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Wu Zhou (690-705) was a dynasty founded by Wu Zetian. On September 9 of the first year of the Tang Dynasty (690), Wu Zetian deposed Tang Ruizong Li Dan as emperor, attacked the Zhou Dynasty and changed the country name to Zhou, and set the capital Shendu (Luoyang), changed the Yuan Tianzhu, and was known as Wu Zhou in history. Wu Zetian is the only universally recognized female emperor in Chinese history, and has been in power for more than 40 years. Wu Zetian was the only emperor of the dynasty. Wu Zhou still used the Tang system, Wu Zetian was the biological mother of the two Tang Dynasty emperors, and was forced to restore the Tang Dynasty before his death, so Wu Zhou is generally not regarded as a separate dynasty in history, and Wu Zhou is conventionally included in the Tang Dynasty, and the Wu Zhou era is counted in the Tang Dynasty.

Brief introduction

Wu Zhou (690-705), a dynasty established by Wu Zetian, was known as Wu Zhou in history. Wu Zetian is the only universally recognized female emperor in Chinese history, and has been in power for more than 40 years. Wu Zetian was the only emperor of the dynasty.

Wu Zhou still used the Tang system, Wu Zetian was the biological mother of the two Tang Dynasty emperors, and restored the Tang Dynasty before his death, so Wu Zhou is generally not regarded as a separate dynasty in history, and Wu Zhou is conventionally included in the Tang Dynasty imperial lineage, and the Wu Zhou period is included in the Tang Dynasty's reign in the first year of Hongdao (683), Gaozong died of illness, and the crown prince Li Xian ascended the throne, which was for Zhongzong, "respecting the Empress Wu as the empress dowager, and political affairs are up to the court." In September of the following year, the Empress Dowager deposed Zhongzong as the king of Luling, and established Zhongzong's younger brother Yu Wang Li Dan as the emperor, which was for Ruizong, and changed the first year of the heir to the first year of Guangzhai, which was reformed by the Empress Dowager Linchao. In September of the first year of Tianzhu (690), the Empress Dowager announced the revolution, changed the Tang Dynasty to Zhou, proclaimed herself the Holy Spirit Emperor, descended to the Tang Emperor as the emperor, posthumously respected the ancestors of the Wu family as the emperor, established the Tai Temple in Luoyang, the divine capital, changed Sheji, changed the first year to the first year of Tianzhu, and later successively changed the Yuan longevity, extension, long live the Book of Heaven, Long live Tongtian, Long live Dengfeng, Shengong, Holy Calendar, Jiushi, Dazu, Chang'an, reigned for 15 years. If calculated from the date when he was established as empress and ruled together with Gaozong, to the time when Zhongzong was restored to the throne in the first year of Shenlong (705), Wu Zetian ruled for more than 50 years. She is the only female emperor in Chinese history who is officially crowned emperor.

Wu Zetian was born in a noble family, and has a good understanding of the rise and fall of the past dynasties and the gains and losses of politics; She also served Tang Taizong for many years, and the "rule of Zhenguan" had a profound impact on her, so many of her policies and measures during her 50 years in power basically continued to move forward along the road of "rule of Zhenguan", but with her own characteristics.

Wu Zetian also had a lot of shortcomings and mistakes in his life. In her later years, she gradually moved towards luxury and corruption, overhauling palaces and Buddhist temples, "serving 10,000 people a day, collecting wood and rivers, spending hundreds of millions of dollars in a few years, and the government collection was exhausted"; "Most of the public and private farms are owned by monks"; He also built the "Heavenly Pivot" that sang praises of virtue: "The Heavenly Pivot is one hundred and five feet high, twelve feet in diameter, eight sides, and five feet in diameter." The lower is the iron mountain, one hundred and seventy feet in circumference, and the copper is surrounded by the dragon and the unicorn; On the Tengyun Chenglu plate, the diameter is three zhang, the four dragon people stand to hold the fire beads, and the queen mother of Gao Yizhang writes from her list and says: "The Great Zhou Dynasty and all the countries praise the virtue of Tianshu." She favored villains such as Zhang Yizhi, Zhang Changzong, and Wu Sansi, and the court government gradually went down. In the process of suppressing the opposition, some corrupt officials who were corrupt and perverted the law wantonly made a lot of money and killed some innocent subjects.

In the first month of the first year of Shenlong (705), Wu Zetian was critically ill, and the prime minister Zhang Cambodia, Cui Xuan and other civil and military officials led the forbidden army into the palace, forced Wu Zetian to abdicate, supported Zhongzong to reinstate, and the restoration of the country was called Tang, and the Empress Dowager was honored as the Emperor Zetian Dasheng, and migrated to Shangyang Palace. In November of this year, the Queen Mother died of illness, at the age of eighty-two, and Gaozong was buried in the Qianling Tomb, and said that the Great Sage Empress of Zetian, Xuanzong Kaiyuan four years, chased the name "Empress Zetian", and the descendants continued to use this title. In addition to governing political affairs, Wu Zetian also loves literature and calligraphy. The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty said that he "wrote one hundred and twenty volumes of anthologies, which were hidden in the Secret Pavilion". The Song people's "Xuanhe Book Pedigree" said: "Wuhou Benxi writes, the first Jin Dynasty Wang Dao 10th grandson Wang Fang Qingzhi family collection of grandfather 28 people's handwriting, copy and play, since then the pen force is better, its line of horses and horses can be a little, there is a husband to win." The hand-me-down handwriting includes "Recommended Blessing Temple Inscription", "Chongfu Temple Inscription", "Zhou Shengxian Prince Tablet" and so on. "Xuanhe Book Book" is also known as the Song Dynasty Imperial Mansion has the "Night Banquet Poem" of the Empress Wu. Unfortunately, most of these inkblots have been lost.

政zhì

Kind words and advice

Being good at accepting advice is an important part of the experience of feudal rule. Wu Zetian has a deep understanding of this, and among the twelve things in the proposal, "Guangyan Road" and "Du Weikou" also occupy an important position. In March of the second year of the vertical arch (686), "the queen mother ordered the casting of bronze as a kuang." Its east said: 'Yan'en', offering praise and seeking advancement; In the south, it is said: 'admonishment,' and those who say that the government has gained or lost will vote for it; in the west, it is said: 'redress grievances,' and those who have been wronged will vote for it; and in the north, it is said: 'Tongxuan,' and those who talk about the catastrophe of the heavens and the secret of the military will vote for it." The bronze box was set up in the court to encourage the ministers to write and speak.

Although Wu Zetian has strict decrees and severe punishments, "when he is patient, although he loves him very much, he has a lot of hidden things." But she had great respect for her outspoken subjects, and tried to adopt their advice, even if her words were offensive, she was able to tolerate them and avoid prosecution. Here are a few examples to illustrate: "The Empress Dowager believes in the internal history of Liang Wenhui Gong Di Renjie, and the ministers are beyond reach, and they are often called the old man of the country but not the name." Renjie's "Zizhi Tongjian" volume 203, the first year of Gaozong Hongdao.

A good face leads to court contention, and the queen mother follows every song. "In March of the first year of Chang'an (701)," heavy snow, Su Wei thought that Rui, and handsome officials entered the congratulatory service. The palace attendant Yu Shi Wang begged for courtesy and said: 'March snow is Ruixue, and the wax moon thunder is Ruileihu? 'The taste is not from. After entering, he asked for a gift and did not congratulate him, and said: 'Today's sun and cloth gas, the grass and trees are glorious, and the cold and snow are disasters, how can you falsely think that Rui!' Those who congratulate are also obsequious. The Queen Mother quit the court. In the first year of Chang'an, Su Anheng, a native of Wuyi (now Hebei), persuaded the Queen Mother, "Why not Zen in the East Palace?" And the kings of the Wu clan were "deposed as princes". "Shu played, the Queen Mother summoned, gave food, comforted and sent it." In May of the second year of Chang'an, "Su An Hengfu wrote and said: 'Those who hear the world are also the world's gods and civil and military powers.'" Although His Majesty is orthodox, it is actually because of the former residence of the Tang family. Today's prince recovered, the age is prosperous, His Majesty is greedy for his throne and forgets the deep grace of his mother and son, will He Shengyan see the Tang family temple, and will He order to pay homage to the tomb of the emperor? The minister thought that Tianxin personnel would return to the Li family. Although His Majesty is in the sky, he does not know that the extreme of things is the opposite, and the instrument will be full of it. Why don't you regret the fate of a dynasty and unrest the country of ten thousand times! 'The Queen Mother is not guilty. "The Queen Mother also has many beautiful young people to worship in Fengchen (Mansion), and Zhu Jing, who is on the right, admonished: 'Your Majesty has (Zhang) Yizhi and (Zhang) Changzong in it. The ministers heard that Shi Houxiang, the head of the guard of the right prison, etc., showed off from the media, was ugly and shameless, and begged to be worshiped in Fengchen, rude and unceremonious, and overflowing in the court. The ministers are admonishing, and they dare not refrain from playing. The Empress Dowager Lao said: "If you don't say it bluntly, I don't know this." Give 100 paragraphs. "In November of the second year of Chang'an, "Wei Jing, the superintendent of the imperial history, thought that 'His Majesty knew that he had come to Junchen's jiān, and he was punished with extreme law, begging for a detailed review of the prison pushed by Junchen and others, and extending it in vain'." The Queen Mother ordered the supervision of the Imperial Shi Su Ying to overlay Junchen's old prison, and there were many people who were spared from the snow. "In January of the first year of longevity (692), "the queen mother introduced the people raised by the envoy of Cunfu, regardless of the virtuous and foolish, and the higher one tried the Fengge Sheren, gave the matter, and the second test was a foreign lang, a servant of the imperial history, a supplement, a glean, and a school scholar, and the trial officer began from here. The words of the people of the time said: 'Fill the quelian car, pick up the amount of flat buckets, push the imperial history, and take off the Shangshulang. Shen Quan said: "Paste your heart and soothe the envoy, squint at the Holy Spirit Emperor." 'Captured by the prophet of the Imperial History, impeached for slandering the government, asked for a cane, and then brought to justice. The Queen Mother smiled and said: "But the envoy is not indiscriminate, how can he be compassionate!" It is advisable to exonerate him. 'Shame on the Prophet. From the above examples, it can be seen that Wu Zetian has the courage to accept advice and is good at accepting advice, which is not inferior to Tang Taizong. Although some people speak outright in their admonitions, offend her, or persuade her to abdicate, or involve her private life, and even talk about her shortcomings behind her back; But she was able to be generous and tolerant, and did not condemn her crimes, and some were rewarded, such as Zhu Jingze, who involved her personal private life in the admonition, was rewarded, and was later promoted to the position of prime minister. At the same time, she did not completely protect her shortcomings in the process of suppressing opposition forces, such as indulging in cruel officials and indiscriminately killing innocents, and reversed many unjust, false and wrongful cases. During her reign, few people were convicted of direct advice, and because of this, it became a common practice in the court to speak out, so that the lower feelings could be expressed, which played a great role in reforming maladministration and promoting political clarity.

Rectify the rule of officials

Wu Zetian inherited the policy of rectifying the rule of officials and severely punishing corruption during the Zhenguan period, "tried to discuss with the prime minister and assassinate the county order", and sent "envoys to inspect the county with six articles" to assess whether the state and county officials were honest and competent. For corrupt judges, regardless of their official position, they will be severely punished, such as Prime Minister Li Zhenxiu "was quite bribed, supervised the imperial history Ma Huaisu played, and Zhenxiu degraded the history of Luzhou assassination"; Another example is Prime Minister Su Wei, "Returning to bury his father, and making a state and county for funeral." Because of this, the taste invaded the cemetery of the villagers, and the servants were excessive, supervising the imperial history Xiao Zhizhong impeachment, and moving to Fangzhou to assassinate the history. Wu Zetian's trusted cool official came to Junchen "Najia Jin, impeached by Yu Shi Ji Luzhong, and was imprisoned and deserved to die." After being loyal to its superiors, it will not be punished, so as not to serve the people". Another cronie, the cool official Suo Yuanli, "was harsh, reinstated, and then disgusted with public expectations, accepted the officials, and died in prison." On the contrary, for the talented, it is exceptional. Wu Zetian attaches great importance to the officials who are honest and upright, and he appreciates the talented and knowledgeable people very much, and reuses them one by one. For example: "Zhang Xunxian, the servant of the imperial history, was an envoy to Hedong, and when he had doubts and could not be resolved, he was sick, and asked the waiter: 'There is a good guest here, can you talk to the deliberator?' 'The official said that Zhang Jiazhen, the former Pingxiang Weiyi clan, had a special talent, and summoned him according to the constitution to inquire about the matter; Jiazhen is organized and organized, and it is not washed. The constitution is unexpected. Follow the constitution and see the Queen Mother, and the Queen Mother is good at it. Follow the constitution and say what Jiazhen does, and please give it to your own officials. The Queen Mother said: 'There is no official in Ning, and he has entered the virtuous ye? 'Because of the summoning of Jiazhen, enter the inner sanctum, and the language, the great joy, worship for the supervision of the imperial history; Promote the Constitutional Division, reward his winners. "Zhang Jiazhen was a famous prime minister of the Xuanzong Dynasty.

"Tianguan Shilang Anping Cui Xuan, sex is straightforward, he has not tried to ask for advice, he is evil in power, and he has changed Wenchang Zuocheng. In the rest of the month, the Queen Mother said Xuan: 'Since the change of the Qing Dynasty, I have heard that the history of the order has been set up to celebrate himself, and this desire is jiān greedy ears; Now he is still in office. 'It is a return to the heavenly officials. In the later years of Empress Wu, Cui Xuan was promoted to prime minister.

"When the Khitan entered the Kou, the military book was filled in, and the analysis of Yao Yuanchong in Xia Guanlang was like a stream, all of them were organized, and the Queen Mother was Qizhi and promoted to Xia Guan's waiter." Empress Yao Yuanchong was a famous prime minister of the Xuanzong Dynasty.

"The Empress Dowager ordered the prime minister to act as a foreigner, and Wei Si recommended Guangwu (now southeast of Yongdeng, Gansu) to order Cen Xi to say: 'But hating his uncle Changqian is tired.'" The Queen Mother said: 'Gou or talented, why is this tiring! Then he bowed to the officials of the heavens. "Cen Xi was the prime minister when he was in Ruizong.

To use a man according to his ability

Because Wu Zetian was able to pay attention to the rectification of the rule of officials, reward and punish strictly, reward them as rewards, punish them as punishments, discern good judgments, and have the wisdom to know people, so he can promote talents from a wide range of talents for his own use, as commented in the "General Guide to Governance": "Although the Queen Mother abuses the position of Lu to win the hearts of the people in the world, but those who are incompetent will be deposed or punished." The handle of punishment and reward is used to control the world, and the government is self-explanatory, and the judgment is clear, so the heroes and sages at that time also competed for it. "Fourth, suppress the opposition, crack down on the old gate lords, support the Shu landlords and bureaucrats, and develop the imperial examination system.

Reform of the imperial examinations

In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the scholar gate valve system that arose since the Han and Wei dynasties gradually declined. The Eastern Jin Dynasty and Southern Dynasties headed by Wang and Xie have disappeared, and only the Shandong scholars headed by Cui, Lu, Li, and Zheng in the north, and the Guanlong scholars headed by the Eight Pillars State in the Northern Zhou Dynasty still retain a certain amount of power and social status. Since the Sui and Tang royal families came from the Guanlong group, the Guanlong clan still maintained more privileges and higher official positions. Tang Taizong repaired the "Chronicles of the Clan", according to the decline of the scholar clan and the rise of the Shu clan, based on the official position and rank of the humble family, mainly to attack the Shandong scholar clan, and promote the meritorious man who was born in the Shu clan and had a higher rank to a senior scholar clan. Wu Zetian's father, Wu Shiyi, was like this, and Tang Gaozong emphasized in the edict establishing Wu Zetian as the empress that "the Wu family is honored with honor, and the land is gorgeous." However, these new scholars who were given by the imperial dynasty were not recognized by the old scholars. In their minds, these new scholars are still lowly Shu clans. When Tang Gaozong decided to depose Empress Wang and establish Wu Zhaoyi as the queen, the minister of Gu Ming, the representative of the Guan Long Shi clan, Changsun Wuji, and the Shandong Shi bureaucrat Chu Suiliang strongly opposed it. One of the main reasons is that Queen Wang is from a "famous family", "I must want to change the queen, please choose the world order family, why bother the Wu clan?" Xu Jingye's army raising article also has the so-called: "Those who are pseudo-in the Wu clan of the dynasty are not docile, and the ground is really cold." This is the same way we put it. Empress Wu hated these old gate lords very much, and soon after the canonization, she immediately killed and degraded the eldest grandson Wuji, Chu Suiliang, Han Jin, Lai Ji, etc. After Gaozong's death, Empress Wu deposed his son Zhongzong as the king of Luling, and favored the kings of the Wu family, causing "everyone in the Tang clan to be in danger and everyone was indignant". In the first year of Guangzhai (684), Xu Jingye and others raised troops in Yangzhou and captured the prefectures and counties of Yangzhou under the pretext of "Kuang Fu Luling King".

After suppressing Xu Jingye's opposition, Wu Zetian continued to target the kings of the Tang family. "Suspect that the people of the world are trying to do their own things, and they think that they have been dedicated to state affairs for a long time, and they are not right, they know the resentment of the clan and the ministers, and they are not convinced, and they want to kill the prestige" in the fourth year of the arch (688), the kings of the Tang clan heard that the queen mother tried to murder all the kings, plotted to raise troops, and agreed to launch them at the same time, but the opportunity leaked, Li Zhen, the king of Yue, and Li Chong, the evil king of Lang, raised troops in advance in Bozhou, and the other kings failed soon because they did not respond. Wu Zetian appointed cool officials Suo Yuanli, Lai Junchen, Zhou Xing, etc., to suppress the opposition forces in a secret and weaving way, "first punished hundreds of nobles and relatives of the Tang clan, and then hundreds of ministers, and their assassins and generals are innumerable." Since then, the prominent Guanlongshi clan has been hit hard and has lost power.

At the same time, Wu Zetian also supported the Shu landlord bureaucracy through various means, recruited more talents from the Shu landlords, and expanded their ruling base. One is that the imperial court sent the envoy to collect talents from all over the country, sent to the capital, and the emperor personally examined, which is the system and policy, as contained in the "New Words of the Tang Dynasty": "Then the revolution at the beginning of the day, the people from all over the world, and the people who should be made to 10,000 people, then the south gate of the Tianyu Xiongyang City, personally tested." "Those with excellent grades will be hired and appointed to important positions regardless of their qualifications. The second is to order that "the internal and external civil and military products above the ninth grade and the common people are allowed to self-explanatory", allowing officials and the people to recommend themselves so as not to omit any omissions. The third is to further develop the imperial examination system based on the township tribute (tribute), that is, the state and county guarantees, not only the number of subjects has increased, but the number of admissions has also increased greatly, and the average number of admissions per year has more than doubled compared with the Zhenguan period; Moreover, it also pioneered the palace examination system, such as February of the first year of Tianzhu (690), "the Empress Dowager set tributes to the palace in Luocheng Palace, and the palace test of the tribute priests began from this"; In addition, in the second year of Chang'an (702), there was also a "first establishment of martial arts".

The scope of election has been expanded. Wu Zetian has a wide range of officials, and it is inevitable that there will be indiscriminate filling; But it did select a lot of talents, as the "New Tang Dynasty Book" volume 76 "The Biography of the Empress Zetian" said: "The Queen Mother does not hesitate to take the title, in order to encompass the heroes of the Quartet to help herself, although she is a man, she agrees with her words, and she is not inferior to the official; To be incompetent, find and abolish a lot of indulgence, and take practical materials and true sages. These talents were not only important pillars to strengthen Wu Zetian's rule at that time, but some of them were also famous ministers and virtuous ministers who later assisted Xuanzong in the "rule of Kaiyuan". Lu Zhen said: "(The Queen Mother) is strict in her responsibilities, she advances and retreats quickly, and she can rise sharply if she is not deposed. In addition, when Wu Zetian was co-ruling with Gaozong, he also issued an edict to revise the "Clan Chronicles" and renamed it "Surname Records", which clearly stipulated that "those who get the five grades in the imperial dynasty are promoted to Shiliu", which further cracked down on the old gate lords and improved the status of the Shu bureaucrats, so after the Middle and Tang Dynasty, there was a situation of "crown soap subordination and mixed up"; Especially since the Anshi Rebellion, there are many civilian-born soldiers who have been awarded the rank of five rank or above because of their military merits, and have been promoted to the rank of scholars, so the strict boundaries between the former scholars have gradually disappeared, and all those with the surname Zheng have called themselves Xingyang Zheng, and those with the surname Li have called themselves Longxi Li and Zhaojun Li, and there is no way to distinguish whether they are the old scholars or the new scholars.

economy

When Wu Zetian was known as the queen of heaven, he suggested twelve things as a policy program: "1. Persuade farmers and mulberries to be thin; Second, to give three auxiliary land; 3. Rest the army and moralize the world; Fourth, the north and south are still forbidden to be fancy; Fifth, the province of hard labor; Sixth, Guangyan Road; Seventh, Du slander; 8. The princes and princes all studied "Lao Tzu"; 9. The father has been serving the mother for three years; 10. The former lord of the Yuan Dynasty has given the person who has been told that there is no retrospective verification; 11. Beijing officials with more than eight grades of benefits are entered; 12. Hundreds of officials have been in office for a long time, and those who are in high positions have to be advanced. The first five of these articles were all about the promotion of agriculture, the reduction and exemption of servitude, and the rest with the people, and put them in the first place in the policy program, and they were implemented by the edict of Emperor Gaozong. In order to implement the edict, it was stipulated that the evaluation of local officials should be based on whether agricultural production was developed or not as an important criterion, and if the area where the state and county officials were located "the fields were opened up and the family had surplus grain" was rewarded; On the contrary, those who "abuse the government and move their household registration" will be punished. In order to popularize the advanced agricultural production experience and production technology, it also invited famous agronomists to compile the agricultural book "Zhaoren Benye Ji" and publish it throughout the country as the basis for farming.

On the basis of the strong state during the Zhenguan period, Wu Zetian was able to continue to implement the policy of promoting the consolidation and development of a multi-ethnic feudal state in the previous dynasty. For example, if Chen Ziang's construction is adopted, the prefectures and counties in the Hexi region and the Western Regions will greatly develop the tuntian, which will be conducive to the development and consolidation of the border areas; He also sent Pei Xingjian, Wang Xiaojie and others to lead troops to repel the invasion of the Tibetan nobles into the Hexi region and the Western Regions, and restored the four towns of Anxi (Khotan, Qiuzi, Yanqi, and Shule), so that the Silk Road connecting China and the West could be unimpeded, and the economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West were promoted. At the same time, it also repelled the invasion of the remnants of the Turks and the Khitan aristocracy into the northern region, ensured the development of agricultural production in the Central Plains and the stability of the northeastern border, and consolidated and developed a unified multi-ethnic feudal state.

The implementation of the above policies and measures promoted the sustainable social and economic development of the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Wu Zetian, although there was a rebellion launched by Xu Jingye and the kings of the clan; However, the rule of officials was clear and the political situation was stable, so that the vast number of peasants were able to recuperate, and as a result, social production developed, and the number of cultivated fields and household registration increased by a large margin. Taking the increase of household registration as an example, during the reign of Gaozu Wude in the Tang Dynasty, after a long period of melee in the late Sui and early Tang Dynasties, there were only more than 2 million households in the country, which increased to about 3 million in the early years of Zhenguan, and increased to 3.8 million households in the third year of Gaozong Yonghui (652), and increased to 6.15 million households in the first year of Zhongzong Shenlong (705), with a population of 37.14 million households, an increase of more than 2 million households in 50 years. It can be seen that the state of the Tang Dynasty continued to rise during the reign of Wu Zetian, and it was the "rule of Zhenguan" and the "rule of Kaiyuan". She was an important historical figure in the historical development of the Tang Dynasty. The old and new "Book of Tang" regarded Wu Zetian's title as "usurpation"; But he also has to admit that "arrogance from the top and rule from below", "pan-extension of discussion, etiquette and uprightness", can not deny Wu Zetian's achievements.

culture

"Luo Weaving Sutra"

According to the records of the "New Tang Dynasty Book" and the "Zizhi Tongjian", Lai Junchen once cooperated with others before his death and co-wrote a "Luo Weaving Sutra", which is a "book of indignation" that specializes in fabricating crimes, wrestling with wit, constructing people to commit crimes, and rectifying people. Legend has it that Wu Zetian also sighed after seeing it, she said: "With such a scheming, I may not be able to pass it!" ”

Taiwanese scholar Bai Yang commented on the book "Zizhi Tongjian", and made this evaluation of this book: "The Wu Zhou Dynasty, which appeared in history for just 16 years, made the greatest contribution to human culture is a "Luo Weaving Sutra". ”

However, it is a pity that this important classic, the first in human history, was discovered and excavated too late, and it has been lost for thousands of years. It is said that a few years ago, someone put together a copy of the "Luo Weaving Sutra", which seems to be not true. Personally, I think that if this book had been published in the world earlier, it might have changed the status quo of Chinese society, and that was very likely.

Lai Junchen was born in the Tang Dynasty, this person is not like Chen Liang and Yan Rui, because he has "no talent and no learning", nor is he like Ji Di has the broad student of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it is said that he should have nothing to be "resentful", but it is very strange that he encountered a great era and great opportunity in Chinese history that can be said to be a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.

China's feudal society is a man-ruled society that adheres to the way of Confucius and Mencius. Up and down, to become famous. ”

As an inferior person, if you want to squeeze into the official career, seek an official position, and gain power, you must please your boss and get the appreciation and support of your boss, otherwise it will be in vain. In the current fashionable words: first of all, you have to do it—and someone has to say that you can do it—the person who says you can do it must still do it—the person who can do it is crucial to whether you can do it or not: "If he says you can do it, you can do it, and if you can't do it; If you say you can't do it, you can't do it, and you can't do it. ”

Important Events

At the age of 67, in the first year of Zai Chu (690), Wu Zetian abolished Ruizong and officially proclaimed himself emperor. He called himself the "Holy Spirit Emperor" and changed the name of the country to Zhou.

At the age of 69, in the first year of longevity (692), Wu Zetian sent Wang Xiaojie to regain the four towns of Anxi, and set up the Anxi Protectorate in Qiuzi Kingdom. and sent troops to be stationed there, thus ending the situation of repeated contention between Tang and Fan in the Western Regions.

At the age of 72, in October of the first year of the Book of Heaven (695), the Turkic Mosi Khan sent an envoy to ask for surrender. Wu Zetian awarded him the title of General of the Left Guard and the Duke of Return.

73 years old, in December of the second year of the book of heaven (696), Wu Zetian sealed Chan Song Mountain.

At the age of 74, in the second year of Long Live Tongtian (697), he killed Junchen and ended the cool official government.

At the age of 75, in March of the first year of the holy calendar (698), Li Xian, the deposed king of Luling, was reinstated as the crown prince.

At the age of 79, in the second year of Chang'an (702), he placed the Beiting Metropolitan Protectorate in Tingzhou (now Xinjiāng Jimusar Beipo Chengzi) to replace the Jinshan Metropolitan Protectorate, and governed the vast area north of the Tianshan Mountains, including the Altai Mountains and the west of Lake Balkhash, and was still subordinate to the Anxi Metropolitan Protectorate.

At the age of 82, in the first year of Shenlong (705), Prime Minister Zhang Cambodia and others staged a coup d'état to kill the two Zhang brothers, forcing Wu Zetian to abdicate, and Wu Zetian was forced to give up the throne to his son Zhongzong Li Xian and restore the Tang Dynasty. In October of the same year, he died of illness in Shangyang Palace, leaving behind the edict to go to the emperor, called "the great saint queen of Zetian", and was buried in Qianling with Gaozong, and reigned for a total of 16 years.