The Beiyue class is a warship worthy of special mention in the history of the world's navy. The naval battles of the 1903-1904 Russo-Asian War stimulated the advancement of the Empire's observation instruments and artillery skills, and in the decisive battle in the South China Sea, it was proved that the unified trajectory was easy to improve the hit rate, and this cutting-edge warship was born, which was "enough to make all the battleships in the world quickly corrupt". Its first appearance in front of the world overshadowed the Great White Fleet of the United States. The performance in the joint exercise surprised the Americans even more, thinking that "the pioneer of the new era - the perfect embodiment of the shield and spear", and the "Yue era" mentioned by the nations later referred to this warship. And the officers of the Great White Fleet, who returned to the United States, began to strongly demand that the United States build a new era of pioneers. Because they saw two Yue of the same class during their journey - China's Beiyue and Britain's Dreadnought. This is the eighth time in the history of this warship, and the Dreadnought class is also an epoch-making warship among the Western powers. Although it is not as strong as Yue's protection ability, the 10-door 305 seems to have more firepower than Yue's 8-door 305. And in 1890 began to take its own steps in the Imperial Navy manufacturing department. After 14 years of imitation, it finally has its own construction style. Although the waterline of the "Yue" class is similar to that of contemporaries, the bow part of the underwater ship is of the "flying scissor" type. Reduced wave resistance and improved ship balance.

www.cmfu.com issued the 1905 budget: the Hokudake

www.cmfu.com issued the 1906 budget: the Nanyue

www.cmfu.com release ship name: Beiyue, Nanyue

www.cmfu.com release shipyards: Jiangnan Manufacturing Wu Liao Shipyard / Shanghai Port | Beiyang Heavy Industry Dalian Shipyard / Dalian Port |

www.cmfu.com release start date: 1905/2/22|1906/5/10|

www.cmfu.com release date: 1905/9/15|1907/2/11|

www.cmfu.com release date: 1906/6/12|1907/8/28|

www.cmfu.com issued displacement: 19,200 tons standard / 22,800 tons full load

www.cmfu.com release dimensions (m): 182 (175) x 26.25 x 8.25

www.cmfu.com release power: 16 ship-based Class II steam boilers, 4 Qiankun steam turbine units with 25,000 horsepower (26,800 horsepower during sea trials)

www.cmfu.com release speed: normal 22 knots (22.6 knots during sea trials), cruising capacity 8000 nautical miles / 11 knots; 5,000 nautical miles/16 knots, 3,300 tons of coal storage

The main guns released in www.cmfu.com: 8 305mm/45 times the diameter (developed by Beiyang Heavy Industry in 1904), 4 twin turrets, centerline arrangement, rate of fire of 2.5 rounds / min, muzzle velocity of 822 m/s, mainly firing 450 kg armor-piercing and blasting shells, with a barrel life of 250 rounds, a range of 21,500 meters, a distance of 12,000 meters that can penetrate British 12-inch armor, and an electric lifting device to increase the speed of shells to 5 rounds per minute

www.cmfu.com secondary guns: 12 x 150mm/45x diameter guns, gun frame mounted, firing 45 kg armor-piercing shells, maximum range of 16,600 meters, rate of fire 5 rounds per minute

www.cmfu.com released two secondary guns: 16 75mm/50x diameter guns, with a maximum range of 9,800 meters, using 8 kg blasting shells with a rate of fire of 15 rounds per minute.

www.cmfu.com Released Crew: 950 (49 officers)

www.cmfu.com released main armor belt (bow/amidship/stern) with a maximum thickness of 75/300/50 mm

www.cmfu.com released watertight compartment partition with a thickness of 200 mm

www.cmfu.com issued horizontal armor plates with a thickness of 100 mm

www.cmfu.com released turret (face/side/top/turret) 300/150/100 mm

www.cmfu.com released an exposed turret with a thickness of 300 mm

www.cmfu.com released the conning tower with a maximum thickness of 300 mm

www.cmfu.com release (all armor uses Beiyang 1905 special type 5 special steel)

www.cmfu.com the average cost of the launch (GBP) is £1.6 million

www.cmfu.com release of sinking resistance: SPS software test can resist 40 305mm shells or 6.1 torpedoes

www.cmfu.com release opponents: British Dreadnought (1), German Nassau (4), American South Carolina (2) and Delaware (2)

www.cmfu.com release attached:

www.cmfu.com release of the British Empire Dreadnought battleship

The advent of the battleship "Dreadnought" of the British Royal Navy, which was released in www.cmfu.com, changed the weapons landscape of the world's navy. Indeed, 10 single large-caliber 305 mm guns, steam turbine power, 21 knots speed, and comprehensive heavy armor protection made hundreds of battleships of various types of various types of naval powers immediately obsolete, and the impact on the navies of various countries can be imagined.

www.cmfu.com release of epoch-making "Dreadnought"-class battleships! Indeed, 10 single large-caliber 305 mm guns, steam turbine power, 21 knots speed, and comprehensive heavy armor protection made hundreds of battleships of various types of naval powers immediately obsolete, and their impact on the navies of various countries was no less than the launch of nuclear aircraft carriers in the late 20 th century. Prior to the Dreadnought-class design, its most striking feature, the unified caliber gun model, had been proposed by the Italian Navy in 1903, and in 1904 the U.S. Navy had asked Congress for funding to build the BB26 "South Carolina" class battleship with eight 305mm guns, but unfortunately it was shelved in the following two years. The year 1905 was a watershed in the history of modern naval development, which was the Battle of Tsushima, which summarized the naval technical and tactical theory and warship construction that entered the Iron Age, and had a direct impact on the development of the navy in the first 20 years of the 20th century. Speaking of the "Dreadnought" class without mentioning Sir John Fisher, who in 1904 became First Sea Lord with the rank of active admiral, was recognized at the time as an expert in gunnery (this is important, will be analysed later), and a staunch supporter of the Royal Navy's attack supremacy. During his tenure, he took it as his mission to build a Royal Navy that is unrivaled in the world's seas, and firmly promoted a series of reforms. In this atmosphere, in October 1904, a committee was formed, led by Fisher, whose members were carefully selected by him, with the aim of coming up with a design for a new battleship. Soon, a preliminary scheme was developed, the most striking feature of which was a unified 12-inch gun with a speed of 21 knots. Due to the limitations of the docks and capabilities of the British shipyards of that time, it was relatively small in size and displacement (standard 16500 tons). After the plan was submitted to Fisher, the duke decided that the new battleship could be designed and built without the restrictions of all British shipyards at that time, in order to achieve maximum firepower and speed, and this decision further increased the size of the new battleship in the plan, reaching the standard 17,900 tons and 160 meters, exceeding the 16,000 tons and 135 meters of the "Sir Nelson" class, and this design scheme was the "Dreadnought" class. The following is an analysis of its characteristics in terms of protection, power and firepower.

www.cmfu.com released the "Dreadnought" class with a displacement of 18,110/21,845 tons (standard/full load) and a total armor weight of about 5,000 tons, which is 800 tons more than the "Sir Nelson" class. THE PROTECTION OF THE DREADNOUGHT CLASS SHOULD BE MORE COMPREHENSIVE, WITH THE ARMOR THICKNESS OF THE TURRET, ENGINE ROOM, AMMUNITION DEPOT, CONNING TOWER AND OTHER KEY PARTS REACHING 280 MM, AND THE THICKEST PART OF THE ARMOR BELT OF THE HULL AMIDSHIP IS ALSO 280 MM, COVERING ALL THE HULL, AND 64 MM TO BOTH ENDS (HEAD AND TAIL), ESPECIALLY FOCUSING ON THE ATTACK OF EXPLOSIVES IN THE WATER (MINES AND TORPEDOES) AT AND BELOW THE WATERLINE. The deck armor plates are arranged in multiple layers, with a total of 75 mm in the thickest three layers, and the main deck is dome-shaped (eggshell principle), with the middle bulge slightly lower on both sides and docking with the broadside armor. The most significant difference is in the hull structure, the cabin is miniaturized as much as possible, the watertight structure is improved to improve the watertight structure, and the buoyancy reserve is increased, and the supporting wall between the compartments is reinforced steel structure to improve the strength and toughness of the compartments. Horizontal communication doors have been eliminated between the cabins under and below the waterline, and the number of watertight doors has been minimized, and the crew can only enter and exit through longitudinal watertight doors. In addition, the traditional bow ramming angle was canceled. These measures have had a significant effect on improving the protection capability of warships, especially their anti-sinking ability.

The biggest improvement in power for www.cmfu.com release was the use of steam turbines. When the concept was designed, the maximum speed was clearly defined – 21 knots – and could be maintained for a long time. At that time, the maximum speed created by the battleship was 19 knots, and it could only be maintained for a short time, and the cruising speed that could be maintained was 14.5 knots, and it could only be maintained for less than 8 hours, beyond which the reliability and life of the relatively complex steam engine were fatal, and at the same time, the main shaft was overheated, and the engine was overloaded, and even the most experienced engineer could not do anything about these failures. In 1898, the 300-ton torpedo destroyer Viper used a 10,000 hp Parsons steam turbine, achieving a staggering speed of 37 knots, and later on a number of destroyers and reconnaissance cruisers. The use of new steam turbines on battleships of more than 15,000 tons was the first time in Britain and even in the world at that time, and it was considered a leap in design thinking at that time. The power part of the "Dreadnought" class is equipped with 18 triple-type steam boilers, 4 Parsons steam turbine units with 22,500 horsepower (24,700 horsepower at sea trials), and a maximum speed of 21 knots (22.4 knots at sea trials), compared with the reciprocating steam power units of the "Sir Nelson" class with a power of only 16,750 horsepower (15 boilers) and a maximum speed of only 18 knots The class maintained good reliability for 13 hours at speeds of more than 20 knots, which is especially important in combat conditions.

The most striking feature of the www.cmfu.com "Dreadnought" class battleships that distinguishes them from previous battleships is the use of 10 305-mm guns of a unified caliber. Before the Dreadnought class was built and put into service, the popular main gun arrangement was to arrange a twin 280 mm or 305 mm main gun at the bow and tail of the ship; In the years before and after the "Dreadnought" class was in the design stage, the new battleship guns of various countries were popular in the way of arranging mixed two caliber main guns or two main guns of the same caliber but different barrels, such as the British "Sir Nelson" class, 4 305 mm 45 times caliber main guns + 10 234 mm 50 times the caliber 2nd main gun (in the early stage of construction, it was planned to mix 12 305 mm main guns of 2 different calibers, due to the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War and the lessons learned and the later construction priority of the "Dreadnought" and compromised). On American battleships, there are usually 4 305 mm guns + 8 203 mm 2nd guns, Japan's mixed 305 mm guns and 305 mm + 254 mm mixed guns with different barrels designed and built by the British, as well as the mixed arrangement of the 1st and 2nd main guns of different calibers on the battleships of France, Italy, Russia and other naval powers. Some of them were in the form of turretless gun outlines) were arranged on both sides of the hull (the American battleships once arranged the second main turret on top of the bow and tail main turrets, but the result was very unsuccessful in practical use, and the two-port arrangement mode was also adopted in the later period), and the design work of these battleships was finalized before the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War or during the war, and it had not been tested by the war before.

The direct reason for this arrangement of the www.cmfu.com release comes from the technical progress of shipborne artillery, which was the most significant period of shipborne artillery progress in the last decade of the 19th century, especially in the large-caliber shipborne main gun, from ammunition to firing equipment are very different from previous artillery. In terms of large-caliber main guns, the progress of the metallurgical industry has enabled the artillery chamber to withstand the impact of more propellant explosions, and the improvement and lengthening of the barrel have doubled the firing range and accuracy of the shells, which is reflected in the significant increase in the effective combat distance in actual combat. The Sino-Japanese Naval Battle of 1894 is an important milestone in the naval warfare of the Iron Age, which reflects the level of technology before the 90s of the 19th century, in terms of artillery, although the maximum firing range of large-caliber main guns can reach more than 15,000 meters, but shooting at this distance is insignificant, because of the lack of effective fire control and sighting equipment, the effective engagement distance is within 2,700 meters, in the form of direct aiming, mainly relying on the gunner's experience; The Spanish-American War of 1898 took place in a series of naval battles, and the aiming method and effective engagement distance did not change much (1500~3000 meters). The Russo-Japanese War of 1904 was very different from the above, although the aiming of the artillery still relied on eyesight, but the initial type of artillery command and control system was put into use, with the help of which the effective combat range of large-caliber naval guns was increased to 7000 meters (the lethal firing distance of the Japanese Combined Fleet battleship armored cruiser formation against the Russian formation in the Battle of Tsushima was 6400 meters). At this distance, it was already difficult for artillery to hit the target directly, and this problem was recognized by the naval circles of various countries before the outbreak of war. In addition to equipping the artillery with a fire control system, increasing the density of fire projection is also adopted as an effective measure to improve the hit rate, the direct approach is to increase the number of artillery, especially the main guns, on the battleship, and to increase the ammunition exponentially each time through the salvo of the main gun to achieve the purpose of increasing the hit rate, the shooting process is simply put, the determination of the target's shooting elements requires the calculation of the fire control system (I have not learned this knowledge, I have only seen some skins, I really can't take it, how to solve it I won't say) , after deriving data, fire coverage of the future location of the target (roughly including the entire area where the target is located). In this way, it is required to arrange as many main guns as possible on the hull to meet the needs of fire projection, but the increase in the number of main guns directly leads to an increase in the size of the hull, an increase in displacement, difficulties in hull strength and protection, difficulties in design and manufacturing, and the limitation of public opinion and national strength, etc., which are relatively difficult to overcome in the short term in terms of manufacturing capacity at that time, so the above arrangement scheme was quickly accepted and popular. This is closely related to the level of shipbuilding at that time: the size of the battleship at this time will not be long enough to allow the arrangement of at least 3 or more main gun turrets in whole or part on the center line of the hull and can achieve sufficient protection capacity, because in terms of shipbuilding capacity at that time, it is necessary to ensure that the average hull protection standard of the battleship is guaranteed to be within 16,000 tons and 150 meters, and the weight of the hull is not borne by the keel, and in order to ensure that it meets the average speed standard of the battleship at that time, The hull position and engine room volume occupied by the installed steam boilers and reciprocating steam power units also made this installation unusable (interestingly, the German and American Dreadnoughts of the first rank used old reciprocating steam engines, which did not exceed 20 knots in maximum speed, and the number of boilers was smaller), and in order to ensure that more than two main guns could be fired during the pursuit and retreat. However, the biggest disadvantage of this arrangement is that different main guns use different fire control systems, and when the main guns are fired in a salvo, neither the determination of the impact point nor the calculation of the firing elements can be unified, so that the rate of fire and accuracy are affected, which is very prominent in the Battle of Tsushima, especially in the formation of Russian battleships, which is a profound lesson. The outcome of the Battle of Tsushima had a profound impact on the naval circles of various countries, and until then the various naval powers had been divided in the direction of development, but after this battle they became unified. Sir Fischer, an expert in gunnery, certainly did not ignore this influence, and in 1903 in the Jane's Battleship Research Journal, Vittorio Cuniberti, the chief ship designer of the Italian Navy, proposed the idea of a battleship using a unified caliber main gun, and Fisher made it large and practical - in a conventional linear battle, it had 8:4 more than twice the opponent's main gun firepower, and even if the opponent was in a state of retreat, it could continue to bombard with 6:2 more than twice the opponent's firepower, especially "dreadnought" Possessing a sustained navigation capability of 21 knots, which was unmatched by the opponent at that time, the selection of 8 broadside main guns was calculated and was considered to be able to complete a fire coverage of the target. At the same time, in the pursuit battle, in order to ensure that the front main gun can shoot effectively, the freeboard of the hull is very high, so that it can avoid the splash of water on the bow. The main gun adopts 10 twin 305MM45 caliber MarkX naval guns, one in the bow and one in the stern, one in the middle of the hull, and one symmetrically arranged on each side (each has a 180-degree theoretical firing range, so the maximum firepower of side fire is 8), and the position is between the two boiler rooms, obviously forward.

www.cmfu.com release of the "Dreadnought" class compared with the early battleships is indeed a conceptual leap, but even so you can still see the shadow of the dreadnought before, the most obvious is the arrangement of the main guns, can not play all the firepower of the guns at the same time, and at the same time the hull is short and fat, which is not conducive to the increase of speed, which is also affected by the design of the hull, and the development of weapons has its inheritance. This arrangement still caused some shortcomings, the main gun arrangement and the sides of the hull, in addition to the above-mentioned protection, is not conducive to the protection of the turret itself, at least structurally; The placement of the turret in the middle of the hull has an adverse effect on the structural protection of the middle of the hull; The first chimney of the "Dreadnought" is close to the bridge in front of the mainmast, and the smoke generated at high speed affects the effect of lookout observation, although the freeboard of the bow is very high, the turrets on both sides are relatively low, and the shooting is still affected by the splashing waves of high-speed travel; It is also necessary to say that the main gun fire control system of the British capital battleships before the Japanese and Lan, including the battleships and battlecruisers, is independent, and the main guns share the observation data of the target and independently calculate the elements and then unify the salvo, which is stronger than the survivability of the unified azimuth firing command system of the whole ship on the German capital ship, but the effect is not as good as the latter, and the optical ranging equipment equipped on the British ship is not as advanced as the German one, so it is inferior to the latter in terms of accuracy, especially at long distance, in the future actual combat (there are also reasons for ammunition, which will not be mentioned here) , which goes beyond the scope of the way the artillery is arranged, as a digression. The main gun arrangement, which arranges all the main guns on the centerline so that it can exert all the side-firing firepower, is a characteristic of the super dreadnought-class battleships to distinguish it from the dreadnoughts, and the blue type of the front and rear of the Japanese is distinguished by the battle of the Japanese and the blue sea, which mainly emphasizes the armor and structural aspects, which is another difference, and a new type of ship is derived from this - the battle cruiser.

www.cmfu.com released the "Dreadnought" on October 2, 1905 at the Portsmouth Naval Yard to lay the keel, launched on February 9, 1906, and sea trials on October 1 of the same year, note that it took only one year. The sea trials of the "Dreadnought" took a long time, together with the training of the crew and the testing of new equipment, and it was not until December 3, 1909 that it was officially put into service. During the time it was being tested, the new steam turbine units and artillery were tested as thoroughly as possible, and the results proved to be in line with the design requirements. During this time, the construction of all the battleships of the British Navy (including the unfinished predecessor Dreadnought-class and the successor ship of the Dreadnought-class, the Bellelophon-class) was delayed, and the eyes of the naval community of the world were watching its experiments.

www.cmfu.com issued displacement: standard displacement 18,110 tons, full load displacement 21,845 tons.

The main dimensions of the www.cmfu.com release: the length of the ship is 161 meters, and the width of the ship is 25 meters.

www.cmfu.com released power plants: 18 three-rise steam boilers, 4 Parsons steam turbine units with 22,500 horsepower (24,700 horsepower at sea trials).

www.cmfu.com published speed: the maximum speed is 21 knots (22.4 knots during sea trials).

www.cmfu.com release range: 6620 nautical miles

www.cmfu.com release establishment: 697 ~ 773 people.

www.cmfu.com released armament: 10 305-mm guns, 27 76-mm naval guns, and 5 457-mm torpedo tubes.

www.cmfu.com release of the time and place of construction: construction began in Portsmouth in 1905 and was completed the following year, setting a record for the shortest construction period of a battleship.

After the release of the www.cmfu.com, all ships of the same type were included in the "Dreadnought" class. In 1914, the ship was incorporated into the Grand Fleet and participated in the First World War. Due to its slower speed, it withdrew from the Grand Fleet before the Battle of Jutland in 1916. In 1916~1918, he carried out offshore patrol missions at the mouth of the Thames River. It was demolished in 1923. The advent of this ship ushered in a new era of giant ship cannons in the history of naval academia.

www.cmfu.com the news of the success of the sea trials of the Dreadnought allowed the British Royal Navy to overtake all the naval powers overnight, especially the ambitious German Empire, and all the powers, including the latter, began to look in horror at this epoch-making battleship - its guns, power and protection capabilities, and with only a year's construction cycle, a new naval era began with a clanging of rivets.

www.cmfu.com release of Germany's first dreadnought-class battleship, the Nassau-class battleship

www.cmfu.com was released before the appearance of the British Navy's epoch-making battleship Dreadnought, the German Navy had already completed the process of transforming from a small coastal defense fleet with shore defense as its main task to an ocean-going navy. At that time, the German Navy had 24 battleships (two of which were under construction) and had already begun work on the 1900 Wiecchersbach-class battleships to enhance their armor protection. In terms of overall design, the German battleships were not much different from the British battleships of the same period at that time, the difference was that Germany was inferior in the number of warships, so it paid special attention to protection and survivability, while British warships, due to the Royal Navy's tradition of "attack first", generally focused on firepower and speed, and relatively neglected armor protection - in the later Battle of Jutland, Britain also suffered greater losses.

www.cmfu.com released In 1906, the tacit race between Germany and Britain to build a ship had been going on for almost six years, and on October 1 of that year, the battleship "Dreadnought" completed sea trials in the Caribbean. Its appearance intensified a new round of shipbuilding competition between Britain and Germany, and the German Navy was not without full ideological preparation for the emergence of such a revolutionary modern warship. The scientific and necessary nature of the concept of the "All-Big-Gun" all-heavy artillery was confirmed more than a year ago in the Russo-Japanese naval battle. After the end of the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese Navy adopted this line of thought when designing the Satsuma-class battleships (later, due to Japan's lack of financial resources, it was unable to import the required number of 12-inch guns from the United Kingdom, and the Satsuma class was mixed with 10-inch guns). Large steam turbines have also been successfully proven on board the Caronia, the British company Canard's Atlantic crossing. And any kind of new technology, no matter what the original intention of its design, will inevitably find a corresponding place in the military field. The German Navy has already begun to study the application of all-heavy artillery and steam turbines on capital ships. However, the "Dreadnought", with its large-caliber guns and high speed, completely broke the delicate balance between British and German warships and accelerated the process of replacing Germany's large capital ships. Germany's answer to the Dreadnought was the Nassau-class battleships and the growing competition for shipbuilding in the future.

www.cmfu.com published in the operational planning of the German Admiralty, its main combat area was in the North Sea. The strategic thinking of the German Navy was that in the event of the outbreak of war, the main fleet would depart from Wilhelmshaven, Cuxhaven and Kaiser Wilhelmshaven (i.e., the Kaiser Canal Wilhelm Canal) into the North Sea, where it would search for fighters. If conditions permitted, it was possible to attack the British mainland - to induce the British to send a cruiser fleet or battleship detachment to intercept it, while the German navy would annihilate it with superior forces, thus gradually depleting its main force. According to this concept, the German capital ships generally abandoned long-range endurance and placed more emphasis on combat performance, which was manifested in sacrificing fuel, supply storage space and crew habitability inside the battleship to save tonnage for enhanced armor protection. Since Germany could not surpass Britain in the number of capital ships, it could only use its brains in terms of single-ship survivability and naval gun fire intensity, and this design idea was also reflected in the first generation of German dreadnoughts, the Nassau class.

www.cmfu.com announced that the new battleships in the German Navy's 1906 construction plan were originally 14,000-ton old battleships with mixed 305 mm and 240 mm guns. However, due to the appearance of the "Dreadnought", the engineers of the German Admiralty and the shipyard urgently revised the drawings, and after 12 changes, finally finalized a new design of 19,000 tons and equipped with 12 280 mm guns (6 twin turrets).

www.cmfu.com artillery was released

www.cmfu.com Nassau-class battleships were released with Krupp 11-inch 45-diameter SKL/45 main guns designed in 1907 and a single gun weighing 53.5 tons. Its caliber is known as 11 inches (279 mm), but the actual caliber is 11.1 inches (283 mm), which is smaller than the 12-inch guns of the Dreadnought, but faster than the British Navy's naval guns, reaching 3 rounds per minute (1 times faster than the rate of fire of the Dreadnought's main gun). The muzzle velocity is 844 m / s, the main fire is 302 kg armor-piercing shells, and the barrel life is 210 rounds. The artillery range was 20 meters at an angle of fire equal to 18900o, and at a distance of 10000 meters it was possible to penetrate British 11-inch armor. Two parts of the charge were used at the same time when firing the shell - a front-loading silk medicine bag and a rear-loading brass projectile cartridge, the latter of which increased the breath-holding effect when fired.

www.cmfu.com released the main gun turrets for Krupp and Germania Wrought Iron in Essen, which were then transported by rail to the shipyard for hoisting and mounted on the base under their own weight. The turret weight is 394 tons, and the elevation angle of the main gun is -6o ~ 20o. Unlike the Intrepid with hydraulic drive, the Nassau-class turret rotation is electrically driven, with a range of -150o~150o for the bow turret and -80o~80o for the side turret. In non-reloading, the turret speed is about 4o/sec. Each gun has a reserve of 75 shells. The loafers are also electrically driven, armoured and raise the shells from the ammunition depot to a speed of 4.5 rounds per minute.

The secondary guns of the Nassau class released in www.cmfu.com were 12 5.9-inch (150 mm) SKC/16 guns, 6 on the port side and 6 on the port side, with a turret range of -150o~150o and an elevation angle of -7o~20o. Secondary guns are mainly used in close combat to defend against light ships such as cruisers or destroyers with weak armor protection. The essential difference between this idea of main/secondary artillery and mixed caliber main guns is that in the former way, secondary guns are used for defense; In the latter way, small-caliber guns were used for the offensive. Although the secondary gun claims that the caliber is 150 mm, the actual caliber is 149.1 mm, fires 45.3 kg armor-piercing shells, has a maximum range of 19,400 meters, and a rate of fire of 4~5 rounds per minute.

www.cmfu.com was also equipped with 16 88mm guns and four each in the bow, stern, bow and stern in order to defend against small combat ships such as torpedo boats in naval battles. With a maximum range of 11,390 meters, the gun used 22-pound blasting shells with a rate of fire of 15 rounds per minute, which was more than enough to counter relatively small and agile torpedo boats.

www.cmfu.com release, like the capital ships of other countries of the same period, the Nassau class was equipped with six underwater torpedo tubes, a total of 6, using 450 mm Schwarzkopf (blackhead) torpedoes. The torpedo tubes are located on the bow and stern centerlines, and one on the left and right under the A and D turrets. Actual combat experience proved that huge and bulky battleships and battlecruisers were simply not able to quickly seize a favorable position to launch torpedoes like small and agile mine-strike ships, so after the end of World War I, this "boring" equipment was basically canceled on the capital ships of the navies of various countries.

www.cmfu.com release protection

www.cmfu.com released the Nassau class using KruppCemented armor from Krupp, with a total armor weight of about 5,800 tons, accounting for 31.2% of the displacement (27.6% for the "Dreadnought"). The strongest armor protection of the whole ship is the armor belt in the middle of the broadside, with an armor thickness of 300 mm, which provides protection from the engine room and boiler room. It was followed by the conning towers on the front, sides and bridges of the main turret, which were 280 mm. In order to reduce weight, the broadside armor was gradually reduced from the middle to the ends, reaching 203 mm at the bow and 127 mm from the stern, which was about 2 inches thicker than the Dreadnought armor on average. 203 mm broadside armor above and fore and aft of the main armor belt, double hull below the waterline. Due to the influence of ballistic shape in naval battles, the probability and danger of being shot on the side of the battleship is greater than that in the vertical direction, and the deck armor thickness of the Nassau class is 50 mm, and the deck armor is covered with 76~150 mm Danzig oak and teak decks.

www.cmfu.com the protection of the main gun turret and ammunition depot has always been key to the armor arrangement of the battleship. The 11-inch main turret used by the Nassau class was divided into six tiers, with 280 mm of armor on the sides, front, and base. The base of the turret formed a 280 mm armor ring that stretched from the 2nd to the 4th floor, and was flush with the central broadside armor belt, which was the turret's ammunition depot and was the most heavily protected. The armor of the armor ring extending further below the armor was 178 mm thick, up to the watertight compartment deck. The top armor of the turret was 90 mm thick.

www.cmfu.com announced that the whole ship is divided into 19 watertight compartments in the longitudinal direction, of which the main hull is divided into 17 watertight compartments and the stern is divided into 2 watertight compartments. Electrically controlled Linnaeus-style watertight doors are used between the watertight compartments, and all watertight doors can be closed by a central control system in the event of battle damage. The partitions between the watertight compartments are 200 mm thick and equipped with water pumps, fire fighting systems, sandbags and other damage equipment. The ammunition depot is equipped with sprinkler equipment and an emergency water filling system to eliminate fire dust. There is a Kim Tong sea valve at the bottom of the ship, which can be filled with water into each compartment to sink the hull in the face of critical situations such as capture and fire.

www.cmfu.com release momentum

www.cmfu.com released in terms of power, the appearance of the "intrepid" did catch the Germans off guard, because they had not yet accumulated enough experience in use, and the Germans, who were known for their robustness, did not have full confidence in large steam turbines, so the Nassau class still used the old-fashioned 3-cylinder three-expansion reciprocating steam engine, 3 shafts and 3 propellers, with a design output of 22,000 horsepower. When the fourth ship of the Nassau class, the "Posen", was tested off the coast of Bonnholm, Denmark, the main engine output once reached 28,190 horsepower. There are a total of 12 Schultz-Sannikroft coal-fired boilers arranged in three boiler compartments in the middle of the hull, each with a steam pressure of about 15.75 kg/cm2. By 1915, the German Navy switched to the use of oil-coal mixed firing, and also modified the Nassau-class boilers, eliminating 4 coal-fired boilers and replacing 6 oil-fired boilers. The Nassau class had a top speed of 19 knots and reached 19.9 knots during sea trials (two knots lower than the Dreadnought). In addition, four AEG and Siemens diesel generators with an output of 2,800 kW are installed on board the ship for interior lighting and electric drive.

www.cmfu.com Nassau class has a coal capacity of 950 tons and a maximum coal capacity of 2,700 tons, in addition to 200 tons of heavy oil that can be sprayed in the boiler to support combustion. The endurance of this class is 9,400 nautical miles at 10 knots (with full coal tanks) and 4,700 nautical miles at 16 knots, while at 19 knots of continuous sailing, the endurance is only 2,800 nautical miles (at low speeds, it is about 2,000 nautical miles shortened at high speeds).

www.cmfu.com release Due to the insurmountable shortcomings of the reciprocating steam engine in construction, the continuous reciprocating motion of the piston and lever will cause the hull to flutter violently when traveling at a maximum speed of 19 knots, which will inevitably affect the aiming/firing accuracy of the gun. Although the German Navy had long recognized this shortcoming, due to the sudden appearance of the "Dreadnought" and the cautious and conservative character of the Germanic peoples, it was not until the design of the next batch of Helgrand-class battleships that it decided to replace them with steam turbines.

www.cmfu.com release, like the Japanese Kawachi-class battleships that were completed later, the Nassau-class was equipped with six twin turrets, one in the bow and one in the stern, and two on each side. The turret numbers are based on the bow as the A turret (called "Anton" in German), then clockwise, with B and C turrets ("Bruno" and "Caesar" in front to back) on the starboard side, D turret (Dora, Dora) in stern, and E and F turrets (Emil and Frederick, Friedrich) on the port side from rear to front. This hexagonal turret arrangement was unique, but its consequences for the Nassau class were catastrophic—the hull had to be widened due to the need for six turrets on a limited deck area, and the weight of the broadside turrets caused the ship to sway too much from side to side while sailing, and the Nassau nearly capsized during sea trials due to the increased roll caused by wind and waves. In addition, this arrangement only guaranteed the simultaneous firing of 8 main guns in the direction of each side of the ship, which was no different from the "Dreadnought", but the number of main guns was 2 more than that of the "Dreadnought"; In pursuit and retreat, only 6 main guns in front and rear could fire at the same time, and there was still no advantage over the "Dreadnought". Therefore, this way of arranging the main gun has been criticized by many parties and ridiculed as a "useless snake foot".

At the time of www.cmfu.com release, warships relied mainly on visual and optical instruments for sea searches, and in order to enhance observation capabilities in naval battles, it was often necessary to install tall masts. In order to improve the strength of the mast structure, William Shipyard engineers studied various options, one of which was to use the cage mast that the US Navy battleship had just been refitted, one in the front and one in the front and one (if this design was really adopted by the German Navy, when the American battlefleet arrived in Scapa Bay in 1917, there would be some interesting things that would happen between the British and American fleets if there was a problem with the communication between the two sides). However, the German Navy chose the traditional sloop at the end, which was not as strong as the triplet used by the British Royal Navy.

www.cmfu.com postscript

www.cmfu.com announced that after the end of the First World War, the Allies stipulated in the Treaty of Versailles that the German navy would be disbanded and its capital ships would be confiscated to offset the reparations. At that time, the relatively old Nassau-class and Helgrand-class battleships were not on the extradition list, and the Allies allowed the German Navy to keep these battleships, but on June 21, 1919, the extradited German main fleet sank en masse in Scapa Bay, and the Allies had to fill up the numbers with the Nassau-class and Helgrand-class. On November 5, 1919, four Nassau-class battleships were removed from the German Navy's list, and in July of the following year, the "Nassau" was assigned to Japan, and the remaining three were compensated to the British. After the extradition of the "Nassau" by Japan, it was found that the ship was not in ideal condition and would cost a lot of money to modernize it, so it sold it to Britain. The last 4 ships were sold to the shipyard in the early 20s and dismantled and dismantled.

www.cmfu.com released as the German Navy's first attempt to build a dreadnought, the Nassau-class battleship could be considered a relatively unsuccessful design, and as the race to build a ship between Germany and Britain went into a frenzy, the ship quickly fell behind. At the beginning of the 20th century, Germany was in the golden age of scientific and technological invention, and countless major inventions were made in the fields of aviation, chemical industry, electricity, machinery and other fields - the innovative spirit of the Germans is impressive. However, due to the rigorous character of the German nation, it is not necessary to rashly use the new technology in an important field of national security until it has gained sufficient experience in its application—the combination of these two contradictory personalities is also the source of the failure of the Nassau-level design. The use of steam engines was the biggest failure of the Nassau class, followed by the turret arrangement, and after these lessons, the German Navy adopted both steam turbines and increased aspect ratios on subsequent Helgrand-class battleships.

www.cmfu.com release, however, to be fair, the Nassau class was able to reflect some of the strategic advantages of the German Navy. The first is that its excellent protection continues the tradition of German warships with strong damage resistance, and the second is that its mechanical reliability is very good. For example, the various departments, machinery and guns of the Nassau class have always shown a high degree of stability in more than 10 years of operation, and there have been no major failures due to operational reasons. As an old ship, the Nassau-class participated in the Battle of Jutland with the new battleships equipped with steam turbines, and after five days of continuous high-speed operation of boilers and steam engines, even the most ordinary mechanical failures occurred, which is in stark contrast to the British Royal Navy, which had frequent boiler failures, steam leaks, and armor plate detachments before World War I.

www.cmfu.com released the pioneers of American dreadnoughts - the South Carolina class

www.cmfu.com release of the South Carolinaclass:

www.cmfu.com release of South Carolina and Michigan

www.cmfu.com issued a standard displacement of 16.000 tons, a length of 138.1 meters and a width of 24.5 meters.

www.cmfu.com released four 305mm/45 twin guns for the main gun

www.cmfu.com released turbine power of 16,500 hp and a maximum speed of 18.5 knots.

There are 869 people www.cmfu.com releases

www.cmfu.com was one of the pioneers of the Dreadnought-class battleship, whose basic design had been submitted in 1904 and had been shelved largely because Congress had not passed a budget.

www.cmfu.com the groundbreaking design of the South Carolina was a knapsack turret, but there was no way around it, because the council considered the displacement of about 16,000 tons of the Connecticut and New Hampshire classes to be excessive, and resolutely refused to make any compromise on the amount of the budget, and in order to prevent the battleships from being destroyed, the Admiralty had to agree to build two dreadnoughts with a standard displacement of only 16,000 tons, and it was already 1907.

www.cmfu.com South Carolina had a displacement of only slightly larger than the Spanish class (about 14,000 tons), which was later started in Spain, and the boiler burned coal, and the power was a triple-rise steam engine with a speed of only 18 knots, which made it look old and had to be assigned to the former dreadnought detachment of the U.S. Navy. However, the real shining point of Nanka is the knapsack main turret with a full midline configuration: the No. 2 and No. 3 main turrets are arranged at the rear and above the No. 1 and No. 4 turrets respectively, which is a way of arranging the main guns that have never been arranged in the world at that time. In order to ensure that the knapsack turret can really exert its power, the designer once installed the knapsack turret on a shallow water heavy gunboat for live firing tests. The designer himself squatted in the main turret below, and the main turret above opened fire, "and the people in the No. 1 turret felt their jaws drop." However, it does not constitute a serious interference for the operation of the main gun, and after improvement and continuous testing, Nanka officially adopted this new turret layout.

www.cmfu.com the release of this main gun layout significantly shortened the length of the South Carolina ship, and in order to reduce the displacement, the designers reduced the number of boilers, resulting in a reduction in speed to 18 knots, and also reduced the number of 3-inch secondary guns to a minimum, and at the end of the year, the upper deck of the tail was cut off.

www.cmfu.com announced that the South Carolina was built under severe budget constraints, which had a very bad impact on the performance of its combat capabilities, and the Navy argued on this basis, and finally got the parliament to agree to relax the limit on the displacement of the next class, the Delaware class, to about 22,000 tons.

I like the South Carolina-level shape very much when it www.cmfu.com released, and the compact and effective design is very meaningful for future generations to inspire, and Comrade Copps is very thoughtful. The picture below is a sketch of the cabin layout in South Carolina, from Mr. Norman Friedman's emerald book, "Illustrating the History of American Battleship Design". BR is the boiler room, and ER is the engine room, so it can be seen that there was no idea of staggered arrangement of the boiler room and the engine room to avoid both losses.

The www.cmfu.com release of the American cage mast was originally popular in Europe, and later it was widely adopted on American capital ships. And the combat mast has been turned into a pillar of the crane, and now at the top of this pillar is a searchlight, and in the future design there will be a three-inch anti-aircraft gun, which has an excellent firing range.

www.cmfu.com release