongde, the Qing soldiers repaired the city of Yizhou. In the past, the Qing army divided a part of the customs into the customs, and now it is fully used for the decisive battle of Songjin. In particular, the reinforcement of the Ming soldiers prompted the Qing Dynasty not only to transfer the troops of Kong, Geng, and Shang to help besiege Jinzhou, but also that the Han army Gushan Ezhen Shi Tingzhu even thought that "the Ming will fight with me", and there is no need for our army to change its defense. In August of the sixth year of Chongde, Huang Taiji saw that the shape was critical, and the matter was serious, and personally led the troops into the battle, regardless of the nose bleeding, fifteen rì set off, and three rì rear. Someone built yì "Xu Xing", and Huang Taiji said: "If I have wings to fly, fly immediately, how can I Xu Xing!" "After six days of rapid marching, we reached Matsuyama. Huang Taiji's personal expedition greatly boosted the morale of the Qing army. He deployed the Qing army from the south of the Wuxin River to the sea, crossed the main road, stationed camps, and then set up an ambush at Gaoqiao, encircled and pursued and intercepted, and was prepared everywhere. Although the Ming soldiers claimed to be 130,000, the only ones who could fight were the three general troops of Bai, Ma and Wu. Hong Chengchou was reluctant to rush to battle, but Chongzhen, Chen Xinjia, the secretary of the military department, and Zhang Ruoqi, the staff of Langzhong, were all rash and urged the war, and the Hong family was forced to enter the army and won a small victory at the beginning. Huang Taiji took a large encirclement offensive, dug Shenhao to trap the Ming army, Hong Chengchou was a decisive victory, and the generals were not paid, and they agreed to return to Ningyuan to get grain. Hong Chengchou saw: "If you fight, you will die, and if you don't fight, you will die; If you fight, you may be lucky. "But the generals have different ambitions. Before the order was given, Wang Pu had already fled first in fear of the enemy, so the commanders competed and were defeated. The deserters were ambushed and pursued by the Qing army halfway, and 50,000 of the 130,000 soldiers of the Ming Dynasty were beheaded. Only Cao Bianjiao and Wang Tingchen broke through into Songshan City, and Hong Chengchou and Governor Qiu Minyang held on to Songshan. There were no more than 10,000 soldiers in Songshan City, and there was no rescue outside, and he was isolated and desperate. Hong Chengchou broke through several times, but failed. In the first month of the second year, the adjutant general Xia Chengde took his son Xia Shu as the hostage, and the Qing army was secretly appointed as the internal response, and on February 18, the Qing army entered Songshan and captured Hong Chengchou alive. On the eighth day of the first month of March, Zu Dashou in Jinzhou City also surrendered after being besieged in isolation and helplessness for a year. In April, the Qing army conquered Tashan and Xingshan again, and destroyed the two cities. At this point, the decisive battle of Songjin ended in the victory of the Qing army. After the decisive battle of Songjin, the Ming Dynasty army suffered all casualties. The Qing Dynasty said that the battle of Salhu was "Wang Jikai", and the battle of Songjin was "Emperor Yeding". Huang Taiji laid a foundation for the Qing Dynasty.

In the seventh year of Chongde, Huang Taiji launched the last entrance battle before his death. He made an unusual request for this military operation, that is, to pay attention to the movements of the Ming Dynasty and the peasant army, and to adopt a cooperative attitude. This shows that Huang Taiji believed that the Qing Dynasty would replace the Ming Dynasty and rule the whole country for a short time. The commander of this march was ordered to the general Abatai and others, and the two wings of the army destroyed the walls from Jielingkou and Huangyankou respectively, and drove south to Yanzhou, Shandong, counting three prefectures, eighteen prefectures, and sixty-seven counties, defeating the enemy in 39 places, obtaining 2,250 taels of gold, 2,250,270 taels of platinum, and capturing 369,000 people, cattle and horses, clothes, and other things. However, in the face of such a great victory, when many civil and military generals proposed to go straight to Shanhaiguan, Huang Taiji still adhered to the established national policy and did not take risks lightly. In the life of the final emperor Taiji, the Qing army did not pass through the Guò Mountain Pass, but without them clearing the way, it would be impossible for the later Qing army to enter the customs.

When Huang Taiji was fifty years old, his body immediately became weak due to the death of his beloved Concubine Chen. Huang Taiji married fifteen wives in his life, and his favorite was the Borzigit clan who Tiancong married in the eighth year, and named her the concubine of Guan Ju Palace in the first year of Chongde. This wife is virtuous and quiet, Huang Taiji and her are quite affectionate, and after marriage, they gave birth to a son, Huang Taiji was extremely happy, and issued the first amnesty decree of the Qing Dynasty. The son died at the age of two. In September of the sixth year of Chongde, Huang Taiji was on the front line of Songjin, and suddenly heard that Concubine Chen was critically ill and hurried back to Shengjing, when Concubine Chen was dead. Huang Taiji was overwhelmed with grief. Since then, the Qing Emperor, who has always been in good health, suddenly fell into a coma, suddenly reduced his appetite, and often "bowed to disobey the peace". On the second day of the tenth month of that year, he said to the kings and their wives and children: "If the mountains are steep, they will collapse, if the trees are high, and if they are rich, they will decline. This revealed that Huang Taiji was already uneasy about his old age and decrepitude. Six years after Chongde, due to his poor health, Huang Taiji issued an amnesty decree, which also reduced the burden of dealing with ordinary affairs, and even prayed. On August 9 of the eighth year of Chongde (1643), Huang Taiji, who had worked all his life, finally died of illness in Qingning Palace in Shenyang at the age of fifty-two. Later, he was buried in Zhaoling, which is now Shenyang Beiling. The temple name is Taizong, and he is known as Emperor Wen.