Emperor Wen of Sui Emperor Yang Jian implemented the Juntian system and rectified household registration. The implementation of the "Great Suo Xiang Reading Law" required officials to regularly check the population and check the household registration according to their appearance, resulting in a large increase in the number of households. and the implementation of the "loss of nationality sample" on the basis of the first to determine the number of households, the preparation of a "fixed book", on the basis of which to collect taxes. In the three years since the opening of the emperor, a total of 10,000 men have been cleaned up. Gaozu ordered the state and county to read the appearance, and those who had false household registration were matched for a long time, and they opened a department that was entangled.

The great work has been made, and the order is divided, each for the head of the account, in order to prevent concealment. So the account was counted into four hundred and forty-three thousand dings, and a new one hundred and forty-one thousand five hundred were attached. "These measures prevent local tycoons and bureaucrats from colluding and committing fraud. It liberated the population dependent on the powerful and powerful, increased the country's labor force, and mobilized the production enthusiasm of the poor peasants.

This has led to a significant increase in the number of taxpayers under the control of the state. Emperor Wen of Sui also promulgated benevolent measures such as "50 years of people, exempt from military service and mediocrity", "the house of the dead in war, give another year" and other benevolent measures. A series of reform measures by Emperor Wen of Sui greatly reduced the state's financial expenditure and increased the state's fiscal revenue. In the seventeenth year of the emperor's reign, the household registration was prosperous, and the Chinese and foreign warehouses were all surplus.

All the money is given, not exceeding the funds, the Jingsi house is full, accumulated under the Kuoku, and the ancestor stopped this year to give Li Yuan. When Emperor Wen of Sui first ascended the throne, the population of the country was 4 million, and when Emperor Yang of Sui ascended the throne, it had reached 8.9 million households, and the population of the country was no less than 50 million in terms of one household of six, and this number was not reached until the time of Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Until the death of Tang Taizong, Tang Gaozong succeeded to the throne, with a total of 3.8 million households. At the time of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, there were 7.6 million households and 41 million people in the country. In the ninth year of Emperor Kaihuang of the Sui Dynasty, 19.44 million hectares of land had been reclaimed, and 55.85 million hectares of land had been reclaimed in the middle of the Great Cause.

In 14 years, Tang Tianbao has reclaimed 14.3 million hectares of land. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty ascended the throne with 8.9 million households, while Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty had 3.8 million households until his death, and the gap in national strength can be imagined. In the Sui Dynasty government has built many granaries in various places, among which the famous ones are Xingluo Cang, Huiluo Cang, Changping Cang, Liyang Cang, Guangtong Cang and so on. The storage of grain is more than one million stones.

In the 11th year of Zhenguan, Ma Zhou, the superintendent of the imperial history, said to Li Shimin, Taizong of the Tang Dynasty: "The Sui family is the prince of Luokou, and Li Mi is because of it; The Xijing Treasury is also for the use of the state, which has not been exhausted so far. "The Sui Dynasty has been dead for 20 years, and Emperor Wen of Sui has been dead for 33 years, but the grain and cloth at that time have not been used up.

& Year in Luoyang discovered a Sui Dynasty granary - including the ruins of Jiacang. It covers an area of more than 450,000 square meters, and 259 grain cellars are poked out inside. Among them, there is also a grain cellar with 500,000 catties of carbonized millet. This shows the wealth and strength of the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Wen of Sui ordered the construction of Xijing Daxing City (that is, later Chang'an City) and Tokyo Luoyang City, the construction of Daxing City is not only a symbol of the superb level of ancient Chinese urban construction planning, but also a comprehensive embodiment of the country's economic strength and scientific and technological level at that time.

Daheungcheng was the "world's first city" at that time, and its design and layout ideas had a profound impact on the urban construction of later generations, as well as the urban construction of Japan and Korea...... Emperor Wen of Sui ordered Yu Wenkai to lead the crowd to open the Cao Canal in 584 AD. Divert Weishui from the northwest of Daxing City, slightly follow the old road of Cao Canal in the Han Dynasty and go east, to Tongguan into the Yellow River, more than 150 kilometers long, the name Guangtong Canal.

This was the beginning of the construction of the Grand Canal...... The Grand Canal is far more important to China than the Great Wall is to China. The Grand Canal connects the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin, connecting two civilizations. The Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin have gradually become one. "Hong'en Dade is unprecedented."

& Virtue is both perfunctory, nine songs have been negotiated, to be salty and salty, and there is no police to wait. So bow thrifty, level the endowment, the warehouse is solid, the law is executed, the gentleman is happy to live, the villain is in peace, the strong are not bullying, the crowd is not tyrannical, the characters are Yin Fu, and the government and the opposition are entertained.

In the past 20 years, there has been nothing in the world, and Yan Ru is also in the district. The first king of the test is enough to be in full swing. This is the "rule of the emperor" in the Sui book. The Great Sui Dynasty created by Yang Jian "three generations of land and eight dynasties of Weizhen" existed for 539 years, and the scope of effective jurisdiction over the establishment of formal administrative regions exceeded the previous scope.

The Tang Dynasty did not fully restore the territory of the Sui Dynasty by 630. The armies of the Sui Dynasty annihilated or severely damaged the Turkic, Tuyuhun, Khitan, and Goryeo ...... Delay prevented the alien race from becoming strong and rising, and achieving an unprecedented victory. The Cambridge History of the Sui and Tang Dynasties in China puts it this way: "The Sui dynasty eliminated the outdated and inefficient institutions of its predecessors, created a centralized imperial structure, and developed a common cultural consciousness in the regions that had long been divided by government, which was no less remarkable."

One cannot fail to see the achievements of the Sui Dynasty in all its aspects when studying the structure and any aspect of life of the great Chinese Empire that followed, and its achievements are certainly one of the most striking in Chinese history. "The incomparably glorious Great Sui Dynasty left us a wealth of wealth for future generations and had a profound impact on future generations of China.

For example, the establishment of the three provinces and six ministries, Kaihuang Law, Chang'an City, Luoyang City, the Grand Canal, the imperial examination system, the state and county system, the Juntian system, and the establishment of Yicang...... Zhu Xi, the patriarch of Cheng Zhu's science, commented excitedly on this great emperor: "The earth is based on Chenji, the sky is vertical and martial arts, the luck is good, the entrepreneurship is vertical, and the saints are also virtuous; Set things right, Jiguo Ningren, ** Bahong, the same text and the same track, and the magic is also; Xuanjiu pottery, clouds and lonely bamboo, worship God, respect the heavens, great filial piety; Yan Bo Ge, Zheng Etiquette and Music, Namin Shou Domain, Exorcism Blessing, and Politics. Wei Zheng of later generations praised: "At the beginning of the emperor's birth, the divine light filled the room, with the appearance of the king of Xing, and the ability of the great sage.

or air or clouds, shaded in the corridor temple; Like the sky, shining in the crown. The inside is clear and the outside is smooth, and the self-risk is safe, isn't it the support of all blessings, and the collection of all kinds of lukes. Chen Pu of the Song Dynasty sang in the "Songs of the Past Dynasties": "After the Northern Qi Dynasty, Zhou is still a corner, and Sui Wen is mixed with Shuo Nanji." The praise of the great Confucian prince commented: "Sui Wen's treatment of Wei is also the hope of the ancient minister; The reason why Wei sees himself is that he also takes peace and customs as his own merit. ”

Emperor Wen of Sui was the first emperor in Chinese history to be dressed in a yellow robe, "Reading through the Commentary": "In the first year of the emperor's opening, the lord of Sui served Huang, and set Huang as the respect of the upper service, and built it as a permanent system. "Since Emperor Wen of Sui began to wear yellow robes, future generations of Chinese emperors have worn yellow clothes since then. Su Dongpo, a great writer in the Song Dynasty, called him "a wise saint from the sky, a brilliant and Chinese man, criminal law and etiquette are the same luck, and both literature and virtue are far from martial arts."

Love all things as yourself, Ren Zhaoshu is worried. Hand luck Ji Heng, bow to the soldiers, Yi Yi treacherous palace, brush the atmosphere Kun, turn through the crown belt, and shock the secluded. Yu Shun's great achievements are twenty, which is not enough, and Ji Fa's combination is three or five, how can it be sufficient. Wei Zheng exclaimed: "At the beginning of the emperor's birth, the divine light filled the room, with the appearance of the king of Xing, and the ability of the great sage. or air or clouds, shaded in the corridor temple; Like the sky, shining in the crown. The inside is clear and the outside is smooth, and the self-risk is safe, isn't it the support of all blessings, and the collection of all kinds of lukes. ”

Wenzhi and martial arts level the world; Politics zhì aspect. After Yang Jian ascended the throne, he abolished the six-official system of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, restored the old system of Han and Wei, and established the system of three provinces and six ministries. The three provinces, namely the Inner History Province, the Menxia Province, and the Shangshu Province. Shangshu Province consists of six departments: the Ministry of Officials, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Officials, the Degree Branch, and the Ministry of Industry. In the third year of the emperor's reign (583 AD), it was changed to the Ministry of People; The capital official is the criminal department.

The eleventh rank of the Governor of the Pillar State was placed, and the seventh-rank rank of the Doctor of Chaosan was placed in order to crown the meritorious Minister of Civil and Military Affairs. The county system was abolished, and the world was changed to a two-tier system of prefectures and counties. The authority to appoint and dismiss local officials above the ninth rank is in the hands of the ministry, and the centralization of power is strengthened. Waste nine products in the system, the emperor seven years customized, each state per year of tribute >

Emperor Wen of Sui issued an edict in the eighteenth year of the emperor's reign, with more than five grades of Beijing officials, the chief of local officials, and the history of assassination.

This was the prototype of the imperial examination system. Criminal law aspects. In the first year of Kaihuang, Emperor Wen of Sui ordered Gao Xi, Zheng Yi and Shangzhuguo Yang Su, and Pei Zheng and others to revise the criminal law, which was the "Kaihuang Law". The "Kaihuang Law" abolished torture such as palace punishment, cracking, beheading, and whipping, and stipulated that the whole clan should not sit together unless it was a rebellion. In the third year of the emperor's reign, 81 articles on capital crimes, 154 articles on miscarriage, and more than 1,000 articles on imprisonment and rods were deleted from the old decree, and only 500 articles on various punishments were retained.

&The Imperial Law" is more lenient than the previous criminal law, concise and to the point, negligent but not omitted, so much so that the "Reading through the Commentary" praised: "The ancient flesh punishment is not reused, and the benevolence of the Chinese language is also."

However, the punishment of the Han Dynasty is mostly made for it, so since the Wuhu, the cannibalism of the beast has to be miserable. As for the life of Tuoba, Yuwen, and Gao, the death penalty is five: chime, hanging, beheading, owl, and sting, and there is also the punishment of the gatehouse, all of which are indefinite and enlightened by the Han law. Government is the law of Sui, and the death penalty is two: hanging, beheading, changing the whip to the rod, changing the rod to the flogging, not to rebel against the great rebellion and no clan punishment. ”

In the twelfth year of the emperor's reign, Emperor Wen of Sui issued an edict: "The capital crimes of the prefectures shall not be judged by themselves, and they must be transferred to Dali Temple for trial and review, and then submitted to Shangshu Province for adjudication after the review." Later, Emperor Wen of Sui issued a system in the fifteenth year of the emperor's reign: "Those who commit capital crimes will be executed after three performances."

This is the three-way reconsideration system for capital crimes. Agriculture. At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, on the basis of the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou Dynasty systems, the system of land equalization was continued to be implemented to restrict the annexation of landlords and powers. At the same time, we should adopt the policy of lightly taxing and giving small taxes to arouse the enthusiasm of peasants. In order to prevent concealing the number of people and evading taxes, Emperor Wen of Sui ordered the prefectures and counties to be read in the third year of the emperor's reign, and checked the household registration according to their appearance.

Those who have false accounts are being matched for a long time. After that, the leaky Ding man was cleaned up, a total of 10,000 mouths. In addition, the "loss of nationality is fixed", and the number of household registrations is changed to a fixed book, so as to collect taxes.

Emperor Wen of Sui also issued an edict to build Liyang warehouse, Changping warehouse, Huazhou and other granaries, which were transported by waterway in turn, and each warehouse stored grain in more than one million stones. The grain storage has not been exhausted until the period of Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, which shows the affluence of Emperor Wen of Sui.

In the tenth year of the emperor's reign, Emperor Wen of Sui ordered the soldiers to enter the state and county household registration, and the integration of soldiers and peasants began from then on. Business aspects. Emperor Wen of Sui unified the currency system, abolished other chaotic ancient coins and privately minted coins, and minted five baht coins instead. The back of the five-baht coin is good, and there are Zhou Guo, which is as heavy as its text, and each money weighs four catties and two taels per thousand. Cultural aspects. In the third year of the emperor's reign, Emperor Wen of Sui issued an edict asking for a book, offering a book and a silk horse. "Folk books are often published intermittently", "In one or two years, the books are slightly prepared".

The Sui Dynasty had the richest collection of books in China, but most of them were later destroyed in the war. In any case, Emperor Wen of Sui's contribution to Chinese culture was enormous.

Emperor Wen of Sui's martial arts belonged to the Northern Ding Turks. From the latter part of the fifth century, the Turks, who were originally Rouran forging slaves, gradually prospered, and under the leadership of their leader Ashina Tumen, they defeated and merged more than 50,000 Tiele tribes and began to grow and develop. Later, the Turks destroyed Rouran, and the northern Rong Di returned to it to fight against Zhongxia.

During the confrontation between Zhou and Northern Qi, when the Turkic Tubo Khan had hundreds of thousands of troops, the Northern Zhou and Northern Qi were afraid that the other party would unite with the Turks to attack them, so they vied with each other to marry them, and they hid their mansions to do things, so that the Tubo Khan arrogantly said: "I am always filial to my sons in the south, so why be poor!" "After the death of the Tuobo Khan, the Shabo Khan was established, and the strongest army was the Great Khan.

In addition, Luo Luo is the second khan, and the Apo Khan, the Datou Khan, and the greedy Khan are called the four khans. Sha Bo slightly brother Luo Hou, not to be called Khan, and Sha Bo is slightly not on good terms. After Emperor Wen of Sui ascended the throne, he did not bribe the Turks as heavily as the Northern Zhou Dynasty before, and the Turks resented it.

At this time, the former Northern Qi Yingzhou assassin Shi Gao Baoning made a rebellion, and Sha Boluo joined forces with it and captured Linyu Town. Sha Boluo's wife is the daughter of Zhao Wang Yu Wenzhao of the Northern Zhou Dynasty (that is, the sisters who were used as an excuse by Yang Jian), "self-injury and extinction, every time I have the ambition to restore the Sui", every day to Sha Boluo blows the wind on the pillow, and constantly fights the husband to attack the Sui Dynasty.

Sha Boluo said: "My Zhou family is also a relative, and now the Sui Duke is self-reliant and can't be controlled, so what face can be seen!" So the four khans united with 400,000 Turkic soldiers to attack, from Mu Kip and Shimen, Wuwei, Tianshui, Anding, Jincheng, Shangjun, Honghua, Yan'an six counties were plundered of people and livestock. In the past, the eldest grandson Sheng (Li Shimin's father-in-law) once served as a deputy envoy to send the princess to marry the Turks.

Secretly formed an alliance with the Marquis of Chuluo, secretly inspected the terrain of mountains and rivers, and learned the truth about the strength and weakness of the Turkic tribes. The eldest grandson Shengzhi took pictures, defilements, Abo, Tuli and other uncles and nephews and brothers each commanded the elite soldiers and strong generals, although the external show harmony, but the internal suspicion, difficult to recruit, easy to separate, so he wrote to Emperor Wen of Sui put forward a long-distance and close attack, away from the strong and weak strategy: "The convulsion is in the picture, the soldiers are strong and the position is under the position, the external name belongs to each other, the internal gap has been revealed, and the agitation is instigated, and it will be self-fighting." He also dealt with Luo Hou, the brother of the photograph, who was treacherous and weak, and was torn to the hearts of the people, and the people loved him, because the photograph was jealous, his heart was not at ease, and the traces showed that he was really suspicious and afraid. and Abo's first mouse, in the middle, quite afraid of the picture, led by it, only strong with, not determined.

Today, it is advisable to make friends from afar and attack closely, to be strong and weak, to make a convulsion, and to say that he is with Apo, then he will take pictures to return to the army, and defend himself on the right. He also led Luo, sent Lian Xi and Khitan, and took pictures to divide the crowd, and also prepared the left. Suspicion at the beginning and end, the heart is blocked, and after more than ten years, if you accept the provocation and ask for it, you will be able to empty the country in one fell swoop. Emperor Wen adopted this proposal and sent his servant Yuan Hui to contact him; Sent the chief Sun Sheng to contact Luo Hou and Xi, Xi, and Khitan to make them attached, which caused suspicion among the Turkic tribes.