"Wrong? How so? Zeng Qi was stunned for a moment, this perpetual tenant and permanent land reform is now being blown into the sky by the Iron and Blood Comrades Association and the Left Youth League, as if without this land reform, China would not be able to be reunified, and the peasants may also be in dire straits!

"I'm afraid it's really wrong!" Chang Ruiqing said, "Of course, there are great gains in the reform of the permanent tenant and permanent interest system of arithmetic government, but from the perspective of economic efficiency, the direction of this reform is actually wrong. Because it did not bring prosperity to the peasants, but hindered the process of rural land from dispersion to concentration, from a small peasant economy to capitalism. In fact, the cause of the extreme poverty of the peasants at the bottom of China is not caused by the so-called feudal land ownership system, but by the backwardness of the production mode of the small peasant economy...... Moreover, the original land ownership system in China's rural areas was not feudal, but it was the land ownership system after the reform of our perpetual tenant and permanent land ownership system that was feudal -- after the completion of the perpetual tenant and permanent land reform, we froze the circulation of rural land and did not allow land to be leased, which also imprisoned the peasants in the land in disguise, unless they were willing to give up small plots of land, which was a matter of time, and then we would have to worry about the fact that no one was willing to farm. ”

Well, Zhao Xiang'er and Xiao Lori, who were on the side, listened to this sentence, but because they didn't understand it, the two women looked at Chang Ruiqing with a little more admiration in their eyes.

However, Zeng Qi, who studied law and economics in France, can understand Chang Ruiqing's words. He took a sip of wine, pondered and said, "Yes, do you mean that China's agriculture should follow the path of capitalist farms like in Europe and the United States?" ”

"Yes, it should be in that direction. Otherwise, it is impossible for the peasants to get rich by guarding a small piece of land, and farming should be an industry in which they can make a fortune, and the peasants should not be equated with poverty. ”

"But......" Zeng Qi's eyebrows furrowed. In many places, the reform of the perpetual tenant system has only just succeeded, and I am afraid that it will ...... to reform it again."

"No, it is not to be changed immediately, nor can we lightly deny the reform of permanent tenants and permanent rest, but we should look for a feasible path to agricultural modernization." Chang Ruiqing thought for a while and said: "Land must be more efficient to be managed in a centralized manner, and with the continuous improvement of China's industrialization level, more and more farmers will enter the cities to engage in industry and service industries...... There should be a way to concentrate their small plots of land in the countryside for operation. This will also help capital and talent stay in the rural areas. Otherwise, China's agriculture will be a process that will slowly die! ”

"Then the collectivization of agriculture in the USSR ......"

"That's turning the peasants into serfs!" Chang Ruiqing sneered: "This is a more thorough feudal land ownership system, which is more backward than the original private ownership of land, because this system permanently binds the peasants to the land, deprives them of their freedom to enter the city, and makes them forever poor for generations!" So it's an extremely reactionary system. ”

After listening to this analysis, Zeng Qi didn't know what to say. The collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union had only just begun, and no one knew what was going on, so how did this Chang Da revolutionary know that they were extremely reactionary?

Chang Ruiqing looked at Zeng Qi's suspicious look. He smiled and said, "Mu Han, there is a huge income gap between workers and peasants now. It is not difficult to conclude that in the future more and more peasants will be converted into workers...... Moreover, entering the city to become a worker is also the only way for most peasants to live a relatively prosperous life! Urbanization is also an important sign of social progress, and we should not stop this process, but help more peasants to settle in the cities, and at the same time find a way to make a smooth transition from the small peasant economy in the countryside to capitalist agriculture...... When I return to Beijing, I will find the prime minister and Mr. Pan to make a good calculation. ”

……

At this time, in the compartment of a train heading east on the Trans-Siberian Railway, Zhou Elai lay on a cramped bed for most of the night, tossing and turning, unable to sleep. The mind is full of things about the collectivization of agriculture. While enjoying a sumptuous dinner hosted by the Soviet side, the long-wave radio station on the train received a telegram from the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee in Nanjing, informing him and Mao Zd that several other members of the Central Committee had agreed to convene an enlarged meeting of the Central Committee to discuss rural work in the near future -- Mao Zd's understanding of this was that the Central Committee was going to discuss the possibility of collectivizing agriculture in China!

There was a knock on the door of the box. "Secretary Zhou, the chairman wants to talk to you."

"Okay, I'll come over here."

Zhou Elai put on a tweed coat and followed Mao ZD's secretary to another small box. As soon as the door opened. Just smelling the pungent smell of smoke, Mao Zd's addiction to smoking is getting bigger and bigger, especially when he thinks about problems, he keeps smoking, it seems that he hasn't slept for a minute this night.

"E come. I'm disturbing your dreams, right? ”

"No, Chair."

"Sit down for a while, my Secretary Zhou." Mao Zd extinguished a cigarette butt in the ashtray, took out another cigarette from the cigarette case on the table, wiped the fire and smoked again. Then he picked up a stack of manuscripts on his desk and handed it to Zhou Elai. "E, come on, help me refer to it." He said. "This is the fruit of my work for half a night, and I plan to propose it at the next enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau, if it can be implemented, China will be a sea of red flags in the future."

"A sea of red flags?" Zhou Elai was stunned for a moment, took the manuscript and looked at it, the handwriting on it was very sloppy, and it looked very difficult. Mao ZD's voice sounded in his ears again. "The biggest problem in our party's work in the past few years is that it has not gone deep into the rural areas, has not taken root in the rural areas, and has not formed its own strength in the rural areas. Therefore, our party's current ruling position is weak, and it is dependent on the ruling power of Chang Ruiqing and the Wehrmacht, rather than relying on our party's own strength to govern -- and the collectivization of agriculture now practiced in the Soviet Union has pointed out to us a correct line for controlling the countryside and controlling the peasants. China is an agrarian country, more than 90 percent of the population are peasants, and the main productive force is agriculture; so long as we can use the method of agricultural collectivization to organize the broadest masses of peasants in China and rally closely around our party, there will be no force that will be able to organize China to embark on the socialist road in the future! ”

"Chairman. Do you mean the collectivization of agriculture throughout the country? Can the Kuomintang agree? Can the Standing Committee agree? ”

Mao ZD took two puffs of his cigarette and smiled confidently. "The key is not the Kuomintang or Chang Ruiqing, but whether this agricultural collectivization can bring a prosperous life to the peasants! This is the key, if we can make the peasants' lives richer day by day, the peasants will stand on our side in the future, and with the votes in their hands, our party's ruling position can be firmly established -- the future political power will not be won by guns and cannons, but will be built on the votes of the masses of the people! We have to adjust our thinking, and a violent Russian-style revolution will not work in China. Because our GCD is a revisionist party, and it is already a ruling party, I, the chairman of the party, cannot overthrow my own party's regime, right? Even if I did, few people would follow. E, don't you say? ”

"Yes." Zhou Elai nodded, although there are many deficiencies in the current Chinese GCD, there is one thing that is still commendable, that is, it can tolerate the truth! Zhou E said: "The rule of the Standing Committee has been stabilized, and in the words of Mr. Lu Xun: Now is an era of stable slaves. Whether it is an official or an ordinary person. They are very satisfied with the current situation, so there is no future for rebellion. ”

Mao Zd pointed to the manuscript and said with a smile: "Therefore, we must really help the peasants, and our collectivization must be a collectivization that can bring prosperity to the peasants, and we cannot turn the peasants into serfs and exploit them fiercely like the Soviet Union." ”

"Chairman," Zhou Erlai looked around and lowered his voice. "Do you think that the collectivization of the USSR was a ...... for the exploitation of the peasants Snare? But the collective farms we visited seemed to be doing well. ”

"That's advertising for people to visit." Mao ZD said with a smile. "The Soviet Union wanted to export more than 15 million tons of grain per year, how much grain did they produce in a year? 10,000 tons of ...... before the war I used to be a farmer. I know a little about farming, there is no shortcut, I will not plant a red flag, and I will be able to produce 10,000 catties of grain per mu. So what the USSR will export in the future can only be peasant rations! Such collectivization is to starve the peasants to death in exchange for foreign exchange import machines and equipment for industrialization! This path cannot be said to be wrong, but it will not work in China at the moment. So it's not collectivization that we want to do. ”

"If the Soviet solution doesn't work, then what should we do?" Zhou Elai began to read Mao ZD's manuscript carefully with doubts. The method proposed by Mao ZD was to treat collectivization as a capitalist joint-stock enterprise. A collectivized unit is equivalent to a joint-stock farm, in which the peasants convert their small plots of land and production tools into shares, and they themselves become shareholders and agricultural workers or managers of the joint-stock farm. If they don't want to stay in the countryside and want to go to the city, they can just be shareholders and not participate in production and management. The government and the Farmers' Association provide policies and loans to these joint-stock farms to ensure that they can survive and develop to the fullest extent possible......

"It's a great idea, but it's a bit difficult to execute." Zhou Elai gave a pertinent evaluation, and he said: "So what can GCD do? The management of these joint-stock farms should be in the hands of the farmers themselves, right? ”

"Of course, it's the leader of the Fishery and Farmers' Association." Mao ZD thought and said. "The trade unions are now controlled by the rightists, and the bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie, landlords, and kulaks mostly support the Kuomintang, and if we don't put down roots in the countryside, when the time really begins to implement constitutional government, we leftists will become rootless duckweed."

"Can the Standing Committee agree? The current Fishermen's Association is in the hands of his father-in-law. ”

"Pan Yucheng is an old bureaucrat, the perpetual tenant and permanent rest system is already his limit, the fishery and peasant association he manages is about to become a chamber of commerce, it is impossible to afford the work of agricultural collectivization, and the president of the fishery and peasant association is not what his old man wants."

"And what does he want?"

"He wants to be Prime Minister! He also wants his grandson to be the successor of the Standing Chairman! ”

Hearing this topic, Zhou Elai's thick eyebrows twisted. "It's not a big deal, it's a chore of the Chang family...... And even if we can persuade Premier Chen to give way, Pan Yucheng may not be able to sit in the position of premier, and the Standing Chairman trusts Zhang Junmao. ”

"I know that. In terms of talent, of course, Zhang Junmai is more suitable, but Pan Yucheng is not much different, and he is Chang Ruiqing's own family, if everyone supports him, I believe Chang Ruiqing will not raise objections. The crux of the matter now is to persuade Premier Chen to let Xian come, it is better for you to care about him, it is better for you to come forward and persuade him...... I would like to ask him to lead the Fishery and Peasants' Association and open up the situation for our party's rural work. ”

……

"Yaoru, this 10 million tons of grain is not a small amount. If you can really buy it all at the price negotiated now, it will be a good deal. However, it is not the best way to deal with it by selling it in the international market. We should adjust the planting plan for 1923 according to the trend, and the fishery and farmers will have a certain amount of control in this regard, and we can increase the sown area of cotton and soybeans by signing pre-sale contracts with farmers. Cotton is the main raw material of the textile industry, which needs to be imported in large quantities every year, and soybean is the main export commodity of our country......"

Minister of Agriculture Pan Yucheng sat in the office of Chang Ruiqing's Tangshan Mansion with a smile on his face, and explained to Chang Ruiqing very dutifully the opinions of the Ministry of Agriculture and the General Association of Fisheries and Farmers on the purchase of Soviet grain. In China, like all backward countries that dream of industrialization, foreign exchange is an extremely valuable resource, so imports of Soviet grain have to be considered not only about prices and the impact on the domestic market, but also about how to recover foreign exchange paid to the Soviet Union from the international market. on this issue. Pan Yucheng can definitely reach the level of an expert, but Chang Ruiqing has no insight. But he listened attentively.

However, his mind had already turned to Chen Duxiu's proposal for the "Agricultural Collectivization Reform" submitted after he returned to Nanjing from his tour. According to Chang Ruiqing's grasp of the situation, this collectivization method to promote joint-stock farms in rural China actually came from the hands of two great gods, Mao Zd, chairman of the Central G, and Zhou Elai, secretary of the Northwest Bureau!

This was a bit of a surprise to him. At the same time, however, he had to admit that this kind of joint-stock farm was probably the best way to further develop the rural economy that could be thought of at the moment. Without its own reform of the "perpetual tenant and perpetual rest" system, and without the historical agrarian revolution launched by the GCD, China would have had a stable environment for the development of capitalism, and with the development of urban industrialization, the majority of Chinese peasants would have been transformed into workers. Land in the countryside will gradually become concentrated, and eventually a large number of family farms or large farms will appear.

As for the belief by some in later generations that China's feudal landlord class would become an obstacle to the development of capitalism in China and would not allow the peasants to be transformed into the working class, Chang Ruiqing knew in his previous life that this was nonsense. The peasants in China were free men, not serfs. The relationship between landlords and tenant farmers was dominated by economic dependence, and there was no strict control of tenants by landlords - this was completely different from the feudal hierarchical dependence that existed in the Middle Ages in Europe. On the contrary, it was only after the implementation of the land reform in history that the peasants in China lost their freedom to become workers -- the peasants changed from a profession to an identity. A grade. Therefore, this system has obvious characteristics of feudal serfdom......

However, the victory of feudal serfdom in rural China also illustrates, on the other hand, the intensification of class contradictions in rural China in this era, and the existence of hundreds of millions of desperate peasants in rural China, which is a warehouse full of dry firewood. All it takes is a spark of class struggle to destroy the stability of China's countryside – which is the foundation of China's industrialization!

"Mr. Pan, what do you think of Premier Chen's proposal to promote joint-stock farms in rural areas?" Chang Ruiqing interrupted Pan Yucheng. "The general ideal is personally in charge of this matter, and he has recommended you to replace him as prime minister." As he spoke, he looked at Pan Yucheng's face with the corner of his eye.

Pan Yucheng forcibly suppressed his ecstasy and said, "This is a good way, very good...... However, it is necessary to strive for stability in implementation. It is not possible to force it by administrative order, but to make the peasants voluntarily join after seeing the benefits. Or ......"

"Or what?"

"Or you can give tax care ......"

Chang Ruiqing shook his head with a wry smile. "Mr. Pan, the position of Prime Minister will soon be yours, and you will know how tight our finances are when you become a family. And compared with Japan and the Soviet Union, we don't get much from the countryside. Who made us an agrarian country? Don't take money from agriculture? What else can be used to develop industry? There's no way around it......"

Pan Yucheng smiled, Chang Ruiqing's words mean that he will soon be able to become the "prime minister", with him, the prime minister's grandfather, his grandson will naturally have a greater chance of becoming "too". He suppressed these thoughts and nodded at Chang Ruiqing. "Yaoru, I understand what you mean, there will definitely be a way to do it financially. In the past two years, the momentum of industrial and commercial development has been good, and fiscal revenue has increased rapidly. In a few years, the financial situation will be greatly eased. ”

Chang Ruiqing said noncommittally: "I hope it can be relieved, Mr. Pan, it will depend on your ability in the future." Pan Yucheng nodded heavily. It will definitely be relieved, don't look at the backwardness everywhere, in fact, compared to a few years ago, I don't know how much better, in the past two years, our economic development has been extremely fast in the world, at most there are two more five-year plans, our national strength can catch up with the world's first-class powers! ”