There are many names of central officials, including three provinces, six ministries, one department, nine temples and five supervisors. The three provinces refer to the six departments of Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province, the Ministry of Households, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Criminal Affairs, and the Ministry of Industry, which are directly subordinate departments of Shangshu Province. One refers to the Imperial Historical Observatory, remember?

After Qin Shi Huang unified the six countries, he reformed the official position, and the imperial historian was the deputy prime minister, and the functions and powers of the imperial historian in the Tang Dynasty did not change much, but the status was not so high. The above three provinces, six ministries, and one were the main administrative organs of the Tang Dynasty, which was the famous Sui and Tang provinces and six ministries system.

The three provinces of Shangshu Province are higher than Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province, so there is also the name of Shangshu Province, the prefect of Shangshu is called Shangshu Ling, which is equivalent to the current Premier of the State Council, is the second product, because Comrade Li Shimin once served as this official, after he became the emperor, he began not to set up Shangshu Order, and the deputy governor of Shangshu Province Shangshu left and right servant shot (one member each) served as the prefect, from the second grade.

But there are exceptions, a hundred years later, there is a person who saved the Tang Empire that was about to collapse by himself, and was awarded this official position - Guo Ziyi. Shangshu Province's direct six Shangshu and Zhongshu Provincial Governor Zhongshu Ling (two members), Menxia Provincial Governor Shizhong (Nayan, two members) are all positive three products, which can be seen, but later with the change of history, the governor of Shangshu Province left and right servants are not serving as prime ministers, although the grade is very high, the status of the government has declined,.

The selection of the officials in charge of the six ministries is equivalent to the current personnel department, which is the most important and powerful, so it is the boss in the six ministries, and this can be seen from the rank of its deputy chief.

The deputy governor of the Ministry of Officials (two members) and the deputy governor of Zhongshu Province Zhongshu Shilang (two members), and the deputy governor of Menxia Province are all on the fourth grade, but the other five departments are under the fourth grade. Each of the three provinces has its own accusations. Non-interference, checks and balances of power. It is conducive to improving the quality of administration.

The Zhongshu Province was responsible for drafting the edicts of the emperor and the prime minister, and the Menxia Province was responsible for sealing and refuting the deliberations. If the decree is inappropriate or felt unreasonable, the edict of the emperor and the prime minister can be returned, and if it is deemed feasible, it can be handed over to the province of Shangshu for enforcement.

The specific administrative line is as follows: the emperor said that this matter should be done, and the emperor also gave advice on how to deal with the incident, and the Zhongshu people of Zhongshu Province (Zheng Wupinshang, six people) wrote down the emperor's and the prime minister's handling opinions on a piece of paper, noting that it was only a handling opinion, and it was not yet finalized.

The matter of the fixed board does not belong to the prime minister or the emperor, but to the middle-level officials of the province of Menxia - to the middle of the matter (Zheng Wupinshang. Four people), to get the piece of paper written by the Zhongshu Sheren in the matter, and began to wonder if this matter is right to deal with it like this, no, it is not good for the people to do this, card, directly return the piece of paper, think again, it's not that I am ruthless. It's my duty.

The emperor and the prime minister hated it so much that they itched the root of their teeth in the matter, and there was no way, who would let the family have power, although they were not happy in their hearts. Or re-instructed the handling opinions, and then showed them to the matter, no. I started over and went back again.

It is estimated that the prime minister will be scolding the street at this time. It should be noted that it is generally the prime minister who returns more than twice. For the emperor, it is better to give some face to the people in the matter, you can't play too much, you can go back once, and then go back is a bit of a nose in the face.

But for the prime minister, he will never be polite to the people, he got a chance, a whole meal, if there is a little personal grudge mixed in it, then the excitement can be seen, it must be rectified to death, and the slogan in the matter: If you don't obey you, I am not born by my father

Of course, there are exceptions, for example, if the prime minister is still a secretary, then he can't play, and his job is easy to break; Another example is that the prime minister is a minister of power, a treacherous minister, a face of benevolence, righteousness and morality, full of secret skills, if you offend him, you will have no good fruit to eat, such as: Xu Jingzong, Li Linfu, Li Deyu and other bigwigs.

Generally when you meet such a person as the prime minister, you will have a heart eye for the matter, and generally those who can pass guò will pass guò, and those who can't pass guò should be able to pass guò if they don't see it, of course, there are also people who don't want to die, or two poles have a mental attack, just don't buy it, and then wait for the result of him, it is estimated that it is not to fill the army for 3,000 miles or to go home to plant sweet potatoes, you must know that these people are all revenge and hatred, but I think it is not easy to adhere to the principle of people in extremely difficult situations; People who know that they will lose their official positions, know that they will be distributed, and still adhere to their principles are brave; They all deserve respect.

The prime ministers do things, just hope to give a big stroke of the pen to Tong guò, everyone is out to eat, can you use it so seriously?

The earth is so big, who can't ask for whom? As long as there is a pass in the matter, and then it is handed over to the servant to make a decision, the matter is so decided, everything is fine, and it can be directly handed over to the Shangshu Province for implementation, the war is handed over to the Ministry of War, the matter of money is found in the Ministry of Households, the emperor wants to build a palace and directly find the Ministry of Industry, and the envoy to a foreign country will find the Ministry of Rites Shangshu, each has its own responsibilities, and everyone is happy in the division of labor and cooperation.

Each of the six departments of Shangshu has four divisions in charge of various affairs, the director is called Lang Zhong (from the bottom of the five products), and the deputy director is called the staff Wai Lang (from the six products), although these officials are not there, but some positions are broken heads and have to go up, why, there is power, there is oil and water.

In the Tang Dynasty, the most powerful was the Ministry of Officials, and the biggest oil and water was the Ministry of Households, so the Ministry of Officials was in the examination of the Ministry of Merit, the Ministry of Officials, the Ministry of Households, and the Degree of Zhilang (the same is true for the Wai Lang, who can't be the positive, and the deputy is also improvised), are all positions with fierce competition, if you are lucky enough to get such a position, you just wait to sit and collect money.

At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the governors of the three provinces were all prime ministers, and they discussed in the "political affairs hall", and in the early days, they gathered in Menxia Province to discuss political affairs, and later changed to Zhongshu Province, and the "political affairs hall" was also transferred from Menxia Province to Zhongshu Province. In addition to the governors of the three provinces, in order to recruit a wide range of talents to participate in state affairs, the emperor also specially approved some people to serve as prime ministers, such as "Pingzhang Affairs", "Tongzhongshu Menxia Sanpin", "Consult the Machine", "Participate in Political Affairs" and so on.

But later in the Tang Zhongzong period, the left and right servants of the governor of Shangshu Province no longer served as prime ministers, and became an executive agency, that is, the above asked them to do what they wanted, not to mention that you are not convinced, and the old Dalian Prime Minister of Shangshu Province is not. What else is bullish. Therefore, even if the grade of the left and right servants (from the second rank) is higher than that of Zhongshuling (Zheng Sanpin) and Shizhong (Zheng Sanpin), it is because it is far from the center of power. The status of the government has declined a lot, and there is no longer the bullish spirit of the past.

So the left and right servants who used to be very good met their former partners (both prime ministers) on the road. The grade is not as high as his own high Zhongshu Ling and Shizhong, so he has to let the family go first, and then go by himself.

There was no quota for the prime ministers of the Tang Dynasty, there were more than a dozen people (during the Jingyun period of Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty), and there was only one person when there were few (Li Mi, the third and fourth years of Zhenyuan of Tang Dezong), too much and too little were abnormal, and after the Tang Dynasty, the number of prime ministers was generally fixed at four.

The prime minister is the envoy of the Taiqing Palace, and the second three ministers also have embassy positions. They are (in order): Hongbunkan University Scholars, Supervising National History, Jixian Hall University Scholars, there is such a group of people, often with the emperor, nothing can be summoned by the emperor, the edict is completely drafted by them, the emperor is very trusted and favored, and their age is not very old, which means that they have great potential, and they are all people who are full of literacy.

Young. Cultured, capable, and favored by the emperor, what can you imagine what their future path will look like? During the Kaiyuan period of Tang Xuanzong, Hanlin was edicted. Specially drafted an edict for the emperor (snatching the jobs of the scholars), and later changed it to a Hanlin bachelor and placed it in the academy.

There is no fixed quota for Hallym Bachelors. But the selection is extremely strict, and the age is not too big. Be literate and familiar with the Confucian classics. Write a pen, write a poem, and draft a document one year after being admitted to the hospital. Close to the emperor, in contact with a lot, the emperor often asks their opinions on major national events, they have a more enviable name "inner minister", do you think of their future path?

That's right, many of them will ascend to the center of power in the empire in the future, and they will be the prime ministers. According to statistics, from Tang Suzong to Tang Yizong for more than 100 years, 167 Hanlin scholars were appointed, of which 55 people later became prime ministers, Zhang Xu, Zhang Jiuling and other Kaiyuan celebrities were born and the predecessors of Hanlin bachelors, it is worth mentioning that the great poet Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhi all served as Hanlin scholars, and Yuan Zhi later ascended to the stage.

The term of office of the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty did not have a fixed number of years, some as long as ten or twenty years, and some were pitiful, only one day (Wang Hui). During the Zhenguan period, Fang Xuanling served as prime minister for 22 years (Taizong was the emperor for 23 years, and Fang Xuanling died in Zhenguan 22 years), Wei Zheng for 14 years, Li Ji for 20 years, among which the eldest grandson Wuji has always maintained a record, the Tang Dynasty served as the prime minister for the longest time - 32 years, which can be described as an evergreen tree in the political arena.

Fang Xuanling, Wei Zheng and others have been prime ministers for a long time, which is of great benefit, they are well aware of the people's sufferings, which is conducive to handling political affairs, and they have indelible merits in the creation of the rule of Zhenguan.

But on the other hand, some people, who have been prime ministers for a long time, are really hateful and inferior, and they are really the best in the world, Li Linfu has been prime minister for 19 years, and Yuan Zai has been 15 years, and the two people have despicable and shameless character, and they sell their official beards, and they will not give up without making a miasma.

The prime ministers of the Tang Dynasty ate together at noon, called "meeting food", similar to our current work dinner, everything is easy to talk about at the dinner table, everyone contacts and thanks to each other, enhances friendship, everyone is a friend, all work for a boss (emperor), look down and don't look up, the relationship should be good, if the brother is not good that day, pull the brother a hand.

The main responsibility of the Imperial Historical Observatory is to picket hundreds of officials and supervise prefectures and counties, they are like the eyes of the emperor, helping the emperor to monitor the huge empire. The prefect of the Imperial Historical Observatory is the Imperial Historian (from the third rank), the deputy prefect Imperial Historian Zhongcheng (from the fifth rank), and the lower ones are the Imperial Historian (from the sixth rank), the Imperial Servant Imperial History (from the seventh rank), and the Supervisor Imperial History (from the eighth rank), each with its own duties, and they are the guardians of the imperial bureaucracy to maintain integrity.

The grade of the imperial history is not high, but they are very powerful, they will impeach whoever they don't like, and whoever offends themselves will be impeached, and the Ming Dynasty's speech officials are developed from these imperial historians, as long as they have enough evidence, even their top boss Yu Shi Dafu can be impeached, not to mention other officials.

However, no matter how hard they work, there are embezzlers every year, and political cases continue to occur, and the imperial historians are very distressed, why is this? They don't know that it's not that they're incompetent, it's that their opponents are too cunning.

Compared with the complexity of the central official position, the local official system is relatively simple, mainly divided into three levels: province, prefecture, and county, of which "Tao" is not regarded as an administrative unit, and Zhenguanzhong. Li Shimin divides the world into ten provinces, mainly as a supervision area. It was similar to the state of the Han Dynasty, but its nature changed later.

to the late Tang Dynasty. It was used as an independent administrative unit and military district, but it was often not divided by the imperial court on its own initiative, but by the central government after the warlord occupation. Therefore, the main administrative units of the Tang Dynasty were two levels - the state and the county, the state had a history of thorns, and the county had a county order.

It is the same state, and the level is also different, divided into upper, middle, and lower levels, and is divided according to the number of household registrations. No one should try to deny it. Sometimes there are more than 40,000 households (it is estimated that during the Kaiyuan Tianbao period, the Tang Dynasty was extremely prosperous), and sometimes more than 30,000 households are Shangzhou; Sometimes there are more than 25,000 households, and sometimes more than 20,000 households are Zhongzhou; Less than 20,000 households are in the lower state, and if there are few, it will be pitiful.

Then I can only be sorry, don't call the state, go directly to the county. The governor of the state is called "Thorn History" and is in charge of the affairs of a state, and the Thorn History of Shangzhou is from the three products. and the Imperial Historian (the chief of the Supervisory Body, the Imperial Observatory) is of the same rank; On the four products of Zhongzhou Thorn Shizheng, it is a level with the Zhongshu Shilang, the Menxia Shilang, and the Ministry Shilang; Xiazhou Thorn Shi is under the fourth grade, and the other five squires are of the same rank.

Since the society at that time generally attached great importance to the central officials, the ugly point was to look down on the magistrates. Therefore, the level of the magistrate is obviously very high, and the state is equivalent to the prefect in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the difference between the five grades and the squire is several levels. However, in the Tang Dynasty, their grades were equal. can't help but sigh, the same is an official. Why is the gap so big?

Hey, I can only blame you for not being born at the right time. Thorn history is not an immortal either. He also has to have time to rest, he can't always work, he doesn't rest, and it's quite tiring to work alone, so the central government arranged a lot of assistants for the assassin, including Beijia, Changshi, Sima, etc., to assist the assassin in handling government affairs. As the subordinate level of the state, the county is also divided into grades according to the household registration standard, but not the third class, but the fourth class, sometimes with more than 6,000 households, sometimes with more than 5,000 households as the upper county; Sometimes there are more than 3,000 households, and sometimes more than 2,000 households are medium counties; More than 1,000 households are middle and lower counties, and less than 1,000 households are lower counties.

The county has a "county order" is the chief executive of the county, who is in charge of the affairs of the county, and there are also helpers, the main assistant of the county order is the county magistrate, and he will help him do whatever the county order does, and there is also the chief book in charge of documents and classics and the county lieutenant who is in charge of public security and prison.

Similarly, the level of the county is different, and the grade of the county order is also different, the upper county order is from the sixth grade, the middle county order is the seventh grade (this is in line with people's common idea of knowing the county with seven grades), the middle and lower county orders are from the seven grades, and the lower county orders are from the seven grades.

There are also grass-roots institutions such as townships in the county, four families are neighbors, five neighbors are guaranteed, there are chiefs, 100 households are in the village, there are li long, the management of household registration, persuasion of agriculture and mulberry, collection of taxes, five miles for the township, each township has a "father" person, and the township directly belongs to the county.

In this way, the whole country has formed a vast network of relations, one level at a time, and all the people are included in this network. The edict issued by the central government first reached the prefecture, then the county, township, and li, and finally reached the hands of the common people.

The Tang Dynasty gave special preferential treatment to officials, not only to Yongye Field, post field, but also according to the grade of wages, at that time the commodity economy was not too active, or the people to food as the sky, officials pay wages are also rice, called "Lu rice".

In the Tang Dynasty, wages were not paid according to people's hair, but according to their positions, if you held two or three public offices, then you would be paid, and you could make a lot of money, and the rations for your wife and children were solved, in addition to eating a big meal and taking a sauna, but if you think you are very happy, then you are wrong. Miss by a mile.

There are some people who are much happier than you, and their one-year salary can be worth your life's salary, such as the famous and notorious Comrade Yang Guozhong, who holds dozens of positions, and all of them are important positions, all of which are fought for by other people's broken heads, and that year's salary is definitely not expensive.

A few days ago, I saw a post saying that the idol Bao Zheng's annual salary is more than 10 million, I guess Comrade Yang Guozhong is not much worse, plus extra money oil and water, Yang Guozhong's annual income Bao Zheng should not be comparable, why?

After all, Bao Qingtian asked for his life for the people, he was honest all his life, and his sleeves were clean, which is known to the people of the whole country, if you say that Bao Daren has unplanned income, it is estimated that Bao Daren's fans will be able to drown you with spitting stars, don't laugh, this is not a legend (remember: don't try).

Therefore, it is very cost-effective to be an official in the Tang Dynasty, and the poor students once ascended to the first place (the imperial examination into the Shike, it is difficult to say anything else), became a formal civil servant of the state, worked diligently all his life, caused less trouble, mixed a middle-class landlord, and then retired There is no problem, of course, except for the best characters such as the angry youth and the second pole.

Thirty old Ming Jing, fifty young jinshi whether it is an enterprise or a country, it needs new talents and injects fresh blood to keep the enterprise evergreen and the country to maintain vitality. In the Tang Empire, they implemented such a system of selecting talents, the state unified teaching materials, students unified learning, and then participated in the national unified examination, and selected those with excellent grades as officials.

Call it the "imperial examination" first talk about the unified textbook, the Tang Dynasty imperial examination mainly examines the Confucian classics, but there is a problem, the Confucian classics are all classical Chinese, no punctuation, and the Tang Dynasty has been separated for many years, the interpretation of each school is different, literature is the public said that the public is reasonable, the mother-in-law said that the mother-in-law is reasonable, the factions are in trouble, no one is willing to admit that they are wrong, the other party is right.

But the test still has to be tested, according to whose explanation the test, is to give a standard answer, the ministers are blinded all of a sudden, what can be done, note that at that time, there was no such influence as Zhu Xi and the future generations, and everyone gave face.

The standard answer can't be given, you can't take the test, you can't always count it right, it's better not to take the test, the problem was reflected in Tang Taizong, Tang Taizong immediately made a decision, the test still has to be tested, let the Guozi sacrifice wine Kong Yingda and the famous Confucianism compile a textbook that is popular throughout the country, and then take the exam according to this textbook, it will be called "Five Classics of Justice". (To be continued......)