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In June 1858, the London-based journal The Lancet published an article entitled "A Study of the Causes of Some Infectious Diseases and the Therapeutic Effect of Certain Chemicals."

This is a very long paper, and it takes up all the space of this issue of The Lancet except for the front and back covers, so that no other papers can be published in this issue of The Lancet. Even so, this issue of the magazine is exceptionally thick. But after reading the paper, almost everyone agrees that the Lancet is the only way to make such an arrangement, because there are few papers in the history of medicine that contain groundbreaking or even decisive content in many aspects - a paper that will definitely go down in history. Some people even bought this issue of The Lancet magazine as a collector's item, and many years later, their vision was verified, and in 1954, the 11o anniversary of the birth of the medical pioneer Scrooge, a copy of the Lancet magazine signed by Scrooge was auctioned for a whopping $2oo! You know, this is the year when the dollar and gold are still tied together.

In this paper, Scrooge points out that some microorganisms, which are invisible to the naked eye, are the cause of many infectious diseases. Although microorganisms were such a thing as early as 1683, by Levin? Hook is present, but people have never linked them to the cause of the disease. In the original history, it was not until 1865, when the French microbiologist Pasteur studied silkworm disease, that the relationship between these small things and diseases was first revealed. In fact, it is not to blame that the scientists in Europe were too insensitive, and for so many years after Leeuwenhoek learned about the microscope and the appearance of bacteria, they did not understand these very simple questions today. This is because the refractive index of bacteria differs so little from their surroundings that even under a microscope, people can see something at best, not at all to see the details, let alone identify them. In fact, until 1884, when Danish doctors used gramming gram staining, it was very difficult to identify the species of bacteria.

And now, Scrooge's paper has brought these crucial things forward at once. In this paper, Scrooge first introduced in detail how to stain bacteria for easy observation (Gram stain), and how this method was used to show a large number of pictures of bacteria that are not found in normal people in the saliva, blood, and excreta of some patients. This confirmed that diseases such as cholera, smallpox, puerperal fever, sepsis, tetanus, etc., were caused by different bacterial infections. Any paper, as long as there is such an epoch-making present is enough to pass on to the world, and any person, as long as there is one such present in his life, it is enough to be immortal! In addition to pointing out the causes of the problem, this paper even proposes a series of solutions.

In this paper, Scrooge pointed out that an important reason for the high mortality rate in hospitals is poor hygiene, and the lack of thorough disinfection of items that may carry pathogenic bacteria leads to cross-infection. In order to solve this problem, he came up with several feasible disinfection methods, such as alcohol disinfection, high-temperature cooking disinfection, sunlight disinfection, etc., and also used pictures to compare the effect of disinfection. With these methods, if a hospital is willing to follow the methods seriously, the deaths caused by various cross-infections will be greatly reduced, not to mention the rest, at least, the incidence of puerperal fever, which causes a large number of maternal deaths, will inevitably decline by an alarming margin. It can be said that this paper has changed the status quo that going to the hospital is equivalent to going to the grave. At present, hospitals may still not have many ways to treat patients, and still have to use some treatments that have no practical effect, or even only have bad effects (such as letting patients eat oil, this is a real thing, and it is also the first use of oil in Europe and the United States). They really think of humans as Autobots and Decepticons), but at least, the danger of death is greatly reduced, and any paper with such an epoch-making present is enough to be handed down to the world, and any person, as long as there is one such present in his life, is enough to be immortal!

But this paper doesn't just do that, Scrooge even came up with a way to treat patients who have been infected by germs! Scrooge claims that when he was researching how to stain bacteria, he realized that certain chemicals had a very obvious effect on inhibiting the growth and reproduction of bacteria, so he thought of using these chemicals to treat various diseases caused by bacterial infections. To this end, he devised a series of practical yàn:

First, he used artificial methods to infect rabbits and other animals with certain pathogenic bacteria. When the rabbits showed very obvious signs of illness, he gave them the special chemical agent. After thousands of comparative tests (Scrooge is obviously bragging here, but who of Scrooge's employees will expose him?) Even if the truth is revealed, who will believe it? Scrooge was convinced that the chemical was effective and that it did not have particularly severe side effects. (At that time, a lot of mercury, arsenic and other things were used to deal with skin diseases such as syphilis, and the mortality rate was close to 50 percent. ）

After the animal realization, he cautiously carried out the human body realization. And in the treatment of sepsis, pneumonia, and even cholera and other diseases, very good results have been obtained. Therefore, he is sure that the day is not far off when all infectious diseases will be completely defeated.

Such a paper has made an epoch-making contribution from principle to prevention to treatment, how can it not shock the entire European medical community and even the scientific community. In fact, in front of the paper table, the Lancet has already verified those real yàns, and after the paper table, scientists throughout Europe have verified the authenticity of these real yàns according to the methods in the paper. The only thing that remains to be questioned is what that "chemical agent" is, and is it really that useful?

In the original history, by 1949, there were at least 5,000 sulfonamides in the world, but in fact, there were only a limited number of dozens of the most useful and effective ones, and Scrooge patented them all in one go. In addition, he has also applied for patents for all the most common processes for the production of sulfonamides, erecting a high patent barrier. At that time, under the leadership of the British, the major powers such as Britain, France, the United States, the German states, and Russia all recognized each other's patent rights, and the patent term of this international patent right was 14 years, while in the United States, the term of patent protection reached 22 years. This means that within 14 years, he is the only one in the world who can produce this drug, and within 22 years, he is the only one in the entire United States who can produce sulfonamides. Being able to monopolize this market for such a long period of time is enough for him to build an empire no less than Vanderbilt's back then.

Half a month later, the first batch of sulfonamides arrived in the UK in anticipation of the whole of Europe. And it was sold out almost in the blink of an eye. Then the entire European medical community opened its eyes and waited for the results to be reported back from those hospitals in the UK. After another week, the preliminary results came out, and it turned out that sulfonamides were not only effective for sepsis, puerperal fever, pneumonia, but even for any disease related to bacteria.

"If there really is a so-called cure-all drug in the world, sulfonamide is probably it. Now, whenever I have something I can't deal with, my first reaction is to use sulfonamide, and it almost never lets me down. A doctor said in an interview with The Times.

Now, there is no longer any suspicion of sulfonamides in the whole of Europe. People have praised this great present. Even the great revolutionary leader Karl? Marx also praised Scrooge's great achievements on a par with Copernicus's heliocentric theory, Darwin's theory of evolution, and Newton's three laws. Now, the only problem is that the production of sulfonamides is still too low, and the price is still too high, far from meeting the market demand.

Because Scrooge claimed that sulfonamides appeared by chance while he was trying to find a pigment to dye the bacteria, the prices of various pigments, like the price of rabbits, were influenced by his paper. For example, the price of indigo has more than doubled, and patients who are sick but can't get sulfonamide begin to eat all kinds of dyes indiscriminately, so that some patients' excrement turns blue.

In such a frenzy, the Royal Academy of Sciences and the French Academy of Sciences have invited this Yankee, who is thousands of miles away, in the hope that he can become their foreign academician. A series of universities in Europe have also invited Scrooge.

U.S. President Buchanan also highly praised Scrooge's achievements and invited Scrooge to a banquet at the presidential palace. But Scrooge declined the invitation on the pretext that he would devote his time to scientific research, but soon after he appeared at a Republican rally—an apparently obvious political statement. The Republican Party, as well as Lincoln himself, was very grateful for this.

After receiving invitations from the Royal Academy of Sciences and the French Academy of Sciences, Scrooge decided to accept their invitations to serve as their foreign academicians. Because it's too much for farming prestige. In the world at that time, the status of the academicians of these two academies was very high. Becoming an academician of these two academies of science is very much like becoming a so-called Confucian in China, and if the general forces want to move him, they will have great concerns - in addition to the gun in his hand, the worldwide influence is also a way to protect himself.