The tragedy of Yugoslavia

"Yugoslavia, from the very beginning of its existence, was not a normal state, but several "enemies" who were forcibly handcuffed together in chains. ”

The Slavs are a large family in Europe and one of the oldest peoples on the European continent, a collective name for the various ethnic groups that speak the Slavic languages of the Indo-European language family, and mainly live in the vast lands of the Carpathians to the Don River, the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea and the Balkan Peninsula in eastern Europe. The Slavs were divided into three parts: the Eastern Slavic peoples, including Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians; the West Slavs, including Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Kashubs, Luzhs; Southern Slavs, including, Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, Montenegrins and Bosniaks.

The southern Slavs originated in the Vistula valley in Poland and did not live in the Balkans from the beginning, what Serbs and Macedonians live in today, the reason why Bulgarians live in the Balkans, and the reason why Europe has such an ethnic distribution today is because thousands of miles away, there was a fierce man in ancient China who was very angry and taught his neighbor next door a hard lesson. What do you mean by that? In 129 BC, our Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began to launch a series of wars, and the generals Wei Qing, especially Huo Quai, beat the Huns to the ground, and the Huns were frightened, and some of them surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and some of them fled to the west desperately. This escape is more than 400 years.

Although the Xiongnu could not defeat the Han Chinese, they were able to deal with the local ethnic groups they encountered on the way to the west. In the 4th ~ 5th century AD, the Huns defeated the Goths and forced them to migrate westward. The westward migration of the Goths also promoted the westward migration of the German tribes in Central Europe, and some of the Anglo and Saxony moved to Britain and established a state, which is the prototype of today's Britain.

The Franks, Suebi, and others entered the Gaul region of the Roman Empire, gradually forming today's France, and the Suebi entered the Iberian Peninsula to form today's Spain. This is known in history as the "Great Migration of European Peoples". The Western Roman Empire was destroyed by the Germanic peoples during the Great Migration.

In the process, some of the Slavs moved south to the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe, and in 558 the Slavs and the Huns jointly conquered Thrace. Advance to Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Romans. And in 577 the Slavs invaded Macedonia and Thessaly, and in the seventh century they became the main ethnic group of the Balkans. and merged with the local indigenous population to form new peoples, but not single, but many Slavic peoples. Make the Balkans also known as "mini-Europe". This is how the Slavs in the Balkans today came from. Serbs, Bulgarians, Poles, and Croats all slowly migrated to where they are today during the great migration of European peoples in the 4th and 5th centuries AD, and slowly formed the Balkans today.

If you look at it in terms of language, culture, region of life, economic ties, etc. The Serbs, Muslims and Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina are one and the same, and there is not much difference. The difference between them is much smaller than that of Shanghainese and Guangzhou, who are also Han Chinese. You see that the distance between Shanghai people and Guangzhou people is more than 1,500 kilometers, the eating habits of the two sides are very different, Shanghai people like to eat sweet, Guangzhou people like to drink soup, as for the language, if the two sides speak dialects, they can only say that chickens and ducks speak, no one can understand whom, but Shanghai and Guangzhou people are the same nationality, Han nationality. So the slight differences between Serbs and Croats are not enough to justify the division into two peoples.

However, if the ethnic groups are divided according to a different standard, such as religion, then the three main ethnic groups of Bosnia and Herzegovina are very different. The Serbs are Orthodox, the Croats are Catholic, and the Muslims are Islamians. It was the difference in religious beliefs that the three brothers began to separate and fought fiercely within themselves driven by the great powers behind them. Why do the Cypriots, Kahs, and Muslims, who are one ethnic group, follow three different religions?

This is also related to the westward expansion of the Huns, which triggered the great migration of European peoples, which accelerated the Roman Emperor Constantine to move the capital to Byzantium, an ancient Greek colonial city on the west side of the Bosphorus, and renamed it Constantinople. After the death of Theodosius the Great in 395 AD, the Roman Empire was officially divided into two parts, East and West. Western Rome still had Rome as its capital, while the Eastern Roman Empire had Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) as its capital. At the same time as the empire was divided, so was the Christianity that the empire professes. The Eastern Church, headed by the Archbishop of Constantinople, came under the control of Eastern Rome, called itself the "Authentic Church" and changed its name to "Eastern Orthodox Church", while the Western Church, headed by the Pope, colluded with the feudal forces of Western Europe, and the Western Church became Catholic. Since then, the two major sects have been divided against each other.

In 1054, the Pope and the Archbishop of Constantinople announced each other's excommunication, and Christianity was officially divided. Unfortunately, the dividing line between East and West Rome was on the border between Croatia and Serbia in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, so that the Slavs to the west of the dividing line included Croats and Slovenes who were Catholics; To the east of the demarcation line, the Serbs and Bulgarians of the Slavs, who were under the control of Archbishop Constantine, were Orthodox Christians. The brothers began to break up. In this way, Catholicism and Orthodoxy already exist, so how did Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina come about?

The Eastern Roman Empire lasted for nearly a millennium, from its founding in 395 to May 29, 1453, when the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II led his army into Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), and the Eastern Roman Empire officially ended.

The Turks were more straightforward, they held a knife in one hand and the Koran in the other, giving the Serbs two choices, either to convert to Islam and mix with Lao Tzu, not only to keep their land and property, but also to be an official and drink spicy food, or to continue to believe in God but lose their land and property and have nothing. As a result, a part of the Serbs living in Bosnia became Muslin, meaning "one who submits to the will of Allah", and Bosnia-Herzegovin's conversion to Islam was to keep his estate.

According to the statistics of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1910, Muslin in Bosnia and Herzegovina accounted for only 20% of the total population. But 96% of the land is exemplified. However, Muslin was still of Serbian ethnicity, cohabiting with Orthodox Serbs. Speak a language.

After the end of World War I, although Serbia was the place where the fuse that triggered the First World War was ignited, after all, it "stood on the right side" in the war, and after the "spoils sharing meeting" at the Palace of Versailles in Paris, it was rewarded for "standing on the right side". Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, a big piece of land. At the Vexles Palace, with the stroke of the pen of the British and French high-level, it was all assigned to Serbia, and the later "Yugoslavia" was established.

But. This is an "abnormal country" that is forcibly tied together with bayonets and chains. The Croats had been Germanized hundreds of years ago, and the zeal to defend Vienna was higher than that of the Hungarians, or even the native inhabitants of Austria; Bosnia and Herzegovina and Albanian Muslin are also set on Istalpur, guarding against Serb counter-attacks every day.

This plane, a year after the war. Tito was covertly supported by the Soviet Union and Germany. A military coup d'état was successfully brought to power, and the Republic of Yugoslavia was established.

While he continued the entire territorial legacy of the previous government, he also inherited all its "troubles".

In later generations, the Yugoslav problem, like the so-called "national question" that occurred in many countries, was still essentially a "religious" issue.

After the divine onslaught began, Tito, who did not have the backing of the "divine messengers", also faced a similar problem in other European countries: serious ideological confusion at home.

The Orthodox Church of the USSR in the East. The Sephiroth Church in Germany to the west is known as a divine envoy. Yugoslavia was also the hardest hit area by constantly exporting its ideology to the whole of Europe.

Tito is of Croat ethnicity, and due to Germany's prior investment, and the fact that the Croats and Germans are originally "distant relatives", the relationship between the two sides is not bad.

But Tito, after all, was a strongman with ideas and abilities, and although he had good relations with Germany, he also paid great attention to maintaining his independence, and did not lean one-sidedly towards Germany, but played the trick of "three-legged balance".

He beats, oppresses and supports the Orthodox Serbs in his country, preventing them from becoming big or weak. This is also the attitude towards a certain religion without divine envoys, giving it space and soil for survival -- compared to the Soviet Union and Germany, and even China and Lanfang, which are trying to "ensure" the "purity and unity of faith" in their own countries, Tito's approach of playing a balance can be described as "turning back the wheel of history" and moving against the trend of history.

Tito can't be blamed for this, he was also forced to do so - after all, Yugoslavia was not a "normal" country in the first place, but a forcibly bound "N family", and these family members still had a lot of "blood feuds" with each other because of World War I.

By the beginning of the 70s, the Yugoslav government headed by Tito made a big trick, artificially defining Serbian Muslin as a nation, with the same status as the Serbs, Montenegrins, Macedonians, Roman Catholics, and Slovenes who believed in Orthodox Christianity. Thus, there are three main ethnic groups in the land of Bosnia and Herzegovina: the Orthodox Serbs, the Catholic Croats and the Islanic Muslins.

Tito's approach has made the national self-consciousness within this "state" more manifest on the basis of religion, and its separation and fragmentation have become more and more serious.

At this time, Yugoslavia was described in the international community as "seven national borders, six republics, five nationalities, four languages, three religions, two languages, and one country."

On the eve of the outbreak of the civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 43.7 per cent of the total population of 4.4 million were Muslims, 31.4 per cent Serbs and 17.3 per cent were Croats. The stupid ethnic policy of the Government of the former Yugoslavia planted the explosives for future ethnic conflicts, waiting only for the fuse.

His approach has been praised by liberal scholars in the United States as a window to freedom in Europe.

By playing a game of three balls at the same time, Tito firmly controlled the Yugoslav regime, ensuring the country's "neutrality" and "independence", and did not become a puppet of the Soviet Union or Germany.

But everything comes at a price.

Yugoslavia's practice of "keeping oneself" and not taking sides is not very pleasant to both Germany and the Soviet Union.

During the Stalin period, the Soviet Union had poor relations with Yugoslavia.

After Stalin's death, Katyusha became the emperor of the Soviet Union. The foreign policy of the Soviet Union at this time. Under the covert manipulation of Katyusha, it tends to be rational and realistic, or businessman-like.

"Not Kaizi. Not two hundred and five, do not do loss-making business. ”

Under the influence of Katyusha, the Soviet Union's foreign policy began to focus only on interests and benefits, and no longer pursued "vain" things, and became more and more realistic. She can tolerate Tito's non-left-right approach to Yugoslavia.

But. She and Hannah were only "tolerant" of Yugoslavia until Tito's death.

1990 year. Tito's death, without the three pillars of the strongman suppressing the three tribes and constituting the "twisted state" of Yugoslavia, its pedestal began to shake at the first time.

Soon. There are voices within the three clans that they want independence and self-government. It's not just their own voice. The Soviet-German family also played a role behind the scenes, and even the United Kingdom, which had moved to Australia, secretly intervened.

In a secret diplomatic negotiation with Germany, Katyusha proposed: "The Croats belong to you, the Serbs belong to me, and the Muslims keep them disgusting." ”

Hannah's answer was, "Agreed." ”

Soon, Yugoslavia was divided,

After July 1995. Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Macedonia declared their independence, and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was dissolved.

In the process. In line with the idea of "watching the tragedy of others to educate the masses of its own country", the Soviet Union indifferently watched the collapse of Yugoslavia, and did not intervene to stop it, but used it as a negative teaching material to educate many of the union republics in the country.

At that time, Katyusha, who had been hiding in the background, stood up and addressed the citizens of the Soviet republics, saying: "Next, there will be war, unrest, starvation, and a lot of death!" ”

As she had predicted, a civil war soon broke out, caused by a conflict of nations and beliefs, but essentially a matter of conflicting interests. Serbia, which has the strongest military strength, sent troops to help the Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, triggering a joint resistance of the local Croats and Muslims.

Germany openly supports the Croats and Muslims, and in addition to providing a large amount of weapons and military aid, it has also joined forces with the European Union and the EU to impose comprehensive economic sanctions on Serbia. In order to "hug" its thighs more closely after the split, the Soviet Union deliberately remained silent and neutral in the early stage, and only stood up to be a good person after Serbia could not hold on.

After three years of war, in 1998, the Bosnia and Herzegovina Peace Agreement was signed, declaring the end of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina officially became independent, and the former Yugoslavia, according to the principle of "national autonomy", was divided into more countries, including the Republic of Slovenia, the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of Bosnia, the Republic of Serbia Herzegovina, the Republic of Montenegro, and the Republic of Macedonia.

Before the break-up of Yugoslavia, it was a medium-industrial country in Europe, where 36 per cent of the population owned a car, every 1.8 families had a television, every 2.1 families had a refrigerator, and all children between the ages of 7 and 15 had eight years of free compulsory education. Although it is still a little backward compared with the EU countries created by Germany, compared with the socialist countries of the same period, the life of the Yugoslav people is abundant.

However, the problem of wealth disparity in Yugoslavia has always been very serious, and the most developed Slovenia has a similar economic level to neighboring Austria and Italy, while Macedonia and Kosovo are among the poorest regions in Europe.

This country, before its disintegration, had the ability to build automobiles and light tanks, and had no low industrial strength. But after the disintegration, the entire country's industrial chain was shattered, and the related factories closed down in large numbers, falling into a vicious circle of deindustrialization.

Not only that, but the three-year war also drained the treasury of these former Yugoslav countries, and for the needs of the civil war, all the countries participating in the war emptied the last gold coin in their countries and imported a large amount of arms from the Soviet Union and Germany.

On the Yugoslav issue, Katyusha, in order to maintain the indisintegration of the Soviet Union, unceremoniously turned Yugoslavia into a "model" for educating the population.

In order to make the Soviet people feel more deeply how miserable Yugoslavia was after the disintegration, under her secret instruction, after 1995, a large number of "heavy taste", "ghost animal version", "bloody faction" and "non-love violent action movies" produced in Yugoslavia were circulated among the people, and the actors were all soldiers on both sides of the civil war and civilian women of the enemy. KGB agents "ordered" a "non-love violent action movie" directly from the armies of several sides of the civil war at the price of 10,000 rubles, and in three years more than 200 films of this genre were "imported" from Yugoslavia, and almost every man in a Soviet family had seen this type of heavy film through various channels.

For a period of time, the KGB's school-trained agents received the task of carrying more than a dozen video tapes in their arms to stop passers-by one on the streets of Moscow, Leningrad, Stalingrad and other places, and then whispered to them: "Do you want a film?" There are good films, made in Yugoslavia! Violent, ghost (crab) animal, very exciting, not expensive, three rubles a piece! ”

The film not only enriched the spare time life of the Soviet people, but also greatly increased the additional income of the KGB, in addition to causing a certain amount of social crime, but everything was under control.

In addition, Yugoslavia in the civil war also had a new industry: human organ trafficking.

Several sides of the war, in order to get more money, have thrown all their discipline into the Mediterranean. The Bosnia and Herzegovina region during the civil war became the largest supplier of "human organs" in Europe. Whether it is Germany in the west, the Soviet Union in the east, or even the United States in the distance, there are a large number of patients in need of organ transplants, and under the arrangement of KGB agents, they venture into this area and "obtain" organs from the local area for transplantation, thus forming a black industrial chain.

In this process, the KGB was the intermediary contact, the civilians of Western Europe, the United States, and even the Soviet Union were the "consumers", and the Yugoslavs were the "suppliers of raw materials".

Later, due to the lack of strict secrecy, the situation was stabbed internationally, triggering accusations from many human rights organizations. But the Soviet Union and the EU continued to go their own way, continuing to engage in this "black industry". And the European people also took the opportunity to understand and "believe" the tragic things that were happening in Yugoslavia.

At that time, Katyusha said to Putin, the young head of the KGB:

"It's a scandal of the socialist USSR, but it doesn't matter."

"The populace is stupid, and the rebels among them love to hear this scandal the most, and believe it the most. We deliberately spread this scandal only so that they would know about the tragedy that had happened in Yugoslavia, so that the people, having learned about it, would have a strong fear that the tragedy would happen to themselves, so as to promote the centripetal force of the people of the Soviet republics towards the Soviets. ”

In the face of "moral" accusations from other countries, the Soviet side's practice was only to announce the specific number of people in various countries participating in such "organ" transplants: 5,300 cases, of which more than 1,400 people in the United States, who were the most criticized, received organ transplants from Yugoslavs. In addition, the EU is the largest consumer, and even China and Lanfang, which have been silent in the east, have hundreds of "consumption" records.

After the scandal, the KGB received more "international orders" from all over the world, and this situation continued until the end of the war.

Because of his "outstanding performance" in this matter, Putin was later favored by Katyusha and became the next leader of the Soviet Union.

Then, an artist in Europe made a film noir called "The Mermaid in the Sewers" based on this incident, and after the theater was released, countless audiences were spit out.

The tragic fate of Yugoslavia after the collapse of the Soviet Union caused the separatist forces within the Soviet Union to cease for several years, and it was only in 2000 that Latvia jumped out of the country, following in the footsteps of Bulgaria.

Concentrate:

This can be regarded as making up for the missing Yugoslav plot.

"The Crossing of the Ship of Steel Ambition", written here, the starting point version is really over, and there will be no more supplements.

As for the plot of Li Huamei after she went up the mountain, for reasons that everyone understands, she can only "end here" at the starting point. If you want to see the back, everyone enters my group 516795334 and tells the group announcement, which has instructions

After finishing this book, many people have been asking me what the next book will be.

The next book plan is Infinite Stream, and the title of the book is "Infinite Space". I'm writing it now, and there are already more than 30,000 words, and it will probably be released online on the first of next month.

Although it is an infinite flow book, I will never take the old-fashioned infinite flow route in this book, and I will completely follow my own understanding of infinite flow, and never follow the routine. (To be continued.) )