In the history of mankind, every redistribution of the means of production has led to the shedding of countless blood. As the most important means of production, land cannot be an exception in the process of its redistribution.

After 1941, both North India and West Pakistan, the two newly independent countries, were undergoing drastic changes under the strong interference of foreign forces.

Just like the Chinese revolution, the successful experience of the Soviet Union cannot be replicated. The revolution in India should also not complicate China's experience bluntly.

In India's 4,000-year history, almost every once powerful ethnic group on the Asian continent, with the exception of China, has invaded and ruled India! The indigenous Indians, who make up the majority of the population, have rarely actually ruled India themselves, and have always been ruled by a small number of foreign tribes in turn.

The earliest civilization in India is the ancient Indus Valley civilization represented by the Harappan script, and it is speculated that the Harappan civilization belongs to the Sumerian-Egyptian branch of civilization, dating from about 2300-1500 BC.

Then there were the Aryans: from about 1500 BC, the Aryans began to invade India. The Aryans were a more backward race, but they were militarily stronger. The Aryans ruled India for about 2,000 years. During this period, the Persians and Greek Macedonians invaded India (600 to 200 BC).

Persians: In the late 6th century BCE, the Persian king Darius I conquered the northwestern region of India. This was the first recorded political contact between the Aryan society of India and other developed civilizations. Darius I established his Indian possessions as a province and was probably the most populous and wealthiest province in the Persian Empire.

Macedonians: Invaded India after Darius by Alexander the Great, the greatest conqueror of ancient Europe, the Macedonian king, and the weakening of the Persian Empire allowed him to drive as far as Asia, with his troops as far as India. Alexander's invasion of northwestern India is not documented in Indian literature, but it may have contributed to the rise of the Mauryan Empire.

Then there was the Mauryan Empire (322 to 185 BC): shortly after Alexander's withdrawal from India, Chandragupta, known as the Moon Protector, overthrew the Nanda royal family of Magadha. Chandragupta established the Mauryan Empire, the first imperial regime in Indian history. The Mauryan Empire finally reached its peak during the reign of Emperor Ashoka. The great monarch completed the conquest of the southern Kalinga, so that all of India, with the exception of a few countries in the far south, was formally unified under the imperial power. The Mauryan Empire was the first "homegrown" regime in the history of India. But it is also difficult to say whether this "native" is still an Aryan.

Bactria Greeks, Cypriots, and Sabbats: from the beginning of the 2nd century BCE, invaded India successively; The invasion was particularly widespread by the Cypriots, who originally inhabited the Ili River valley and established many principalities throughout the West Indies.

Otsutsuki: Become the most successful invaders as they establish the powerful Kushan Empire in North India. The country is listed as one of the four great empires of the classical world (the Roman Empire, the Anxi, the Kushan Empire, and the Han Dynasty). The precious products of the Kushan era are Mahayana Buddhism and Gandhara art. It was under the pressure of the Xiongnu that the Da Yue people moved west from China. They established the Kushan Empire in India.

Gupta Dynasty (320~540 AD): The Kushan Empire was strong for centuries before splitting into smaller political powers. Replacing their dominant position in India, the territorial confines of the Northern Gupta dynasty was the Gupta dynasty established by Chandragupta I. The Gupta dynasty was the first powerful dynasty in India after the Mauryan Empire and the last imperial regime established by native Indians, and is often considered the golden age of classical Indian culture.

Huns: The Gupta dynasty was severely damaged by the Bada (White Huns) who invaded India from Central Asia. The Gaza were later assimilated into Indian society, but their activities in the 5th~6th centuries contributed to the dissolution of the empire. Many local princes and nationalities opposed the central power of the Gupta dynasty, and the empire quickly collapsed.

Arabs: The historical period between the mid-7th century and the Muslim conquest of North India at the end of the 12th century is often referred to as the Rajput period. The Arab conquest of Sindh in northwestern India in the early 8th century marked the beginning of the Muslim invasion of India.

Turks: The real Islamic conquest of India began in the 11th century and was carried out by the Turkic peoples of Central Asia. Sultan Mahmud of the Ghaznavid dynasty invaded India more than 12 times, wreaking havoc in northern India. The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim regime established by Turkic people from Afghanistan. Five dynasties ruled in Delhi.

Mongols (Mughal Empire): The power vacuum created by the collapse of the Delhi Sultanate did not last long, and new Muslim conquerors soon appeared in the northwest. Year 1526. Timur's direct descendant, Babur, entered India from Central Asia. Babur captured Delhi and was revered as the "Emperor of Hindustan". He went on to defeat the Rajputs in 1527 and wiped out the remnants of the Afghans in 1529. The regime established by Babur was known as the Mughal Empire, which means "empire of the Mongols".

Then, at the beginning of the Age of Discovery, European colonizers descended on the land of India.

The first European country to establish a foothold in India was Portugal, whose colonies were located outside the Mughal Empire. Establishment of Portuguese India. Then the French followed suit and established French India.

And the last colonist was now the British Empire.

By the 18th century, the main European powers pursuing interests in India were Britain and France. After some struggle. The British gained the upper hand, weakening the French presence to a few small colonies. The main entity that ran British affairs in India was the British East India Company. As a result of the fragmentation of the Mughal Empire, this commercial trading enterprise was able to encroach on the territories of the independent Indian princes, and eventually became the de facto ruler of India.

In order to maintain its rule in India, Britain deliberately cut India to very "pieces". They established more than 550 princely states in British India. By controlling the upper strata and provoking contradictions between the princely states and religions, they colonized the area.

Before the British entered. India (meaning to include present-day Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sikkim) was just a geographical term, not a country. Even if the British ruled here. British India was nothing more than a mixture of nearly a thousand princely states.

These semi-independent princely states, with the intervention of the British rulers, adopted English as their official language. But in reality only a few people in the princely states knew English. There are even so-called "high castes". The bottom layer, who accounts for the vast majority of the population, still uses local dialects, and language barriers are the primary problem in India.

After the People's Liberation Army occupied the five major princely states of Northeast India. When helping the PKI establish power here, it was discovered that the situation in India was much more complicated than expected.

First of all, the servility of the Indians is far better than that of China, and even more so than those countries of Europe.

In Chinese history, 2,000 years ago, there was the idea that "princes and princes will have a kind of Xiangning", and if they can't live a life, it is even more natural for the people to do what the ruler is good for. In the Taiping era, the emperor may have been on top. But once the days can't go on and there is no way out, that is, there are "two people" (Chen Sheng and Wu Guang) everywhere, and after the rebellion is successful, they kill the emperor's whole family.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, even though China was under the rule of more than 200 foolish people of the barbarian Qing Dynasty, the ideological spark of resistance was never extinguished. When Xinhai was unveiled, the May Fourth period broke out a wave of ideological emancipation of the "New Culture Movement".

But India does not have such a tradition. Under the brainwashing of thousands of years of strange Hindu "cultivation in the next life", the vast majority of Indians believe that as long as they endure more hardships in this life, they will be able to have a good birth in the next life.

The second is that India has lasted for thousands of years. The bizarre caste system.

Thirdly, the CPI is a very loose organization. Although nominally all of them are called the Communist Party of India, in fact the organizational composition is extremely complex and there are many factions, and although nominally under the direction of the earliest person in charge, Roy (who is the founder of the Communist Party of India), its control over the local organizations of the Communist Party of India is far less than that of China and the Soviet Union. The CPI's own control over the grassroots. It's also almost zero.

There are many reasons why this is the case. First, although India was constantly attacked by the British colonial government, it was far from being able to compare with the harsh situation faced by China and the Soviet Union during the revolution. The so-called birth in sorrow and death in peace, the harsh environment is the most tempering person, the 25,000-mile long march plus eight years of arduous resistance behind enemy lines. Only then did he refine the invincible iron army of later generations. In contrast to the hardships of the Sino-Soviet revolution, the PKI remained in India until 1934, when it was declared illegal by the British colonizers, after its founding in 1920. After the China Incident in 1935, the British colonial authorities intensified their crackdown on the PKI. However, the British government did not control British India to a great extent, and its crackdown was limited, only to curb its superficial public activities.

A Chinese agent who had dealt with the CPI reported to the capital: "The excessively loose living conditions make the CPI an organization like a loose petty-bourgeois club, no different from the petty bourgeois (i.e. petty bourgeois elements) of the Second International under the banner of socialism, the SPD." ”

For more than 20 years after its founding, the CPI only thought of "begging" power from the British through the urban workers' movement and through parliamentary struggles, and armed struggle never thought of it, let alone the establishment of revolutionary base areas in the countryside.

When talking about the PKI, Lin Han unceremoniously commented on them: "As far as the revolution is concerned, they are not even as good as the impulsive revolutionary blind activists such as the League and the Liberation Society before 1910, and they are completely right-leaning opportunists." ”

By the end of the war in 1940, the form of organization of the PKI in India was worse than that of 1926, when the KMT and the CCP cooperated, and it had no foundation among the grassroots people.

At the end of the war in late 1940, the new Chinese side wanted to withdraw its troops from the seven northeastern provinces of India very early, but the PKI, which was preparing to take over, was unable to support the local power during this period.

"This thing feels like the current Afghan regime left behind by the Soviet Union before it withdrew from Afghanistan. The current PKI is simply a dou that can't be helped. ”

After learning about the situation in Northeast India, Lin Han spat on Hannah.

Fortunately, China is not the only one who has this problem, and after the liberation of Pakistan, the Soviet Union was also suffering from the headache of establishing a socialist regime in Pakistan. They face the same problems as the Chinese side, where the grassroots forces are all controlled by the old-fashioned princely and tribal elders, while the Pakistani influence of the CPI is almost negligible, and its essence is a "petty-bourgeois salon" that is completely superficial, and it is difficult to take on the big task at all.

Although these two regions took two or three years with the help of the bayonets of China and the Soviet Union, they barely set up a national structure. But both China and the Soviet Union understood that if they immediately withdrew their troops and announced that they would not care about what was going on here, the two so-called countries would be finished the next day.

However, no matter how unhappy he is in his heart, such a dou still has to be helped up.

In West Pakistan and Afghanistan, Stalin's method was like Maozi's favorite method: to drive ducks into sedan chairs. Under the bayonets of hundreds of thousands of Soviet Red Army, land reform was forcibly carried out here, and the land was distributed to local peasants. In the process, it triggered a strong resistance from the old regime of the local tribal leaders, and the Soviet Union also used Maozi's usual means to directly suppress (crabs) strongly.

At the end of 1940, the one-year war ended, but the Soviets' war for law and order here lasted until 1943. Lin Han got the news that the Soviets were killing people there, and that almost 400,000 locals had died in those three years. And the losses of the Soviet Red Army in these three years also exceeded the one-year war.

There was also a dispute at the top of the Chinese hierarchy over what to do with the newly liberated five provinces of Northeast India (at this time the Chinese side only controlled the territory of the five provinces).

Land reform is certain, but by whom?

Agrarian reform must be carried out by a strong organization in order to accomplish this great historical mission. At this time, the PKI was really muddy and could not carry out this task at all, and after arguing for a long time, the official finally decided to do it on its own.

On the question of establishing a red regime in Northeast India, Lin Han discussed this topic with the Chinese upper echelons as a future man at that time.

"Here in Northeast India, as in Pakistan, it's all on the beach. If it were not for its own roots and sprouts from the ground, such a regime would be rootless duckweed. As soon as the external force stopped supplying blood and feeding, a big wave rolled up, and it was quickly washed away without a trace. ”

At that time, Lin Han gave the example of the socialist countries in Asia and Eastern Europe before the chairman. Even in the heyday of the Soviet Union in the sixties, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland were "constantly changing" in the socialist countries of Eastern Europe, which were completely forced by the Soviet Union's bayonets. Later, when Gorbachev came to power and the red flag landed, he was busy changing color. (To be continued......)