In the true sense of Chinese history, there are no more than two emperors who have been unified from the troubled times, one is Qin Shi Huang Yingzheng and the other is Yang Jian, Emperor Wen of Sui. Moreover, in history, it is generally the people who fight the rivers and mountains and will not govern the country, and the Ming Jun who later governs the rivers and mountains is not the one who fights the rivers and mountains. But Yang Jian accounted for it all.

How solid was the foundation laid by the reign of Kaihuang, otherwise the later Tang Dynasty could have been so smooth? In fact, Yang Guang was much stronger and more brutal than Qin II, but his merits were not comparable to Qin II. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal was sinful in the year, and the benefit was in the next thousand years.

There is also the imperial examination system, which has also influenced China for thousands of years. If Emperor Yang of Sui had a modest personality, he might have changed his surname after a few hundred years of prosperous history. On the Jiazi day of February 581, Emperor Jing of the Northern Zhou Dynasty issued an edict announcing Chan Concession with Yang Jian's expectation. Yang Jiansan let and received the mandate of heaven, from the prime minister's house to enter the palace, the preparation of the emperor is located in the Linguang Palace, the country name is the Great Sui, change the Yuan Emperor, announced the amnesty of the world.

In 589 A.D., Emperor Wen of Sui sent troops to the south, destroyed the Chen Dynasty that divided the south, unified the country, and in the same year the Ryukyu Islands were surrendered to the Sui Dynasty, and the Turkic Khan respected Yang Jian as the saint Tian Khan, and expressed his willingness to return to the vassal forever, and to serve as the holy dynasty for thousands of years. Emperor Wen of Sui put an end to China's long-term chaos and conquered all ethnic barbarians to return China to the era of peace.

Li Yanshou of the early Tang Dynasty praised Emperor Wen of Sui in the "Northern History", "The emperor has a beautiful beard, a length of seven feet and eight inches, a magnificent appearance, and excellent martial arts; Knowledge, there is a strategy. "After the establishment of the Great Sui Dynasty, a series of reforms were carried out in the political and economic systems. The central government implemented a system of three provinces and six ministries, changing the three-level system of prefectures, counties, and counties to a two-level system of prefectures and counties, and appointing and dismissing all local officials by the central authorities, thus consolidating the centralization of power.

Yang Jian started from the inheritance of his father Yang Zhong with the Duke of Suiguo, his family was given the surname Pu Liuru, and was called the king of Sui, so he set the name of his new dynasty as Sui, and he felt that the word with the word has the word next to it, and it is synonymous with walking, not very auspicious, so he changed it to Sui. The upper-class aristocracy of the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou dynasties was once keen on Xianbei and Xihu. Although Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty became pro-government, he began to advocate sinicization.

In the year, the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty and unified the north. However, due to the untimely death of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sinicization process of the Northern Zhou Dynasty was once stranded. Yang Jian's ancestor Sima Yang Yuanshou of Wuchuan Town was given the surname Pu Liuru for assisting Xianbei and meritorious service, and Yang Jian immediately restored his Han surname after coming to power, and immediately practiced sinicization. Yang Jian was unrelenting in his rebellious old ministers, powerful officials, and upper-class nobles. He dismissed some ministers who had no talents, including those who had contributed to his seizure of the throne, and promoted some people who had real talents and practical work to assist him in managing the affairs of the state.

Emperor Wen of Sui pursued a policy of leniency towards the common people. After Yang Jian's political power was basically stabilized, Yang Jian began a series of reforms, including the central and local government system, taxation, land system, law, currency, and foreign relations. Yang Jian repaired the system internally, took care of the four Yi externally, advocated frugality, and was diligent in government affairs. "Seek hard work, operate the Quartet", "Great Chonghui government, simple laws and regulations, frugality, the world is happy." "Take advantage of the opportunity to move, move to Zhou Ding", "Contained in the staff, incorporated into the territory of Xinjiang, Yu Gong Tu, Xian Shou Zhengshuo." "In 587 A.D. (the seventh year of Kaihuang), Sui destroyed Houliang, and in 589 A.D. (the ninth year of Kaihuang), Sui destroyed Chen and unified the whole country.

Emperor Wen of Sui put an end to the division of China for more than a hundred years, and also ended the era of war and chaos in China for three or four hundred years. Emperor Wen of Sui adopted Changsun Sheng's strategy of "long-distance friendship and close attack, separation from the strong and weakness", mainly using peace and relatives to win over and divide the Turks, so that the Turks would be consumed in civil war, so as to defeat each one.

In 599 A.D. (the eighteenth year of the emperor's reign), the Turkic internal strife, the Turkic Khan went to Sui, and the Turki was the Khan of the people, and the city of Dali was built. In 602 A.D. (the second year of Renshou), the Sui army broke through the Turks, recaptured the Hetao region, and extended the border to the north of Yinshan. The Great Sui Dynasty created by Yang Jian was "strong and prosperous" and "popular for thousands of miles", resulting in "Jinling is out of danger" and "single in the money". The unification of the Sui marked the completion of the grafting of Hu and Han cultures. Yang Jian saved Han culture.

The cultural classics of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Han Dynasty were burned and lost due to hundreds of years of war, and in 583 A.D., Emperor Wen of Sui issued an edict asking for a book, offering a book and a silk horse. "Folk books are often published intermittently", "In one or two years, the books are slightly prepared". The Sui Dynasty had the largest collection of books in China, with 370,000 volumes and more than 77,000 categories of books. However, most of the books were destroyed in the war, with the largest collection of 80,000 volumes during the reign of Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, 28,467 volumes written by Tang scholars, and only 28,469 volumes of books left before the Tang Dynasty.

How many outstanding scholars, how many great works, how many Chinese civilizations and splendors have disappeared into the dust of history, but as long as the books of the hundred schools of thought are still there, as long as the Confucian classics can still survive, Chinese civilization will not die. After Emperor Wen of Sui Emperor Yang Jian ascended the throne, he issued such an edict: "The founding of the country is important, do not precede learning, respect the lord and protect the people, and do not precede etiquette."

Since the Wei family does not compete, Zhou and Qi compete, divide the people of the four seas, fight the power of the two states, hand over the strength and weakness, and many years. The power is deceitful and elegant, the people do not see morality, and only fight is heard. The government and the opposition take ingenuity as their teacher, and the scribes use profundity as the law, and the customs and disadvantages are also turned into natural. Although the re-establishment of the Xuan order, and the opening of the school, the industry is not expensive, and the road is not good.

In the meantime, he obeyed Confucianism and covered it, but he was outnumbered and failed to change the customs. However, he maintains a famous teaching, awards Yi Lun, and is only a small Hongyi, and Rice. The king inherits the sky, and the blame is followed, and if you are polite, you will be auspicious, and if you are rude, you will rise evilly.

People are five constants, different spirits, polite is yin and yang, and rude is the heart. It is indecent to govern the country. I am ordered by the heavens, wealth into all things, go to the chaos of Huayi, and seek the appropriateness of weathering. Quit luxury and frugality, take the lead in a hundred ways, lightly pay for the meager endowment, and hope to be magnanimous. And the accumulation of habits is common, failure to punish the reform, Lu Yan Shishu, the auspicious and evil gifts, moving the obedient side, not according to the system. The office of exercising the constitution seems to be deaf to the ear and unheard, and the officials who worship the people are still blinded and unnoticed.

If it cares if it preaches the DPRK? The learning of the ancients, and ploughing and raising. Today, on the day of non-service, after the time of farming, if you study and persuade you to pay the scriptures, you can enjoy the avenue of home, and people hope to be virtuous. How can you not only know etiquette, know honesty and shame, father and son are filial piety, and brothers are obedient? From the capital division, the state and the county, it is advisable to only be willing to persuade students to pay respects. ”

& The Biography of Confucianism and Confucianism" praised: "Gaozu compiled the calendar, leveled a universe, covered it with a heavenly net, and set up a good lord to cover it, so the people from all over the world and Kyushu were strong and waiting to be asked, and they were not able to collect it." The Son of Heaven is the whole ten thousand times, leading hundreds of people, obeying the ritual of asking the Tao, and observing the ceremony of interpretation.

The doctor is full of debates in the river, the mystery of the banquet is exhausted, the examination is dead, the similarities and differences are studied, the doubts are accumulated, and the ice is released. So the super show is superb, the Confucianism is rewarded, and the capital reaches all directions, all of which are open schools.

Qi, Lu, Zhao, Wei, there are many scholars, chasing teachers, not far away, the voice of recitation, the road is endless. The elegance of Zhongzhou has been prosperous since the Han and Wei dynasties. ”

& History said: "Since the world, all states and counties have placed doctors and Xi Liyan. It can be seen that he played a huge role in the revival of Han civilization...... Emperor Wen of Sui unified the currency system, abolished other chaotic ancient coins and privately minted coins, and minted five baht coins instead. The back of the "five baht money" is good, there are Zhou Guo, heavy as its text, each thousand pounds weigh four catties and two taels.

& The book is mixed, and the soldiers are resting. "Weights and measures were reunited in the time of Emperor Wen of Sui." The Sui family mixes the north and the south, the old people of Fan Qi and Zhou, the old ministers of Liang and Chen, and the Xianhui Dynasty, which becomes the collection of articles. The laws of the Northern Zhou Dynasty were cruel and chaotic, "terrifying inside and outside, and people were not at ease."

When Yang Jian was in charge of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, he carried out reforms and personally deleted the "Criminal Book System", but it was not very thorough. After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, in the first year of the opening of the emperor, Emperor Wen of Sui ordered Gao □ and others to refer to the old laws of the Wei and Jin dynasties to formulate the "Kaihuang Law".

Three years after the opening of the emperor, Emperor Wen of Sui ordered Su Wei and Niu Hong to revise the new law and delete the harsh provisions. The "Kaihuang Law" abolished the original cruel criminal laws such as palace punishment (destruction of genitals), car splitting (splitting the corpse of five horses), and beheading (cutting off the head and hanging it on the flagpole for public display). It is stipulated that there shall be no extermination punishment. Eighty-one capital crimes were subtracted, 154 were for miscarriage crimes, and more than 1,000 were for prisoners, rods, etc., and 500 articles of the law were retained.

There are five types of punishment: death, exile, imprisonment, rod, and flogging. It has basically completed the reform process of the penal system since the reform of the penal system of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, which is the feudal five-penal system. "Reading through the Commentary" praised: "The ancient flesh punishment is not reused, and the benevolence of the Chinese language is also."

However, the punishment of the Han Dynasty is mostly made for it, so since the Wuhu, the cannibalism of the beast has to be miserable. As for the life of Tuoba, Yuwen, and Gao, the death penalty is five: chime, hanging, beheading, owl, and sting, and there is also the punishment of the gatehouse, all of which are indefinite and enlightened by the Han law. Government is the law of Sui, and the death penalty is two: hanging, beheading, changing the whip to the rod, changing the rod to the flogging, not to rebel against the great rebellion and no clan punishment. The system of death penalty repetition was formed and customized from the fifteenth year of the emperor's reign, and Emperor Wen of Sui stipulated that all cases sentenced to death must be executed after the "three songs".

"(Kaihuang) fifteen-year system, the guilty of capital crimes will be executed in three ways." Emperor Wen of Sui also issued an edict: "The capital crime in the world, all states must not be executed, and Dali will be restored." "The Law of Kaihuang had a far-reaching impact on the laws of later generations, and the laws revised by Yang Jian were basically inherited by the Tang Dynasty. Yang Jian abolished the anachronistic Northern Six Officials (Heaven, Earth, Spring, Autumn, Winter, and Summer) system, and the bureaucratic system of the Northern Zhou Dynasty basically imitated the original Western Zhou Dynasty's "Zhou Guan", that is, "Zhou Li", which was very primitive and extremely chaotic.

The six-official system has complex titles, unclear responsibilities, and low efficiency. Yang Jian restored the system of the Han and Wei dynasties, and basically established the system of three provinces and six ministries. Yang Jian set up three divisions, three dukes, and five provinces in the central government. The Third Division and the Third Duke are just a kind of honorary titles.

The five provinces that held power were the Inner Servant Province, the Secretary Province, the Menxia Province, the Inner History Province and the Shangshu Province. The Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Secretaries do not play an important role in the affairs of the state. The Inner Chamberlain was the eunuch body of the court and managed the affairs of the palace. The secretary was in charge of the book calendar and had fewer affairs.

It is the other three provinces that play a role, and the Ministry of Internal History, Menxia Province, and Shangshu Province are all the highest government agencies. The Ministry of Internal History is responsible for decision-making, the Ministry of Menxia is responsible for deliberation, and the Ministry of Shangshu is responsible for implementation. This was the three-province system that was later inherited by the Tang Dynasty.

Shangshu Province has six departments: officials, people, rites, soldiers, criminals, and workers. Each department has a book, which is in charge of the government affairs of the headquarters.

The specific office is that these are six departments: the Ministry of Officials, which is in charge of the appointment, dismissal, assessment, promotion and transfer of officials across the country; The Ministry of Civil Affairs is in charge of land, household registration, taxation, and fiscal revenue and expenditure throughout the country; the Ministry of Rites, which is in charge of rituals, ceremonies, and foreign exchanges; The Ministry of War, which is in charge of the selection of military attachés throughout the country, as well as military registration, ordnance, etc.; The Criminal Department, which is in charge of the country's criminal law and prison breaking; The Ministry of Industry is in charge of various projects, craftsmen, water conservancy, transportation, etc.

In the beginning, the six departments were called Liucao, that is, six offices. The prefect of the six departments is Shangshu. The establishment of the six ministries became a fixed system of the central power of the feudal state in later generations.

The three provinces and six ministries have a clear division of labor, a tight organization, and a strong centralization of power. The influence on the Tang Dynasty and subsequent dynasties was very huge. The establishment of this large and well-organized bureaucracy by Emperor Wen of Sui shows that the feudal system has developed to a mature stage. Since the Sui customization, it has been followed to the Qing Dynasty.

In 590 A.D., Emperor Wen of Sui Emperor Yang Jian's edict soldiers entered the state and county household registration, and the integration of soldiers and peasants began. Yang Jian also reformed local institutions. He adopted the construction of "saving to be idle, and going to the big and going to the small" proposed by Yang Shangxi, the secretary of the Duzhi Shangshu, and streamlined the original chaotic local bureaucratic system from prefecture, county, and county to prefecture and county levels, and abolished more than 500 counties in the territory.

At the same time, a large number of redundant officials were eliminated and some counties were merged. It has greatly saved the government's expenditure, improved administrative efficiency, and reduced the burden on the people. In order to better exercise his power and control the localities, Yang Jian ordered that all officials above the ninth rank should be appointed and dismissed by the central government.

The right to appoint officials is in the hands of the ministry, and local officials are prohibited from hiring assistants on the spot. And every year, the officials must be assessed to determine rewards and punishments, and promotions. Subsequently, a three-year term system was introduced.

Yang Jian simplified the local administrative organs, abolished the Jiupin Palace Human Law, and created the imperial examination system. Emperor Wen of Sui ordered each state to elect three beautiful and talented people every year to be appointed to the central government. Later, Emperor Wen of Sui ordered that the local officials should be responsible for the history of assassination of Beijing officials above the fifth grade, and the local officials should be responsible for the history of assassination.

This system of selecting government officials gives talented people from all walks of life the opportunity to serve the government. The imperial examination system pioneered by Yang Jian survived in Chinese history for more than 1,300 years until the end of the Qing Dynasty, but the United States and Britain at that time were surprised and borrowed this selection system as a method of hiring government clerks.