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The Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) was a continuation of the Song Dynasty and was a regime established by the Song royal family in Jiangnan after the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty. At the same time, it is also a dynasty in Chinese history with developed economy, cultural prosperity and scientific and technological progress. During the Jingkang Revolution, Song Huizong and Song Qinzong were captured by the Jin State, and the Northern Song Dynasty perished. Zhao Gou, the ninth son of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, inherited the throne in Nanjing (now Shangqiu), Yingtianfu, in the Northern Song Dynasty, and later moved the capital to Lin'an, known as the Southern Song Dynasty in history. Due to its weak military strength, the Southern Song Dynasty was bounded by the Huaishui River (now the Huai River) in the east and the Dasanguan in the west. It is bounded by Western Xia and Dali to the west. In 1279, the Battle of Kushan broke out, and Zhao Yu was killed by the minister Lu Xiufu by jumping into the sea on his back, and the Southern Song Dynasty perished. Although the Southern Song Dynasty was located south of Huaishui, it was the most economically developed dynasty in Chinese history, with a relatively high degree of scientific and technological development, foreign trade, and opening to the outside world. The Southern Song Dynasty coexisted with the Jin Dynasty, the Western Liao Dynasty, the Dali Dynasty, the Western Xia, the Tibetan Empire, and the Mongol Empire, which arose in the early 13th century.

Brief introduction

The Southern Song Dynasty (1127 A.D. ~ 1279 A.D.) was a dynasty established by the Song royal family in Jiangnan after the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty. The Southern Song Dynasty built the capital to Lin'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), and set Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) as the accompanying capital. Many criticized the military weakness of the Song Dynasty, while the Southern Song Dynasty was a dynasty with a developed economy and culture. Because Zhang Bangchang was originally a Song minister, and later reduced the gold, the Kaifeng military and people hated him, and a large part of the old Song courtiers also asked him to abdicate. In desperation, Zhang Bangchang issued an edict in the name of Empress Dowager Meng to establish King Zhao Gou as emperor. On May 1 of the second year of Jingkang (1127 AD), King Kang Zhao Gou officially ascended the throne as Song Gaozong. However, the traitor Zhang Bangchang was named king in the name of protecting the country. In the second year of Gaozong's accession to the throne, the Jin State continued to invade the south in the name of Zhang Bangchang's depose. After that, in 1129 A.D., the Jin State set up Liu Yu as the emperor, and the country was called Qi, known as "Pseudo Qi" in history, in order to strengthen the rule south of the Yellow River. The Song Dynasty also carried out the Northern Expedition, commanded by many anti-Jin generals such as Zong Ze, Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, Zhang Jun, and Wu Jue, and defeated the puppet Qi army and the combined forces of the Jin State on both sides of the Yellow River.

In 1138, Emperor Gaozong appointed Qin Hui as prime minister and pursued a disgraceful policy of peacemaking. In 1141 AD, Qin Huan relieved the anti-Jin general Han Shizhong of military power, imprisoned Yue Fei on trumped-up charges, and killed Yue Fei's father and son on Chinese New Year's Eve (January 28, 1142). All the other civil and military generals who had supported Yue Fei and resolutely resisted Jin were also degraded.

After Gaozong, the development of the Song and Jin countries was relatively stable. The Jin State also invaded the south several times, but most of them gave up halfway, and the Southern Song Dynasty also carried out a northern expedition during the reign of Xiaozong, but it also failed to recover the country. In December 1164, after the failure of Zhang Jun's Northern Expedition, he signed the "Longxing Peace Conference" (also known as the "Gandao Peace Conference"), which changed the original title of minister to Jin to an uncle-nephew relationship, that is, Jin was an uncle, Song was a nephew, Jin changed the edict to a national document, and the annual tribute was changed to a year coin, reducing the contribution, and ceding Qinzhou and Shangzhou to maintain the border. The contribution of silk was reduced from 250,000 to 200,000, and the annual coin was reduced to 200,000 silver taels. Since then, the Southern Song Dynasty has continued to have internal strife.

After the fall of Jin, the Southern Song Dynasty not only did not exchange for a moment of tranquility, but faced a more powerful Mongolia. After the destruction of Jin, the Southern Song Dynasty wanted to take advantage of the retreat of the Mongols to recover the land occupied by the Mongols, but the Southern Song Dynasty has always been dominated by the main peace and has no strong military force, so although it sent troops, it did not achieve the expected goal. This move of the Southern Song Dynasty instead became a pretext for the Mongol invasion of the south. In 1235, the Mongol army invaded south for the first time and was repulsed. The Mongol army was not resigned to defeat and invaded the south twice in September and the third year of the following year, and its front was almost close to the north bank of the Yangtze River.

Because the Song army fought valiantly, they defeated the Yuan army and once again thwarted the Yuan army's attempt to cross the Yangtze River. Later, the soldiers and civilians of the Southern Song Dynasty, under the command of the anti-Mongolian generals Meng Ying, Yu Jie, and others, defeated the Mongolian army many times, so that they had to try to make a detour. In 1259, the Mongol Khan Möngke died in the army. His brother Kublai Khan, who was fighting the Song army in Ezhou, immediately withdrew his troops in order to seize the throne of the Great Khan, but the Southern Song Dynasty minister Jia Yidao not only did not send troops south to chase after him, but instead made people sue for peace with the Mongols to ensure peace and enable the Mongol army to retreat to the north. [1]

During the Southern Song Dynasty, paddy fields increased and production was further increased. In Suzhou, Huzhou and other places in the Taihu Lake Basin, rice production is very large, and there was a proverb that "Suhu is ripe, the world is full" at that time. The cultivation of cotton has expanded to the Yangtze River basin and the Huaihe River basin, and the cotton textile industry has become the main rural sideline industry in the cotton-producing areas, with a set of cotton textile tools for rolling, stretching, spinning and weaving. The ships built in the Southern Song Dynasty were already equipped with compasses and had strong wind resistance. The main ports of overseas trade are Quanzhou, Guangzhou and Mingzhou, and the foreign trade reaches Japan and Korea in the east and some African countries in the west. [2]

On the eighteenth day of the first month of the thirteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (February 4, 1276), the Yuan army captured the Southern Song Dynasty and captured the 5-year-old Southern Song Emperor Gongzong. At this time, the whole territory of the Southern Song Dynasty has been included in the territory of the Yuan Dynasty, but the remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty Lu Xiufu, Wen Tianxiang and Zhang Shijie and others successively supported two young emperors (Duanzong, young masters), and established a small imperial court. Wen Tianxiang was defeated and captured at Haifeng, Zhang Shijie's warship sank, and the desperate remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty finally perished on March 19 with the defeat of the Battle of Yashan and the death of Lu Xiufu by jumping into the sea with the defeat of the eight-year-old little emperor on March 19, the sixth day of the second month of the 16th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1279).

history

Shame on Jingkang

The Jurchen leader Wanyan Aguta founded the Jin dynasty in 1115. Song Huizong saw that Liao's national strength was declining, so he sent an envoy to Jin to propose the matter of joining Jin to destroy Liao. Song attacked Yanjing and returned defeated. Jin captured Linhuang Mansion and Liao died. Song paid a huge ransom in exchange for Yanjing and other places. Under the pretext of the Northern Song Dynasty, Jin contained the Jin rebel generals, divided his troops and went south, approaching Bianjing. Qinzong ascended the throne and negotiated with the Jin, and the Jin people dismissed their troops and returned to the north. In the following year, that is, in the second year of Jingkang (1127), the Jin people went south, captured Bianjing (now Kaifeng), and abducted more than 1,000 people from Liangzong and the royal ministers to the north, which was known as the "disaster of Jingkang" in history, and the Northern Song Dynasty perished.

Jianyan Nandu

Emperor Huizong and Emperor Qinzong were captured by the Jurchens in the Jingkang Disaster, including the queen, concubines, princes, princesses and other royal family members and confidential ministers, court officials, court musicians, cooks, etc. were all captured by the Jurchens and went north, and Zhao Gou, the king of Kang, was spared. In 1127, the Jin State withdrew its troops from Bianjing and appointed Zhang Bangchang as the Emperor of Great Chu. In desperation, Zhang Bangchang took the name of Empress Dowager Meng and issued an edict to establish Zhao Gou as the emperor. In the second year of Jingkang (1127), Zhao Gou went south from today's Hebei to accompany the capital of Tianfu Nanjing (now Shangqiu, Henan) to be enthroned as Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty and changed to Yuan Jianyan. The traitor Zhang Bangchang was crowned king in the name of protecting the country. Zhang Bangchang was later killed, becoming the only Wenchen of the Song Dynasty to be killed. In the second year of Gaozong's accession to the throne, the Jin State continued its large-scale invasion of the south. After that, Zhao Gou traveled all the way south and crossed the Huai River to cross the Yangtze River. In 1129 A.D., the Jin State appointed Liu Yu as emperor with the state name Qi to strengthen its rule over the region south of the Yellow River. The Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin Kingdom were bounded by the line from Huaishui to Dasanguan. In the third year of Jianyan, Jiangning Mansion was changed to Jiankang Mansion (now Nanjing City) as the capital, called "Eastern Capital". In the first year of Shaoxing (1131), Hangzhou was promoted to Lin'an Mansion (now Hangzhou City) as "Xingzai", and in the eighth year of Shaoxing, Lin'an was officially designated as the capital, and Jiankang was changed to stay in the capital.

Shaoxing Peace

In the autumn of the third year of Song Jianyan (1129 AD), Jin Wushu waved his army south, and there was no way to escape, so he had to go into the sea to escape, and wandered along the coast of Wenzhou for four months.

Due to the humid weather in the south and the crisscrossing of the rivers, coupled with the heroic resistance of the Southern Song Dynasty soldiers and civilians, the Jin commander Wanyan Wushu decided to withdraw his troops to the north. When retreating north to Zhenjiang, Han Shizhong was cut off by the Song Dynasty, and as a result, he was forced into Huang Tiandang. The Jin soldiers repeatedly broke through the siege, but all failed. Later, because of the guidance of Han Jiān, Jin Wushu heard that there was an old Guan River old road that could lead to the Qinhuai River, so he sent an army to dig, dug a canal for 30 miles in one night, dug a river, and went out of the river from the canal, and introduced the Yangtze River in the west of Jiankang City through the Qinhuai River, so that he could escape to Jiankang. But the road was still guarded by Han Shizhong's sailors, and the Jin army was not allowed to cross the river. There is also a Fujian man Wang to the Jin Wushu advice, the boat carries the soil, the upper plate is laid on the plate, the hole boat board is paved with oars, and when there is no wind, Han Shizhong's army is defeated, returned to Zhenjiang, and the Jin Wushu can cross the river and return to the north. This is the famous Battle of Zhenjiang, also known as the Battle of Huangtiandang. The Song army besieged 100,000 Jin soldiers with a force of 8,000 people, and the two sides held each other for 48 days. The Jin army was defeated by Yue Fei in Jiankang again, and never dared to cross the river again. Among the "Four Generals of Zhongxing" in the Southern Song Dynasty, the most famous is Yue Fei. He used the Northern Expedition to seize the land controlled by the puppet Qi regime supported by the Jin Dynasty. However, Song Gaozong and Zhao Gou were bent on negotiating peace for various political reasons, which contradicted Yue Fei's intention of the Northern Expedition, laying the groundwork for Yue Fei's subsequent killing.

Song Gaozong Zhao Gou, because he was afraid that the military would defeat the Hui Dynasty, would be tyrannical and difficult to control; He was also worried that Qinzong would return to the dynasty to inherit the throne after his death (at that time, Gaozong could not have children for some reason and died), so Gaozong appointed Qin Hui as the prime minister. Qin Hui advocated resisting the Jin during the Jingkang period, and was later plundered by the Jin. In October of the fourth year of Jianyan (1130), Qin Hui returned to the south, because he pursued a policy of surrender, which was very consistent with Gaozong's intentions. Qin Hui became the deputy prime minister in only three months after his return to the dynasty, and became the right prime minister after August. Due to Qin Hui's vigorous advocacy of "south from south, north from north", it was at odds with Gaozong's ideas at the time, and he was deposed by Gaozong a year later. After the resignation, Qin Hui was obscure and waited for the opportunity.

In May of the eighth year of Shaoxing (1138), Gaozong appointed Qin Hui as the right prime minister. Promote a policy of peace with Kim. Qin Hui cut off the military power of Han Shizhong, the first anti-Jin general. In 1138, the Song and Jin Dynasty agreed for the first time, and the Southern Song Dynasty took back the lands of Henan and Shaanxi including Kaifeng. Song Gaozong paid tribute to the Jin State in exchange for the right to rule the southeastern half of the country. Later, Qin Hui persecuted officials who disagreed with him, married relatives, and befriended ministers. Gaozong only acquiesced to Qin Hui's behavior. In the later period, due to the great power of Qin Hui, Gaozong was alerted. For example, Gaozong personally ordered Qin Hui's grandson to lose his champion. Qin Hui's power is declining day by day.

In May of the tenth year of Shaoxing (1140), the Jin people tore up and discussed the southern invasion again, the Jin army invaded the south in three ways, reoccupied Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Song army was under the command of many famous generals who resisted the Jin, the Song Dynasty army and the people fought bravely, and the Jin army failed in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Lianghuai. In July, the Jin general Wushu turned to attack Yuncheng, but was defeated by Yue Fei, and then turned to attack Yingchang, but was defeated again. Yue Fei took the opportunity to march into Zhuxian Town, and later recovered the area south of the Yellow River, which was only forty-five miles away from Kaifeng. The vultures escaped from Kaifeng. The Northern Rebels also responded to Yue Fei. So much so that the Jin people sighed "It is easy to shake the mountain, and it is difficult to shake the Yue family's army". But at this time, Gaozong ordered twelve gold medals in a row to urge Yue Fei's class, and the success of the Northern Expedition was ruined. In November of the 11th year of Shaoxing (1141), Song and Jin Yu reached the "Shaoxing Peace Agreement" in writing, and the two countries were bounded by Huaishui-Dasanguan. The Song ceded most of Tangzhou, Dengzhou, Shangzhou, and Qinzhou, which had been recovered by Yue Fei, and paid an annual tribute of 250,000 taels of silver and 250,000 horses of silk.

Song Gaozong hoped to bring back the bodies of his biological mother and father, and promised Jin to kill Yue Fei [Jin Yin saw the increasingly strong resistance of the Southern Song Dynasty, especially a group of outstanding generals such as Yue Fei. I hope to take this opportunity to get rid of Yue Fei. At the same time, Gaozong was also afraid that Yue Fei would really recover the lost territory of the Northern Song Dynasty and would rescue his brother Qinzong, who had been robbed in Jingkang's difficulty, and endanger his own throne, so he agreed to the Jin people's request to kill Yue Fei. 】。 On Chinese New Year's Eve (27 January 1142) in late December, Zhao Jian and Qin Huan killed Yue Fei, his son Yue Yun, and his general Zhang Xian in Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou) on "trumped-up" charges. The "Shaoxing Peace Conference" was immediately realized, and the coffin of Song Gaozong's biological father Huizong and his biological mother Wei herself were sent back to the Southern Song Dynasty. Song Gaozong paid tribute to the Jin State in exchange for the right to rule the southeastern half of the country.

In the early days of Song Gaozong's reign, he was young and strong, intended to resist Jin, recover rivers and mountains, reuse the main battle faction, and take Li Gang as the prime minister and Zong Ze to guard Bianjing. He has defeated the Jin soldiers many times, which has made the situation a little more stable. But later, Zhao Gou did not have the determination to confront the Jin Dynasty and deposed Li Gang, Zong Ze and others.

Xiaozong's Northern Expedition

In the twenty-fifth year of Shaoxing (1155), Qin Hui was seriously ill, and he planned to let his son take over the phase, but was vetoed by Gaozong, and soon died. After Qin Hui's death, Gaozong attacked the rest of the party on the one hand, and reused capitulation officials on the other. Gaozong was infertile, so he was born from the two queens of Taizu

Zhao Ying and Zhao Xuan choose the heir. In the end, Zhao won the game. In the second year of Shaoxing (1162), Zhao Ying was made the crown prince and renamed Zhao Yan. In the first year of Shaoxing (1161), the Jin Emperor Hailing King Wanyan Liang invaded the south and was repelled by Yu Yunwen in the battle of quarrying. At this time, there was a civil strife in the Jin Kingdom, the Jin Emperor Hailing King was killed, and the Jin army returned north. This incident made Gaozong retreat. In June of the second year of Shaoxing, the fifty-six-year-old Gaozong issued an edict to abdicate, and the crown prince Zhao Yan ascended the throne for filial piety. He himself was called the Emperor Taishang, Judeokshou Palace, and after Gaozong became the Emperor Taishang, he indulged in pleasures and spent a lot of money. On October 8, 1187, the 14th year of Chunxi, Gojong died.

After Xiaozong ascended the throne, reformed the government and tried to restore it, the Song Dynasty entered a prosperous period relatively in, Xiaozong rehabilitated Yue Fei's wrongful imprisonment, and used the main battle faction to recover the Central Plains. In April of the first year of Longxing (1163), Xiaozong ordered Li Xianzhong, Shao Hongyuan and others to send troops to the Northern Expedition. Although the Northern Expedition was victorious for a time, due to the discord of the generals from all walks of life and the idea of underestimating the enemy, the Northern Expedition lasted only 20 days and failed. After that, Xiaozong had to negotiate with Jin, in December of the second year of Longxing (1164), Song and Jin formally signed a peace agreement, known as Longxing Peace Conference in history, Zhang Jun was killed and changed the original minister to Jin into an uncle-nephew relationship, Jin was an uncle, Song was a nephew, Jin changed the edict to the national letter, and the tribute was changed to a coin, reducing the contribution, ceding Qinzhou and Shangzhou, and maintaining the border. The contribution of silk was reduced from 250,000 to 200,000, and the annual coin was reduced to 200,000 silver taels. However, Xiaozong still did not forget to restore the Central Plains and continued to reorganize the armament. However, due to the death of Yu Yunwen and a number of other generals of the main battle faction, the Northern Expedition finally failed. In internal affairs, Xiaozong actively rectified the administration of officials, eliminated redundant officials, punished corruption, strengthened centralization of power, and attached importance to agricultural production. On the whole, the internal affairs of the Song Dynasty have changed.

The Prime Minister's dictatorship

After Gaozong's death, Xiaozong became increasingly cold to Zhengzhì, and finally decided to give way to his son Zhao Dan, also known as Guangzong. Soon after his accession to the throne, Ran Guangzong suffered from mental illness and was very unfilial to Xiaozong. In July of the fifth year of Shaoxi (1194), Xiaozong died.

Guangzong was suspicious and distrustful of his father's ministers, so he became insane two years after he ascended the throne. In July of the fifth year of Shaoxi, after Xiaozong died of illness, Guangzong refused to accept mourning. The city of Lin'an is chaotic and the situation is unstable. Zhao Ruyu and Zhao Yanyu of the clan began to secretly plan the establishment of a new monarch. In the end, the Empress Dowager issued an edict, and Guangzong was enshrined as the Emperor Taishang. In 1195, his son Zhao Kuo ascended the throne as Ningzong and changed to Yuan Qingyuan. Six years later, Kwangjong died. Shi Zaining Zong is "not wise" and has a low IQ. Ning Zong was once controlled by two powerful ministers, Han Yanxuan and Shi Miyuan.

In the early days of Ningzong, Zhao Ruyu served as the prime minister. Zhao Ruyu himself has good political integrity. However, due to the fact that the prime minister of the royal family was not in accordance with the etiquette law, and Han Yanxuan fanned the flames, he was finally removed from the phase. However, the people still miss him very much, and there are poems of mourning on the gate of Lin'an every day. In order to completely eliminate the influence of Zhao Ruyu and exclude dissidents, Han Yanxuan created the Qingyuan Party ban in the name of academics. The science of science was called "pseudo-science", and many of the ministers who believed in science in the DPRK and China opposed Han Yanxuan. Han Yanxuan took this opportunity to drive all the scholars and doctors who believed in science out of the imperial court.

In the sixth year of Qingyuan (1200), Han Yanxuan saw that science could no longer pose a threat, so he lifted the party ban. However, the party's ban was unpopular, and in order to win over the scholars, Han Yanxuan used the name of the Northern Expedition to deceive people. In the second year of Kaixi (1206), Han Yanzhou rashly launched the Kaixi Northern Expedition, which was quickly defeated, and the failure of the Northern Expedition made Han Yanzhou the target of public criticism, and his political opponent Shi Miyuan used this to form an alliance with the Juhe faction and the Han opposition. And the Jin people took the killing of Han Yanxuan as one of the conditions for peace talks. On November 3, the third year of Kaixi (1207), Shi Miyuan and others forged a secret decree and killed Han Yanzhou. From then on, the period of Shi Miyuan's dictatorship began. Shi Miyuan colluded with Empress Yang and monopolized power. In 1208, the Peace of Jiading was signed. In the two countries, the relationship between uncle and nephew was changed, and Song Yu's contribution to the annual coin and silk was increased from 200,000 to 300,000, Song compensated 3 million for military expenses, and Jin gave up the occupation of Dasanguan and Haozhou, and presented the head of Han Yanzhou.

In July 1214, Song Ningzong accepted Zhen Dexiu's proposal and decided not to pay Jin Gongna "New Year's coins" again, and at this time, the Jin Dynasty had been hit by the Mongol Empire and was forced to move its capital from Yanjing to Kaifeng. In order to expand the territory to make up for the territory occupied by the Mongols, Jin sent troops to invade the south in the name of the Song Dynasty no longer paying New Year's coins, but failed.

Ning Zong originally had eight sons, but they all died. So he made Zhao Hong, the son of the king of Yi, the crown prince. Zhao Hong was very dissatisfied with Shi Miyuan's dictatorship. Therefore, Shi Miyuan abolished the position of Prince Zhao Hong and renamed Zhao Yun as the heir to the throne. On the third day of the eighth month of the seventeenth year of Jiading (1224), Ning Zong died. Zhao Yun took over the throne for Li Zong. However, Shi Miyuan continued his dictatorship, and Zhao Yun also pursued a strategy of taoguang and obscurity. In October of the sixth year of Shaoding (1233), Shi Miyuan died. Rijong finally got rid of Shi Miyuan's shadow. In the following year, the Emperor reformed the Yuan Duanping and implemented a series of reform measures, which are known as the "Duanping Reform" in history. Li Zong dismissed all the old party of Shi Miyuan, and the government was changed for a time.

The Southern Song Dynasty was relatively stable during the Xiaozong and Ningzong dynasties. However, after Ningzong, Jiān was in power, and the country was declining.

Lianmeng anti-gold

At the same time, in the north, the Jin State was facing the Mongol pressing step by step and facing the collapse of the country. The foreign policy of the DPRK and China was also divided into two factions, one faction believed that it should unite with Mongolia to resist Jin; The other faction believed that it was necessary to bear in mind the truth of the cold lips and teeth and the lessons of the Sea Alliance, and aid the Jin Dynasty and make Jin the vassal of the Song Dynasty.

In December of the fifth year of Shaoding (1232), the Mongols sent an envoy to discuss the cooperation of the Song and Mongolia to attack the Jin Dynasty, and explained to Li Zong the truth that "the lips and teeth are interdependent, and the lips are dead and the teeth are cold". Because the main force of the Jin State had been annihilated by the Mongol army in the "Battle of Sanfeng Mountain" at that time, the Jin State was already in a state of extinction, and most of the ministers of the Song Dynasty agreed with the destruction of the Jin by the Mongols, and only Zhao Fan opposed it. Emperor Li agreed to the Mongol demands, and the Mongols promised to return Henan to the Song dynasty after the destruction of Jin. However, this was only a verbal agreement, and there was no written agreement, so it planted the trouble.

When Jin Aizong learned of this, he also sent envoys to the Song Dynasty to state his interests and hopes to unite against Mongolia, but Li Zong, who had just ascended the throne, ignored Aizong's request and continued to cut gold under the hatred and shame of the country and the people, as well as the construction of the courtiers. Li Zong appointed Shi Song to be in charge of the destruction of gold. In 1232, the Song captured Zhengzhou and Tangzhou in Jin. After the fall of Bianjing, Jin Aizong fled to Guide and then to Caizhou. In the sixth year of Shaoding (1233), the Song army conquered Dengzhou. In May of the first year of Duanping (1234), Caizhou was conquered, Jin Aizong hanged himself, and the Jin Dynasty perished. Song brought Meng Heng and Jin Aizong's bones back to Lin'an. Li Zong enshrined the remains of Jin Aizong in the Taimiao to comfort the spirits of Hui and Qin Erzong in the sky.

After the Mongols destroyed the Jin Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty lost the Jin Dynasty as a barrier, which exposed the Southern Song Dynasty to the threat of the southward movement of the Mongols, who were more powerful than the Jin.

Mongol invasion

After the fall of the Jin Kingdom, the Mongol army retreated north, Henan was empty, and Li Zong intended to recover the Central Plains by taking the pass (Tongguan), Shouhe (Yellow River), recovering Kaifeng in Tokyo, Luoyang in Xijing, and returning to De Sanjing in Nanjing. In May of the first year of Duanping (1234), Emperor Li appointed Zhao Kui as the commander-in-chief, and Quan Zicai as the vanguard, and issued an edict to send troops to Henan. On June 12, Quanzi regained Nanjing. On July 5, the Song army entered Kaifeng. However, due to the lack of grain and grass, the fighter plane was delayed, and the Song army was ambushed by the Mongolian army when attacking Luoyang, and suffered heavy losses. The Song armies of all walks of life were defeated and retreated. "Duanping into Luo" was declared a failure, and the Song suffered heavy losses in this battle, and a large number of elite soldiers and materials were put into the water, which also provided an excuse for the Mongol invasion of the Song Dynasty later. After "Duanping entered Luo", Li Zong was lazy in political affairs, indulged in lustful dogs and horses, and the government was very bad.

In the second year of Duanping (1235), the Mongol army invaded the south for the first time and was repulsed. The Mongol army was not resigned to defeat and invaded the south twice in September and the third year of the following year, and its front was almost close to the north bank of the Yangtze River. Because the Song army fought bravely and defeated the Mongol army, it once again thwarted the Mongol army's attempt to cross the Yangtze River. Later, under the command of the anti-Mongolian generals Cao Youwen, Wang Jian, Meng Hui, Meng Ying, Yu Jue, Zhang Yu and others, the Southern Song Dynasty soldiers and civilians repelled the Mongolian army many times, so that they had to try to make a detour. In the first year of Kaiqing (1259), the Mongol Khan Meng Ge was wounded by the Song army's arrows during the conquest of Hezhou and died in the army. His younger brother Kublai Khan was fighting with the Song army in Ezhou, and after hearing the news of Meng Ge's death, he learned that his younger brother Ali Buge was preparing to call Khan in Helin, and immediately prepared to withdraw his troops to compete for the position of Great Khan. In this way, Kublai Khan returned directly to the north and established himself as Khan.

The two sons of Li Zong died young, so in the end, Li Zong chose his brother Zhao and Rui's son Zhao Yu as the crown prince. Because Zhao Yu's mother had taken abortion pills during pregnancy, Zhao Yu was congenitally deficient. In June of the first year of Jingding (1260), Emperor Li issued an edict to appoint Zhao Yu as the crown prince. On the twenty-sixth day of December in the fifth year of Jingding (1264), Li Zong died, and Zhao Yu ascended the throne as Duzong. After Zhao Yu ascended the throne, he ignored the government and indulged in lust all day long. The right prime minister, Jia Rudao, is therefore in power. Jia seems to form a party for personal gain and excludes dissidents. He spent all day playing with his wife and concubine in the Geling Villa, and because he was aggressive and cricket, people called him "the prime minister of crickets".

In 1267, Kublai Khan ordered an attack on Xiangyang, an important town in the Southern Song Dynasty, for the Battle of Xiangfan. The Song army used the Han water to send endless resources into the city in order to hold the city. The guards Lu Wende and Lu Wenhuan held the city for six years, and Jia Rudao sent Fan Wenhu and Li Tingzhi to help, but there was discord between the two. Jia Rudao blocked all news of the Mongol invasion of the south, and the emperor did not know about it, and Duzong learned of it three years after Xiangyang and Fancheng were besieged. In the seventh year of Xianchun (1271), Kublai Khan founded the country in Dadu (now Běi Jingshi) and was called "Dayuan".

In 1272, the volunteers of Zhang Shun and Zhang Gui fought a bloody battle against the Mongol Yuan army. In 1273, Fancheng was lost, Xiangyang was broken, and the Song army continued street fighting, Lü Wenhuan finally surrendered, and the six-year defense of Xiangyang ended.

perish

On the ninth day of the seventh month of the tenth year of Xianchun (August 12, 1274), Duzong died at the age of 35. After the death of Song Duzong, his eldest son Zhao Xi ascended the throne. At that time, the rule of the Southern Song Dynasty had entered a state of paralysis. In the spring of the first year of Deyou (1275), Meng Yuan conquered the important military towns of Anqing and Chizhou, coerced Jiankang, and the Yangtze River defense line collapsed. There was a great earthquake in the government and the opposition, and all walks of life hoped that Jia Nidao would be able to go on the expedition, but the Song army was defeated. Jia Rudao was demoted and killed by the prison officer Zheng Huchen on his way to his post. On the twentieth day of November in the first year of Deyou, Changzhou was lost, and Meng Yuan slaughtered the city. Soon Pingjiang also fell, and the people of Lin'an were panicked. In 1276, the Mongol Yuan army captured the Southern Song Dynasty in Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou) and captured the five-year-old Southern Song Emperor Gongzong. On the fifth day of the second month of the second year of Deyou (1276), a peaceful surrender ceremony was held in Lin'an City, and Zhao Yu officially abdicated, but Zhao Yu's younger brothers Zhao Yu and Zhao Yu escaped from Lin'an under the protection of the minister.

Later, the remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty, such as Lu Xiufu, Wen Tianxiang and Zhang Shijie, successively supported two young emperors (Duanzong and Young Lord). Meng Yuan pursued the little emperor relentlessly, and constantly fled to the south, passing through Guangdong. Zhao Yu ascended the throne in Fuzhou, was Duanzong, and changed to Yuan Jingyan (1276). However, the internal struggle of the small court continued, in November of the first year of Jingyan, the Mongolian army approached Fuzhou, and on November 15, the courtiers Chen Yizhong and Zhang Shijie escorted Zhao Yu and Zhao Yu to flee south by boat, and from then on the small court could only travel by sea. In the spring of the third year of Jingyan (1278), the small imperial court arrived in Leizhou. On April 15, Zhao Yu, who was only 11 years old, died. Lu Xiufu and his ministers supported Zhao Yu as emperor and changed his name to Xiangxing (1278). Flee to the area of Xinhui to the South China Sea. Wen Tianxiang was defeated and captured in Haifeng, Zhang Shijie's warship sank, and under the onslaught of the Mongolian army, Leizhou was lost, and the small court moved to Yashan. The Mengyuan general Zhang Hongfan led the Han army to chase after him and launched a general attack on Yashan, the Song army was unable to fight, and the whole line was defeated, which was known as the Battle of Yamen in history. The desperate Southern Song Dynasty finally committed suicide by jumping into the sea on March 19, 1279 with Zhao Yu and more than 800 members of the Zhao and Song royal families, so the Southern Song Dynasty was completely destroyed. More than 40 years of confrontation with Mongolia ended in failure.

Zhang Hongfan carved on the stone wall the twelve characters of "Zhang Hongfan, the general of the Zhenguo Dynasty, destroyed the Song Dynasty here" and returned, and the Southern Song Dynasty was declared completely extinct. The Battle of Yamen was extremely tragic, and it is estimated that the Song army lost 100,000 dead in this battle, and the sea was full of corpses. Wen Tianxiang, who was in Yuanying, personally witnessed the tragic situation and wrote a poem: "When you come to the South China Sea, people are like numbness. The bloody waves beat the heartbreak, and the wind blows the sideburns. In addition, according to the Songwangtai Park "Kowloon Song Huangtai Ruins Inscription" records, during the second emperor fled south, "there is the tomb of Mrs. Jin, according to legend, the daughter of the Empress Dowager Yang, the princess of the Jin Kingdom, first drowned in the water, and then cast a golden body to bury", buried in the current Kowloon City, known as the "Tomb of Mrs. Jin", and later because of the construction of the Holy Trinity Church at the site, the "Tomb of Mrs. Jin" also disappeared.

Since the Southern Song Dynasty existed for more than 150 years, and some of the concurrent regimes in the same period perished or were replaced by new regimes, the concept of how many regimes coexisted is not a fixed value, but generally speaking, there were Western Xia, Tubo, Dali, Jin, Mongolian, Western Liao, Gaochang Uighurs, Qarakhanid Dynasties, etc. However, the Southern Song Dynasty, Jin, Western Xia, Western Liao, and Dali were directly conquered by the Mongols, while the Gaochang Uighurs and the Qarakhanid Dynasty were conquered by the Western Liao, and the Tibetans eventually submitted to the Mongols. The Song Dynasty was also commanded by many anti-Jin generals such as Liu Guangshi, Zhang Jun, Han Yanzhou, Yu Yunwen, etc., and also defeated the coalition forces of the puppet Qi army and the Jin State on both sides of the Yellow River, recovered a lot of lost land on both sides of the Huai River and signed a number of treaties.

economy

The state of agriculture

Generally speaking, agriculture in the Southern Song Dynasty was burdened by the grain pressure caused by the southward migration of the population and the narrowing of the country, as well as the financial crisis caused by military expenditures, so it could only march into the depth and breadth of production. The development of water conservancy fields and terraced fields, and the reclamation of camping fields along the border, have expanded the area of farmland. Compared with the Xifeng period of the Northern Song Dynasty, the water conservancy of the Southern Song Dynasty is more durable and often repaired, and a large and medium-sized water conservancy official repair is explored, and small water conservancy maintenance is mainly used to assist the people, and the local gentry and wealthy households play a leading role in the construction and management of small water conservancy. During the Southern Song Dynasty, land trading became more popular, and "a thousand years of land for 800 masters" became a quite appropriate summary.

In the sale of batches of official land, the auction method of bidding (actual sealing and surrender) was first opened in the history of our country. However, the bureaucracy relied on power, and the big landlords and wealthy businessmen used their strong strength to seize and seize the land, and still led to land annexation and a high degree of centralization. Compared with the Northern Song Dynasty, the average number of land-owning households of yeoman farmers decreased, and the proportion of poor households such as lower households, households without property tax and hired farmers increased, and the tenant economy became the most important mode of operation in rural areas. The burden of servitude has continued to increase, and in addition to the two taxes, there are all kinds of harsh and miscellaneous taxes and surcharges, which have made the peasants' burdens extremely heavy. On the other hand, due to the continuous cropping system based on the double cropping system of rice and wheat and the popularization of the intensive and intensive farming mode, the grain yield and total output have been effectively increased, and broad prospects have been opened up for the development of commercial agriculture and the expansion of horticulture and cash crops, so that the agricultural economy of the Southern Song Dynasty has seen a scene of comprehensive development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and sideline fisheries. The level of development of its agricultural productivity was high, and it was the leading position in the world at that time.

One of the most striking features of agriculture in the Southern Song Dynasty was the development of the tenant system to an unprecedented historical stage. In a sense, the tenant economy was the most important driving force for the development of agriculture and rural economy in the Southern Song Dynasty. The main body of the tenant economy is the peasants, including yeoman farmers and semi-yeoman peasants who own the means of production, as well as poor households and tenant farmers who live mainly on rented land and tenant farmers who have no land at all. It was their creative labor that created the material wealth of the Southern Song Dynasty. Its political status and living conditions in the legal sense have improved significantly compared with those of the previous dynasties and future generations, so they have a high enthusiasm and enthusiasm in production and labor, and the highly developed agricultural productivity created by it is in a leading position in the world at that time. As the other side of the tenant economy, the ruling basis of the Southern Song Dynasty - the landlords (landlords) owned more than 80% of the means of production - land resources, mainly by exploiting the surplus value of tenant farmers, and at the same time paid huge taxes to the state, and jointly created the Southern Song Dynasty with the peasants and forged a higher material and spiritual civilization in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Compared with the Northern Song Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty continued to advance with greater intensity in terms of the land system. The separation of land ownership and management rights is more extensive, land sales are extremely prevalent, and the relevant laws are becoming more and more stringent; The transfer of land ownership became more frequent, and the tenant economy and land trading became the essential characteristics of agriculture in the Southern Song Dynasty. The gap between the rich and the poor and polarization continue to widen.

Handmade

The textile, shipbuilding, porcelain, paper, printing, and firearms manufacturing industries in the Southern Song Dynasty all developed greatly.

With the popularization of cotton planting, by the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, cotton cloth was more commonly woven in the south of the Yangtze River. According to the Southern Song Dynasty poet Ai Keshu's "Kapok Poems", it can be seen that there were already tools such as RVs, slingshots, and looms at that time. The textile industry in the Southern Song Dynasty reached a high level.

Banknote condition

During the Southern Song Dynasty, paper money was in circulation in large quantities and gradually replaced copper coins as the main means of exchange. The banknotes of the Southern Song Dynasty were divided into "Jiaozi" and "Huizi". Jiaozi is mainly used in Sichuan, and Huizi is divided into three types: "Southeast Huizi", "Lianghuai Huizi" and "Hubei Huizi". However, in the later period of the Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of paper money was issued, resulting in currency depreciation and soaring prices.

The banknotes of the Southern Song Dynasty were further developed on the basis of Jiaozi, mainly because the patterns were more exquisite and the anti-counterfeiting measures were more perfect, reflecting the prosperity of the Southern Song Dynasty in the commodity economy.

Trade Status

The Song and Jin dynasties set up a trade market on the Huai River called "Rongchang". In addition to the market, there are also many private transactions among the private sector.

The Song Dynasty began in 960 when Zhao Kuangyin established the capital in Tokyo, and lasted for more than 300 years. During the Song Dynasty, especially during the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the reduction of cultivated land and the blockage of the Silk Road, the Western Xia acquired the Hehuang region (present-day eastern Qinghai) when the Southern Song Dynasty was founded, and the land trade was stopped, and it was forced to turn to a commercial economy, especially ocean trade, and almost all trade was through the Maritime Silk Road. Due to the huge expenditure of annual coins, the Southern Song Dynasty had heavy internal taxes. The economy was almost entirely dependent on trade with the West, which contributed to the prosperity of maritime trade. The merchants enjoyed the greatest emancipation during this period, and eventually achieved a great prosperity in the commercial economy, beginning to emerge as early capitalist relations of production.

At that time, the Southern Song Dynasty accounted for 60% of the world's total economy. By the time of the Southern Song Dynasty, the largest cities of Lin'an and Chengdu had a population of more than one million[3], at a time when Europe was still living a miserable life under the dark rule of the Middle Ages. The four major inventions of the Song Dynasty made the navigation technology into the ocean age, and the ocean-going merchant ships had 6 layers of masts, 4 decks, 12 large sails, which could carry more than 1,000 people and sail all over the world, which amazed the people of all countries in the world.

culture

Science

The greatest influence of the Southern Song Dynasty culture in the north is the characteristic culture of the Southern Song Dynasty - science. During the reign of Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi's Taoism (also known as science) flourished. Around the time of the Southern Song Dynasty, that is, before and after the Jin State moved its capital to Bianjing, science works were successively introduced to the north, such as Yin Zhuo's "Analects of the Analects", Hu Anguo's "Spring and Autumn Biography", Zhang Jiucheng's "Analects of the Analects", Lin Zhiqi's "Shangshu Quanjie", Xia Xi's "Keshan Shujie", Zhu Xi's "Notes on the Collection of Four Books and Chapters", Zhang Yan's "Explanation of the Analects of the Confessions", Lu Zuqian's "Zuo's Bo Yi", Liu Zihui's "Treatise on the Holy Biography", Ye Shi's "Shuixin Collection" and a large number of Southern Song Dynasty science masterpieces were transmitted to the north, causing Zhao Bingwen, Ma Jiuchou, Yang Yunyi, Li Chunfu, The widespread attention of Wang Ruoxu and other first-class literati in the north had a great impact. Zhao Bingwen and Ma Jiuchou even "called themselves Taoist ......".

The writings of science in the Southern Song Dynasty directly promoted the rise and development of science in the north. On the one hand, the northern literati compiled and re-engraved the works of the Southern Song Dynasty physicists, such as a literati named Fu Qi, who abridged Zhang Jiucheng's "Analects of Discourse", "The Biography of Mencius", "Zhongyong Shuo", "University Shuo" and other books into the book "The Origin of Taoism", which was widely circulated. Zhao Bingwen himself also took matters into his own hands, and wrote ten volumes of the deleted collections "Analects" and "Mencius". On the other hand, some northern scholars began to write works on science, expressing their own thoughts. Like Ma Jiuchou lived in seclusion in Suiping Xishan, devoted himself to the study of "Yi" and "Spring and Autumn", and was well-known for a while, Zhao Bingwen wrote a variety of works such as "Yi Cong Said", "Zhongyong Said", "Yangtze Fawei", "Taixuan Note Praise", etc., to explain his understanding of the Tao, but unfortunately these works have been lost. The reason why the Southern Song Dynasty science was able to flourish in the north for a while was because it adapted to the needs of Jin Yuan's rule. The Southern Song Dynasty physicists' interpretations of Confucian classics such as the Analects and Mencius were relatively weak in reality, and were basically consistent with the ideas of the rulers of Jin Yuan who respected and advocated Confucian classics. In this context, the science of the Southern Song Dynasty can naturally be unimpeded.

It is worth noting that the northern scholars did not simply follow or echo and give play to the remarks of the Southern Song Dynasty physicists, but also developed their thoughts on the Southern Song Dynasty physicists. In the Southern Song Dynasty, only Zheng Hou and a few others criticized the physicists, whose "Art Garden Eclectic" rejected Mencius and was deviant and denounced as "heresy" by Zhu Xi and others (Zhu Zi's Language, vol. 123). In the north, Li Chunfu promoted Zheng Hou's theory, regarded himself as the successor of Zheng Hou, and called himself "since Zhuang Zhouhou, but Wang Ji, Yuan Jie, Zheng Hou and I". He believed in Buddhism, and in order to criticize science, he deliberately wrote the book "Ming Dao Ji Shuo" for the Southern Song Dynasty's "Zhu Confucian Ming Dao Collection", "on the Yichuan, Hengqu, and Hui Weng people to obtain and discuss it, without any loans, and hate not to be at the same time and difficult to cross-examine each other" ("Zhongzhou Collection", vol. 4), so there are often some extreme theories.

In addition to Li Chunfu, Wang Ruoxu also criticized Song Ru. His "Discernment of the Five Classics", "Discernment of the Analects", and "Discernment of Mencius" were mainly aimed at Song Confucianism, especially for Southern Song Dynasty physicists. Zhang Jiucheng, Zhu Xi, Hu Anguo, Lu Zuqian, Ye Shi and others are all the targets of his refutation. However, he is more orthodox than Zheng Hou and Li Chunfu, and his criticism is more pertinent and accurate. For example, when dealing with Zheng Hou, he, like most Song people, criticized Zheng Hou for being biased and inappropriate: "Zheng Hou boy, dare to talk about it, and be unscrupulous." Tang Wu, Yi Zhou, and Mencius were all wrong, or even slandered. To the Han ancestor Xiao Cao Pingbo's disciples, they respected them as sages and called them urgently, and they were called by Ou Gong for ridiculing Tang Taizong. Unlike Song Confucianism, he was able to get rid of the unrealistic or far-fetched theories of the Song people, and re-examined Song Confucian's views from the perspective of human nature, showing a more pragmatic tendency, and achieved outstanding results.

"The Analects of the Township Party" mainly records the daily life of Confucius's diet and daily life, but Zhang Jiucheng's "Analects of the Analects" and other works excavate the subtle meanings and exaggerate them, believing that the "Township Party" can be compared with the "Spring and Autumn Period", saying that "if you don't learn the "Township Party", you can't know the use of the "Spring and Autumn Period"; If you don't learn "Spring and Autumn", you can't know the god of "Township Party"" ("Hengpu Collection", vol. 4, "Township Party Unification"). Wang Ruoxu sternly criticized him for being tortuous, exaggerated, and untrue. His criticism of Song Confucianism, as stated in the "Synopsis of the Four Libraries", "broke the restraint of the Song people".

literature

The literature of the Southern Song Dynasty correspondingly led to the development of the north. This is more obvious in the case of novels and poetry criticism, because the political nature of novels and poetry criticism is relatively weak and the readership is wider. In the thirteenth year of Chunxi (1186), Zhang Sen sent an envoy to the Jin Kingdom, and the accompanying envoy from the north asked with concern whether the "Yi Jianzhi" "has been renewed since the "Ding Zhi" ("Bin Retirement Record", vol. 8). This shows the great influence of "Yi Jianzhi" in the north. Under this psychological expectation, there was later a sequel to Yuan Haowen-"Continuation of Yi Jianzhi" came out. Hu Zai's "Tiaoxi Yuyin Cong Words" is one of the most important poems in the Southern Song Dynasty and can be described as a database of poetic words. After the book was introduced to the north, it was welcomed and valued by people. The most famous "Poetry of Southern Hunan" in the north is very closely related to "Tiaoxi Yuyin Conghua". About one-third of the information in the "Poetry of Southern Hunan" comes from the "Tales of Tiaoxi Yuyin Cong". A considerable part of Wang Ruoxu's refutation was directed at the Southern Song people, including Hu Zai. In other words, the poetry of the Southern Song Dynasty is an important background and premise for the writing of "Poetry of Southern Hunan". In addition, the study of Du poems in the Southern Song Dynasty also had great repercussions in the north. Zhao Cigong's "Du Shi Proof", Anonymous's "A Thousand Families Note Du Poems", Bao Biao's "Du Shi Genealogy", Du Tian's "Notes on Du Poems", Xu Zhai's "Category Du Poems" and other Du poetry research works have been introduced to the north, directly promoting the development of Du poetics in the north. It was under the promotion of Du Poetics in the Southern Song Dynasty that Yuan Haowen compiled the book "Du Poetics" and took the lead in proposing the term Du Poetics, thus opening a new chapter in the study of Du Poetics.

poetry

The poetry achievements of the Southern Song Dynasty were very high, and You, Yang, Fan, and Lu were known as the four great poets of Zhongxing. Among them, Fan Chengda once went to the north, and wrote seventy-two famous quatrains on the way, but no one talked about these poems in the north. Among the four families, only Yang Wanli, whose poetry was directly and reliably recorded in the north, was introduced to the north. Cheng Zhai is unique and loved by Li Chunfu and others. Li Chunfu openly praised the Chengzhai style as "lively and bottom-up, and it is difficult for people to reach it", but in Li Chunfu's existing poems, there is hardly the slightest shadow of the Chengzhai style, but there are some scenes similar to the Chengzhai style in the poems of Wang Tingyun and Zhao Bingwen a little earlier. As the state of the Jin Dynasty became increasingly dangerous until its demise, the relaxed and lively Chengzhai body became less and less suitable for the reality of the late Jin Dynasty and was destined to be left out in the cold. Yuan Haowen said in the poem "Explaining the Mockery Again": "The poem scroll came to the wine cup in person, and the bamboo was hidden in the South Lake. How much do you know about the new sentence in the sleeve, do you dare to say anything in front of Pogu? Among them, Zhuyin and Nanhu, according to Mr. Qian Zhongshu's explanation, refer to the poets Xu Yidao and Zhang Di, who admired and imitated the Chengzhai style in the Southern Song Dynasty. The poem means that Xu Yidao and Zhang Di's new and ingenious poems are still worth mentioning in front of Su and Huang? Yuan Hao asked the new ingenuity of borrowing Su and Huang to suppress Xu and Zhang, and he could not help but be suspected of suppressing the small with the big and doing more, and he may be using the bullet to suppress them to suppress the famous Cheng Zhai body behind him. In Yuan Haowen's poems, there are no signs of effective imitation of the Chengzhai style, indicating that the actual influence of the Chengzhai style in the north is getting smaller and smaller. In addition to the Chengzhai style, Lu You's poetry is also likely to be introduced to the north. The Qing dynasty Weng Fanggang juxtaposed Lu You and Yuan Haowen, saying that "the two heroes of the strange horns of Tianfang", but except for Qian Zhongshu's "Tan Yilu" which drew out their two similar verses, there is no other direct literature that can prove that Yuan Haowen read Lu poems or was influenced by Lu poems. Due to the constraints of the hostile regime, it was impossible for Lu You's poetry, which was particularly political, to be openly accepted by the literati in the north. On the whole, the poetry of the Southern Song Dynasty, which raised the banner of patriotism, contradicted the official consciousness of the Jin Dynasty, and had little direct effect on the poetry of the north.

painting

The artistic style of this period was not influenced by foreign cultures, and mainly inherited ancient traditions. Landscape painting was still an important category of painting in this period, and the landscape painters Ma Yuan and Xia Gui depicted local landscapes, ethereal and soft landscapes, in contrast to the steep landscapes painted by landscape painters in the Northern Song Dynasty. This style of painting comes from the painting academy of Song Gaozong, commonly known as "Ma Xia", which also forms a strong contrast with the vivid and natural sketches of Zen monks in this period.

Vasher

Washer, a flourishing folk art performance venue in the Song Dynasty, is an important cultural phenomenon in the history of drama and has a unique status. According to various historical records, there are 24 tile houses in Lin'an in the Southern Song Dynasty, which does not include the "Dugoulan tile city", that is, there is only one goolan entertainment place in the tile house. Most of the washers have multiple bars, and the number of bars in each washer varies. It is recorded in the "Records of the Old Man of the West Lake": "But the north tile is large, and there are 13 hook columns. ”

In addition, Lin'an also has the kind of "Dugou Rail Tile City, a little farther away, in the tea shop for a night game". According to the second volume of Tokyo Menghualu, Bianjing is "the largest in the lotus shed, peony shed, Liwazi yaksha shed, and elephant shed, which can accommodate thousands of people." And the performance of each hook column is performed from morning to evening, from spring to winter, all year round.

As stated in the Southern Song Dynasty's "Records of the Old Man of West Lake": The citizens of Lin'an "have no social fire to watch in the cold moon in the depths of winter, but they have a pastime in the tile city". "Tokyo Menghualu" said: "Don't look at people in the wind and rain, look at people in the sheds, and look at them every day." It is conceivable that in the more than 20 washers in Lin'an, there were about 100 hook bars performing, and there were thousands or hundreds of audiences watching the play in each goobar. According to rough calculations, the daily audience in Hangzhou could reach 20,000 to 50,000, and the total number of audiences in a year reached 7 million to 20 million.

Ancient words

Due to its different nature from poetry, the body of words has always been regarded as a small way, so it is relatively free. Although Xin Qiji, who was born in the north, resisted the words of Jin and restored the country, after returning to the north, he was loved by many people, and Xin Qiji's patriotic poems were widely circulated. In the second year of Jin's death, Liu Qi praised his meritorious deeds, and later Yuan Haowen even promoted Xin Ci to a very high status, saying that "since Yuefu, Dongpo is the first, and then he will go to Xin Jiaxuan". It should be said that Xin Ci had a substantial impact on the Jinmo poetry led by Yuan Haowen. The reason why Yuan Hao's question is considered to be "enough to chase Jiaxuan" is that it benefits from the irrigation of Jiaxuan.

In the various literary styles, the Southern Song Dynasty prose achievement is low, far less than the Northern Song Dynasty, and the northerners are difficult to accept the strong national sentiment in the prose, so the influence in the north is very small, Wang Ruoxu once mentioned Sun Mao's "Xie Fu Fu Wen Ge to be Tabled", from the perspective of style to criticize it harshly, and based on this, he came to the conclusion that "since the Song Dynasty crossed the river, the literary has been very bad" ("Hu Nan Ji", vol. 37).

In terms of historiography, the Southern Song Dynasty Wang said that books such as "The Eastern Capital Affairs", Hu Yin's "Reading History and Guan Jian", Lu Zuqian's "Memorabilia" and "Lü's Family School Tongjian Festival" were introduced to the north, and the latter three were all works on the study of "Tongjian", which shows that this kind of work had a great influence in the north. Cai Jue, Xiao Gong, Wan Yanxuan and others in the north are very fond of "Zizhi Tongjian" and have their own expertise, so it is convenient for the Southern Song Dynasty "Tongjian" to enter the north to attract people's attention. Zhao Bingwen deeply regretted that Lu Zuqian could not finally complete the "Memorabilia", and said in the poem: "It is sad to write the "Memorabilia", and he died before reading the scriptures. ("Fushui Anthology", Volume 9, "The Beauty and Rhyme of Yang Shangshu"). After the death of Jin, the study of "Tongjian" in the north developed rapidly, and there was a popular phenomenon of "Wuchen Su General Lecture and Recitation" mentioned by Yuan Haowen, followed by the emergence of "Lu's Tongjian Detailed Festival", "Collection of Families Tongjian Festival" and other "Tongjian" works.

In addition to the above aspects, the political system, etiquette culture, and art of the Southern Song Dynasty will also have a certain radiation effect on the north.

The demise of the Southern Song Dynasty and the destruction of the advanced production relations of the Southern Song Dynasty by the nomads caused the advanced civilization of the East, which had been on the rise, to gradually weaken and eventually fall behind the mainstream stage of the world.

The Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin Kingdom were in opposition for a long time, and the north and the south were isolated from each other, and the cultures of the north and the south were only limited through narrow channels such as people-to-people exchanges and official envoys on the border between the two sides. Since the overall level of Southern Song culture is higher than that of the north, this kind of exchange is mainly expressed as the radiation of Southern Song culture to northern culture. The fields of science, literature, and history in the north have all been influenced by the culture of the Southern Song Dynasty.

technology

compass

The compass was already commonly used in maritime traffic during the Song Dynasty. In the 13th century, the compass was introduced to Arab and European countries. The compass was used in navigation and played a huge role in the exchange and development of the world's economy and culture. At the same time, it also provided important conditions for European navigators to discover the Americas and realize the circumnavigation of the world.

Gunpowder technology

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in the military. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty set up a special agency in Tokyo to manufacture gunpowder and firearms. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the tubular firearm "assault gun" was invented. The advent of tubular firearms opened a new stage in the history of human warfare. Gunpowder and firearms were introduced to Arabia in the mid-13th century and later to Europe.

Shipbuilding industry

The Southern Song Dynasty was located in the south of the Yangtze River, and ships were used for transportation, so the shipbuilding industry was relatively developed. Quanzhou, Guangzhou and other places were shipbuilding centers at that time, and they were able to manufacture large sea ships.

porcelain industry

Many of the kilns moved to the south along with them. For example, the famous Xiu Nei Si official kiln is located at the foot of the Phoenix Mountain in Lin'an. Jingdezhen has developed into a famous porcelain industry center in the country, the products are sold all over the country, and the porcelain burned is extremely exquisite, and it is called "Rao Yu".

Printing and papermaking

During the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the development of cultural undertakings, the printing industry and the paper industry flourished. At that time, both the government and the private sector were engaged in book printing. Lin'an, Fujian, and Sichuan were the centers of the printing industry. The books published by the Lin'an Guozijian are called "prison books", and the printing technology is quite high. There are also a number of bookstores in Sichuan and Fujian. In terms of papermaking, there has been significant progress in the variety and quality of paper, and Chengdu, Lin'an, Huizhou, Chizhou, Pingjiang, Jianyang and other places are the production areas of paper.

society

farmer

During the Song and Song dynasties, the tenant system was widely developed. The landlord recruits customers to cultivate the land, and the customers only pay the rent to the landlord and do not bear other obligations. In most areas, the customer can retire after the expiration of the contract, and the personal dependency relationship is greatly weakened. The client was directly incorporated into the household registration of the Song Dynasty and undertook some servitude from the state, and was no longer the "private belonging" of the landlord, so he obtained a certain degree of personal freedom. With the development of the commodity economy, the peasants of the Southern Song Dynasty were relatively free to leave their homeland and turn to the cities to engage in handicraft or commercial activities.

merchant

The pre-Song dynasties have always pursued a policy of "valuing agriculture over commerce". By the Song Dynasty, commerce and agriculture were both seen as the source of social wealth. "Scholars, farmers, industry, and commerce are all the people's business" has become a social consensus. In the Southern Song Dynasty's government-run handicraft workshops, the employment system replaced the compulsory assignment and recruitment system, and the physical constraints on craftsmen were greatly relaxed. This new economic relationship not only promotes the development of the handicraft economy, but also promotes the germination of capitalist relations of production.

townspeople

In order to adapt to the development of industry and commerce, the two Song dynasties separately "listed the non-agricultural population in the cities", the "fangguo households", indicating that the "citizen class" had become a social force that could not be ignored [13]. The conscription system implemented in the Southern Song Dynasty followed people's voluntary choice to serve, effectively ensuring the stability of the urban and rural labor force and social stability.

Social atmosphere

The extravagance of the Southern Song Dynasty society was not only a concentrated reflection of the decadent nature of the bureaucratic landlords, but also a microcosm of unprecedented economic and cultural prosperity. It is also an objective fact that the Southern Song Dynasty court government advocated good deeds, paid attention to people's livelihood, and sympathized with people's suffering. During the Song and Song dynasties, with the dissolution of land dependency and the collapse of the gate valve system, the previous situation of the noble landlords dominating the world no longer existed. The adjustment of the social structure, the transformation of the economic status of various strata, and the loosening of the boundaries of secular hierarchies have promoted social integration. The trend of civilianization, secularization, and human culture is reflected in the fact that the imperial examination is open to all social strata, and the official and civilian identities can be transformed into each other.

The first is the "waste government" system. The imperial court and government provided money and grain to the victims free of charge or on loans, temporarily relocated the victims to harvest areas or mobilized the wealthy to sell grain at a reasonable price, and set up "Yicang" in various prefectures and counties to solve the temporary food shortage. The second is the "pension" system. In cities such as Lin'an, different pension institutions were set up in the imperial court. There are Futian Homes for the elderly, the weak, sick and disabled beggars living on the streets, the Nursing Home for the orphaned, widowed, poor and unable to survive on their own, the Orphanage for the Relief of the Orphans, the Poor and the sick who cannot survive on their own, and the Salesian Bureau for the adoption of abandoned children and infants in society. The third is the "Yizhuang" system. Yizhuang is mainly used by scholars who have entered the imperial examination to buy land and purchase it for rent. The rent is used to support the people. The establishment of Yizhuang guarantees the economic life of the clansmen within a certain scope and assists the official social security. The social security policy of the Southern Song Dynasty played a positive role in alleviating social contradictions and maintaining social stability.