For the following plot, I will introduce the characters here: Zhang Liang, Han Xin, Xiao He.

Just this chapter, if you don't like to read it, skip these two chapters directly, and it's the text after the character introduction.

Zhang Liang's ancestors were originally nobles of Yingchuan County, South Korea, and his ancestors were Han Prime Minister for three generations, and his original surname was Han. After Qin destroyed Han, he attempted to restore Korea, befriended Assassins, and attempted to snipe Qin Shi Huang at Gubo Langsha (southeast of Yuanyang, Henan), and fled to Xiapi (present-day Suining, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu. Gupi Town, County). In the peasant uprising at the end of Qin, he led his troops to defect to Liu Bang, and soon lobbied Xiang Liang to establish the Han nobles to become the king of Han and be a disciple of Han Shen. With the position of Han Shentu, he led the army to assist in pacifying Guanzhong, and after Liu Bangxi entered Wuguan, he used tactics to break the enemy in Xiaxia; helped Liu Bang get out of danger at the Hongmen banquet; When Bashang was divided, "please invite Hanzhong for the king of Han". Later, Han Wangcheng was killed by Xiang Yu and returned to Liu Bang as his important adviser. During the Chu-Han War, the "long-term strategy to level the world" was adopted by Liu Bang, who proposed not to establish the descendants of the Six Kingdoms, unite Yingbu and Peng Yue, reuse Han Xin and other strategies, and advocated pursuing Xiang Yu and annihilating the Chu army. The Han Dynasty was established and the Marquis was feuded. Seeing Liu Bangfeng's old intimacy, he punished the old personal grievances, and strongly admonished Liu Bangfeng to resentment and resentment, and relieved the doubts of the ministers. Liu Bang once praised him for "strategizing, winning thousands of miles away, and the ovary is also meritorious". See "Historical Records: Liuhou Family", "Hanshu: Zhang Liang Biography".

The record of the place of birth in the history books is Suoyin: Liang has been Han for generations, so he knows his ancestors Han. Gu's press: "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" Yun "Zhang Liang is from the father of the city", justice: including the Zhiyun of the land: "The father of the city is in Jiacheng, Ruzhou. Thirty miles east of the county, Han also. The history books are very unclear about his life experience, only that he is Korean, and his grandfather and father are both Korean ministers. The year of his birth is unknown, but it is only said that when Han was destroyed by Qin (230 BC), he was still young and had not been an official in Korea. And his father died in the 23rd year of the reign of King Han Mourning Hui (Huan Hui Wang), that is, in 250 BC. That is, he was born by the year at the latest. The ancients thought that they were young before they "stood up", so it is conceivable that Zhang Liang should have been a young man in his twenties and less than thirty years old when Korea was destroyed. Zhang Liang died eight years after the collapse of Emperor Gao, so it should be 187 BC, at the age of about 64 to 70.

Zhang Liang was only in his twenties when he left home, and he has been traveling around for a long time. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, he was named Liuhou, and Liuyu was located in Pei, Jiangsu Province. In the Weishan Lake area in the southeast of the county, this is the place where Zhang Liang first met Han Gaozu. After his death, his son Zhang Budo succeeded him as the Marquis. "Historical Records" cloud: "There is no doubt about staying in the marquis, and in the fifth year of Emperor Xiaowen (176 BC), he sat disrespectfully, and the country was removed. At this time, Zhang Budo, who lost his title, will lead the family back to his hometown, even if he wants to go back, whether he can find his hometown has become a historical doubt.

Zhang Liang was born in an aristocratic family, his grandfather opened the land, and he was re-elected as the prime minister of the three Korean dynasties during the Warring States period. His father, Zhang Ping, also succeeded as the prime minister of the Second Korean Dynasty. By the time of Zhang Liang, Korea had gradually declined and was lost to Qin. The demise of Korea made Zhang Liang lose the opportunity to inherit his father's career and lose his prominent and glorious status, so he had the hatred of losing his country and family, and concentrated this hatred on one point - anti-Qin.

Zhang Liang went to the East to meet Cang Haijun and jointly formulated the murder operation Jihua. His brother died without burial, scattered all the family assets, found a strong man, made a big hammer weighing 120 catties (about 60 catties now) for him, and then sent someone to find out the whereabouts of Qin Shi Huang's eastern tour. According to the regulations of the monarch and the ministers, the Son of Heaven drove six chariots, that is, the chariots ridden by Qin Shi Huang were drawn by six horses, and the chariots of other ministers were drawn by four horses, and the target of the assassination was the six chariots.

In 218 BC, Qin Shi Huang toured eastward, and Zhang Liang soon learned that Qin Shi Huang's parade was about to reach Yangwu. County (now Yuanyang. the eastern half of the county), so Zhang Liang commanded Hercules to ambush in Yangwu. The county's must-pass place - Gubo Langsha. After a short time, I saw a convoy of 36 chariots walking from the west towards Bolangsha, the gong sounded in front to open the road, followed by the horse team to clear the field, the black flag honor guard walked in the front, and on both sides of the contour, officials of all sizes hugged each other. Seeing this scene, Zhang Liang and Hercules determined that Qin Shi Huang's convoy had arrived. But all the chariots are all four, and it is impossible to tell which one is Qin Shi Huang's car, only to see that the car in the middle of the convoy is the most luxurious. So Zhang Liang commanded Hercules to shoot at the car. The 120-pound sledgehammer knocked the passenger to the ground. Zhang Liang took advantage of the chaos to burrow into the reeds and fled the scene. And the strong man that Zhang Liang found was killed by the Qin army.

However, the person who was killed by the Hercules was the deputy car, Qin Shi Huang was assassinated many times, and he had already prepared for prevention, and all the chariots were all four cars, and they often changed cars, so it was naturally difficult for Zhang Liang to judge which car was Qin Shi Huang. Qin Shi Huang survived, but Qin Shi Huang was very angry about this matter, and although he ordered the whole country to arrest him at this moment, but Hercules had already been killed, and he did not know who the other assassin was, Zhang Liang was able to "get away with it", and later disappeared. Gubo Langsha became famous in one fell swoop.

Zhang Liangzhi attempted to attack the king of Qin, was wanted on the hanging list, and had to hide incognito, hiding in Xiapi (now Suiningbei, Jiangsu), waiting for the news. One day, Zhang Liang was walking leisurely at the head of the Yishui Bridge, and met an old man wearing a coarse cloth short robe, when the old man walked to Zhang Liang's side, he deliberately took off his shoes under the bridge, and then arrogantly sent Zhang Liang to say: "Boy, go down and pick up shoes for me!" Zhang Liang was stunned, but he still endured the dissatisfaction in his heart and took it for him against his will

Come up. Then, the old man stomped up again and ordered Zhang Liang to put it on for him. At this time, Zhang Liang really wanted to punch him, but because he had experienced the vicissitudes of the world for a long time and suffered all kinds of hardships in a wandering life, he forcibly suppressed his anger, knelt in front of him, and carefully helped the old man put on his shoes. Instead of thanking him, the old man looked up and smiled. Zhang Liang stared at it for a long time, only to see the old man walk out of the land of Lixu, return to the bridge, and praise Zhang Liang: "The son can be taught." And asked Zhang Liang to meet at the bridge in the early morning of the 5th day. Zhang Liang didn't know what he meant, but he still respectfully knelt down and promised.

Five days later, when the rooster crowed, Zhang Liang hurried to the bridge. Who knew that the old man deliberately came to the bridge in advance, and was already waiting at the bridgehead at the moment, when he saw Zhang Liang coming, he reprimanded angrily: "Make an appointment with the old man, why did you miss the time?" Come back in 5 days! "Let's leave. As a result, Zhang Liang was one step behind the old man again for the second time. The third time, Zhang Liang simply waited on the bridge in the middle of the night. He withstood the test, and his sincerity and forbearance touched the old man, so he gave him a book and said: "If you read this book, you can be the king's teacher, and after 10 years the world is in turmoil, you can use this book to prosper the country; See me again in 13 years. "Say that, and walk away. This old man is the legendary mysterious figure: the Hidden Cave Coats Huangshi Gong, also known as the "Old Man on the Ground".

Zhang Liang was pleasantly surprised, and at dawn, he took a look at the book, which was "The Art of War" (this name is false, but it is actually "Plain Book"). Since then, Zhang Liang has studied military books day and night, admired the world's major events, and finally became a "think tank" who is well versed in strategy, both civil and military, and resourceful. In July of the first year of Qin II (209 BC), Chen Sheng and Wu Guang rose up in Daze Township and raised troops against Qin. Immediately afterwards, anti-Qin forces surged in various places. Zhang Liang, who was determined to resist Qin, also gathered more than 100 people and raised the banner of anti-Qin. Later, because he felt that he was lonely and lonely, it was difficult to gain a foothold, so he had to lead the crowd to Tou Jingju (the leader of the peasant army who established himself as the false king of Chu), and on the way, he happened to meet Liu Bang leading the righteous army to develop Shili in the Xiapi area. The two fell in love at first sight, and Zhang Liang repeatedly used "Taigong's Art of War" ("Sushu") to talk about Liu Bang, Liu Bang was able to comprehend and often adopted Zhang Liang's strategy. So, Zhang Liang decisively changed his mind to defect to Jingju and decided to follow Liu Bang. As a scholar, it is important to have a deep understanding of strategy, but the premise of using strategy is to have a master who is good at accepting advice. This unexpected encounter, Zhang Liang "turned the rudder" of the master, reflecting his sober mind and unique vision in the complicated situation. Since then, Zhang Liang has been deeply respected and trusted by Liu Bang, and his wisdom and talent have also had the opportunity to give full play.

Descending Wan took the worm Zoce into the customs

In June of the second year of Qin II (208 BC), the team led by Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's uncle and nephew had grown to 60,000 or 70,000 people, and supported Xiong Xin, the grandson of King Huai of Chu, as the king, and gathered the leaders of the rebel army from all walks of life to discuss major matters in Xuecheng (now southeast of Tengzhou City, Shandong Province). Zhang Liang did not forget to revive Korea, and hurriedly proposed to Xiang Liang: "Jun has already made the king of Chu his descendant, and Hengyang Jun is the most virtuous among the sons of the king of Han, and he can be established as the king, so as to build more henchmen." As early as the time of Xiapi, there was an old friendship between Zhang and Xiang, so Xiang Liang agreed. So, he ordered someone to find Han Wangcheng, set up as the king of Han, and took Zhang Liang as Situ (equivalent to the prime minister). Zhang Liang's goal of "recovering Korea" was finally achieved, and the political long-cherished wish of "recovering his family" was also realized, so he did his best to support Han Wangcheng, waved his army to recover Han land (referring to the territory of Korea during the Warring States Period), and the guerrillas were near Yingchuan, sometimes capturing several cities, and sometimes being recaptured by the Qin soldiers, and failed to create a big situation for a long time. At the end of the year, King Chu Huai ordered Liu Bang and Xiang Yu to divide their troops to attack Qin, and agreed: Whoever enters Xianyang first can become king. Liu Bang passed through Yingchuan and Nanyang, intending to enter Guanzhong from Wuguan. In July of the third year of Qin II (207 BC), Liu Bang led his troops to capture Yingchuan. Han Wang and Zhang Liang joined Liu Bang. Liu Bang asked King Han to stay in Yangzhai (Han's former capital, present-day Yuzhou City, Henan), and let Zhang Liang go south with the army. In September, the army arrived in Nanyang County (present-day Nanyang City, Henan). Nanyang County Shouqi retreated into Wancheng (Nanyang, Henan) to hold on. Liu Bang was anxious to destroy Qin, and saw that Wancheng was difficult to capture for a while, so he planned to bypass Wancheng and continue to advance westward. Zhang Liang thought it was inappropriate and persuaded: "Although you are in a hurry to enter the customs, there are still many Qin soldiers along the way, and they all hold the dangerous terrain. If you don't take Wancheng now, once the Qin soldiers in Wancheng chase after you from behind, at that time, Qiang Qin is in front and the chasing soldiers are behind, it will be very dangerous. Liu Bang took his suggestion, immediately changed the flag, and led his troops to quietly return by taking the path at night. At dawn, Liu Bang's army had surrounded Wancheng. Then, Liu Bang adopted Chen Hui's opinion, and used the technique of attacking the heart to appease Nanyang Taishou, pardon the officials and people of the city, and take Wancheng lightly without blood. Relieved Liu Bang's worries about advancing westward, Liu Bang's army was greatly boosted, and other cities in Nanyang County saw that Taishou had fallen, and they rose up to follow suit and fell in the wind.

Subsequently, Liu Bang led his army to Yaoguan (northwest of present-day Shangzhou, Shaanxi). It is the key point of communication between Nanyang and Guanzhong in ancient times, it is easy to defend and difficult to attack, it is the throat fortress leading to Xianyang, the capital of Qin, and it is also a pass of Zuihou of Gongwei Xianyang, Qin has heavy troops to guard this place. Liu Bang rushed to the front of the pass and wanted to personally lead more than 20,000 people to forcibly capture it. Zhang Liang advised: "At present, the troops of Qin Shouguan are still very strong, and they should not act rashly. Liu Bang was afraid that Xiang Yu's army would enter the customs first, so he was anxious and hurriedly asked Zhang Liang for advice. Zhang Liang offered Liu Bang a clever plan to outwit. He said: "I have heard that the guard of the pass is the son of a butcher, and this kind of philistine villain can touch his heart with a little money. You can send an advance force to prepare 50,000 men for food and salary, and add a large number of troops in the surrounding mountains to bluff and act as suspicious soldiers. Then send Li Shiqi to bring more treasures and property to persuade the Qin generals, and the matter may be successful. Liu Bang acted according to the plan, and the guards of the pass surrendered and expressed their willingness to jointly attack Xianyang with Liu Bang. Liu Bang was overjoyed, but Zhang Liang thought it was impossible. He calmly analyzed: "This is just that the guards of the pass want to rebel against Qin, and his subordinates may not obey." If the soldiers do not comply, the consequences will be unimaginable. It is better to take advantage of the slackness of the Qin soldiers to eliminate them. As a result, Liu Bang led his troops to launch a surprise attack on the pass, but the Qin army was defeated and abandoned the pass and retreated to Lantian (now Lantian, Shaanxi. county west). Liu Bang took advantage of the victory to pursue, led his troops to bypass the pass, crossed the Jiang Mountain, and defeated the Qin army in Lantian. The army then continued westward and arrived at Bashang (25 li east of present-day Xi'an) in October 207 BC (the first month of the Qin dynasty was October and the beginning of the Han Dynasty had not changed).

At this time, Qin II had been killed by Zhao Gao, and only did 46 days The son of the king of Qin saw that the righteous army was approaching the city, and the general trend had gone, so he had to tie his neck like a rope, ride a white horse in a plain car, hold the imperial seal, and open the city to surrender. At this point, the Great Qin Empire, which dominated the Quartet and Weizhen Sea, perished.

Liu Bang marched westward from the order of King Chu Huai, to enter the Guanzhong, forcing Ziying to surrender, which lasted only one year, because he adopted Zhang Liang's strategy, to ensure the smooth progress of the military, thus winning time, and finally entered the Guanzhong one step ahead of Xiang Yu.

Admonish the Lord Anmin to fight wisdom Hongmen

Liu Bang's army entered Xianyang and saw the luxurious palace, beautiful palace maids and a large number of treasures and foreign objects, which made many people forget and dazed, thinking that they could enjoy the world to the fullest. Even Liu Bang couldn't help it, he was dumped by everything in the Qin Palace, and wanted to stay in the palace and enjoy wealth and prosperity. The military general Fan Hao risked death and scolded Liu Bang for "being a rich man". However, Liu Bang simply ignored it. Some of the virtuous people under his subordinates were anxious about this. At this critical moment, Zhang Liang analyzed the benefits and disadvantages to Liu Bang and persuaded: "King Qin has done more unrighteous things, so you can overthrow him and enter Xianyang." Now that you have eradicated the scourge for the people of the world, you should be frugal by wearing vegetarian clothes. Now that the army has just entered Qin, you are indulging in pleasures, which is the so-called aiding and abetting. As the saying goes, good medicine is good for disease, and loyalty is good for action, and I hope that Pei Gong will listen to the words of Fan Hao and others. Zhang Liang's tone was calm, but there was hard in the soft, especially the revelation of the successes and failures of the past and the present in the words, as well as the harsh words such as "no way Qin" and "helping the gang to abuse", faintly stabbed Liu Bang's almost intoxicated heart. This technique of playing tight and singing slowly really worked. Liu Bang happily accepted this far-sighted robbery, and ordered the Qin Dynasty palace treasures, treasury, and property to be sealed, and returned to the army to rectify the army, waiting for Xiang Yu and other rebels. During this period, Liu Bang also adopted Zhang Liang's suggestion and convened all the people. The county father and the old hero, with three chapters of the law: "The murderer dies, the wounded and the thief is guilty." And informed the Quartet: "Yu Xi removes the Qin law." All the officials are at peace. Whoever comes for this reason, do not be afraid, unless there is any aggression. In addition, he also sent people to patrol various places with Qin officials to tell him what he meant. As a result, he won the unanimous support of the Qin people, and rushed to comfort the soldiers with cattle and sheep wine and food. Seeing this, Liu Bang ordered the sergeant not to accept it, and sent a message: "There is enough food in the army, don't work hard and spend money." When the people of Qin heard this, they became more and more happy, but they were afraid that Liu Bang would not be the king of Qin Land.

Liu Bang adopted Zhang Liang's suggestion and adopted a series of measures to reassure the people, won the hearts of the people, and laid a good political foundation for him to run Guanzhong in the future and use it as a base to compete with Xiang Yu for the world.

In February 206 BC, Xiang Yu led his vassals to Hangu Pass (now northeast of Lingbao, Henan). Liu Bang ordered the defenders to close the gate and prevent the princes from entering. Xiang Yu was very angry when he learned that Liu Bang had captured Xianyang, and was just in time for Liu Bang's subordinate Cao Wuxian to tell Xiang Yu secretly, saying: "Pei Gong wants to be the king in Guanzhong." Xiang Yu immediately ordered the Yingbu Overseer to attack. In December of the same year, Xiang Yu's army broke through Hangu Pass and stationed in Xinfeng and Hongmen (now northeast of Linjian, Shaanxi) to fight Liu Bang to the death.

Fortunately, Xiang Yu's uncle Xiang Bo had an old friend with Zhang Liang. On the eve of Xiang Yu's army deciding to attack Liu Bang, Xiang Bo quietly rode to Liu Bang's army to meet Zhang Liang privately, told Zhang Liang the news, and invited him to abscond with him. Zhang Liang said: "I was ordered by King Han to send Pei Gong into the customs, but now Pei Gong is in danger, and it is immoral for me to escape quietly." I had to go and say goodbye to him. Immediately, Zhang Liang came to Liu Bang's tent and told Liu Bang what Xiang Bo said. Liu Bang was shocked and hurriedly asked Zhang Liang: "What can I do?" Zhang Liang didn't answer directly, and asked Liu Bang instead: "Do you estimate that our army can withstand Xiang Yu's attack?" Liu Bang said weakly: "I really can't." But what if it has come to this? Zhang Liang thought about it, and the top priority was to dispel Xiang Yu's doubts about Liu Bang and make him give up attacking Liu Bang's Jihua. And to achieve this goal, Xiang Bo is a key figure. Reviewing the situation, Zhang Liang gave Liu Bang an idea to draw salary: "Please go and tell Uncle Xiang that you dare not betray King Xiang." Liu Bang asked: "Uncle Xiang or you, who is older?" Zhang Liang said: "Uncle Xiang is a few years older than me." So, Liu Bang said to Zhang Liang: "You invite Uncle Xiang in for me, and I will treat him like a brother." Zhang Liang went out and repeatedly invited Uncle Xiang to see Liu Bang. After Uncle Xiang entered the account, Liu Bang personally poured wine for Uncle Xiang to celebrate his birthday, and married his sons and daughters. When Uncle Xiang was drunk, Liu Bang said aggrievedly: "After I entered the customs, I did not commit any crimes in the autumn, the officials and the people were all naturalized, and the property of the government treasury was strictly sealed, waiting for General Xiang to receive it. The reason why the soldiers were sent to guard the Hangu Pass was to prevent other thieves from entering, and to prevent extraordinary accidents from happening. I am staying here, looking forward to General Xiang's arrival day and night, how dare I rebel? Please convey my heart to General Xiang, I will never dare to betray the great virtue of the general. After saying this, Xiang Boxin thought it was true, so he explained to Liu Bang: "I must come to apologize to Xiang Yu in person as soon as possible tomorrow." Xiang Bo galloped back to Hongmen overnight, relayed Liu Bang's words to Xiang Yu, and dredged it in every possible way, so that the already tense situation was alleviated.

It is imperative to go to Hongmen in person; Liu Bang knew that he was going to be like a guest in the mouth of a tiger, and he was in danger, but he couldn't help but go, which was really a dilemma. Zhang Liang knew himself and his enemy, and incisively analyzed Xiang Yu and his person to Liu Bang, and was determined to go deep into the tiger's den and protect Liu Bang's safety cautiously and flexibly.

The next day, Liu Bang only took Zhang Liang, Fan Hao and more than 100 congers to Chuying. As soon as Liu Bang saw Xiang Yu, he hurriedly stepped forward and said: "The minister and the general will work together to attack Qin, the general will fight Hebei, and I will fight Henan." Unexpectedly, I was lucky enough to enter the customs and break the Qin first, and I was able to see the general here again. Today, there are villains who slander me, causing the general to have a grudge against me. Xiang Yu saw that Liu Bang only brought more than 100 riders to the banquet, and he looked humble and aggrieved, he couldn't help but be moved by the "kindness of women", and blurted out: "This is all told to me by Pei Gong's Zuo Sima Cao Wuxian." Said that you will be the king in Guanzhong, and make Ziying a phase. Otherwise, how could I be like this? Liu Bang was preconceived and tried to overwhelm the other party mentally, Xiang Yu knew that Liu Bang was in accordance with the agreement of the King of Chu, and it was not wrong to enter the customs first, and he was suspected of breach of contract with Liu Bang like this, and he suddenly felt a little unreasonable.

Xiang Yu left Liu Bang to drink. During the banquet, Xiang Yu's adviser Fan Zeng repeatedly raised his eyes to signal Xiang Yu, and repeatedly raised the jade block he was wearing, suggesting that he made a quick decision to kill Liu Bang. Xiang Yu hesitated and silently refused. Fan Zeng had no choice but to summon the warrior Xiang Zhuang from outside the tent again, instructed him to dance the sword to help the fun, and waited for the opportunity to kill Liu Bang. Xiang Bo saw the flaw, drew his sword and danced, and always used his body to protect Liu Bang. Zhang Liang saw that the situation was not good, so he quickly got up and went out of the account to find Fan Xu, and ordered him to escort him as soon as possible. Fan Xu didn't say a word, broke into the military gate with a sword and shield, and went straight to the tent, glaring at Xiang Yu with angry eyes, pointing up in his hair, and having the courage to be unstoppable. Xiang Yu couldn't help but be shocked, and hurriedly asked, "Who is this?" Zhang Liang replied: "It's Pei Gong's entourage guard Fan Xu." Xiang Yu said: "A good man, reward him with wine!" The attendants on the left and right held a large glass of wine, and Fan Xu stood and drank it all. Persuade and drink again, and use the topic to play the number of Xiang Yu and say: "The minister dies and does not avoid it, and the wine is peaceful!" Then, he sharply stated Liu Bang's hard work and loyalty, and accused Xiang Yu of being too suspicious. Xiang Yu was shocked by his impassioned words for a while, and was speechless, just beckoned Fan Hao and said, "Sit!" Fan Hao took advantage of the situation and sat next to Zhang Liang. After a while, Liu Bang saw that the situation had gradually improved, so he excused himself to go to the toilet and beckoned Fan Hao to come out of the tent, and Zhang Liang came out. The three of them discussed countermeasures and decided that Fan Hao would protect Liu Bang and get out quickly, and Zhang Liang would stay to deal with the situation.

Besides, Liu Bang left the car to ride, and under the escort of Fan Hao and other four generals, he rode lightly and followed, passed through Lishan, passed through Zhiyang, took a shortcut, and returned to Bashang secretly without saying goodbye. And Zhang Liang, who was in the tiger's den, calmly and calmly dealt with Xiang Yu and the others. At this moment, he estimated that Liu Bang had returned to the army, so he entered the account and thanked him: "Pei Gong is not strong enough to drink, and he can't quit when he is drunk, so I would like to ask Zhang Liang to present a pair of white bi and present the king's feet; Another pair of jade buckets is prepared to present General Fan's feet. Xiang Yu had no choice but to accept Bai Bi, but he couldn't do it. Fan Zeng was so angry that he threw the jade bucket to the ground, drew his sword and smashed it, and said angrily: "Alas! The erector (a contemptuous title for Xiang Yu and others) is not enough and conspiracy. The person who won the king of the world must be Pei Gong, and we will definitely become his prisoners! ”

In this life-and-death struggle, Zhang Liang, with his great wisdom and bravery, not only skillfully helped Liu Bang get out of the tiger's mouth safely, but also planted the bane between the monarch and the minister within Xiang Yu.

Ming Xiu plank road secretly crosses Chen Cang

In the first month of the first year of the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.), Xiang Yu bullied the weak and established himself as the overlord of Western Chu, with the capital of Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu), and ruled the nine counties of Liang and Chu. and violated the agreement of King Chu Huai that "whoever attacks Guanzhong first will be the king of Guanzhong", and divided Liu Bang to the remote and desolate Bashu, called the King of Han. The actual Guanzhong land was divided into three and given to Qin's three generals to curb Liu Bang's northward expansion. Liu Bang was very resentful in his heart and wanted to lead his troops to attack Xiang Yu, but after Xiao He and Zhang Liang repeatedly dissuaded him, he decided to hold back for the time being.

The division of the world has been decided, and Zhang Liang plans to leave Liu Bang and return to South Korea to do Han Wangcheng again. Liu Bang gave gold and two buckets of beads. And Zhang Liang transferred all the gold beads to Xiang Bo, so that he could request the Hanzhong region for the king of Han again. Xiang Bo saw that Li forgot his righteousness and immediately went to persuade Xiang Yu. In this way, Liu Bangjian built the capital of Nanzheng (now Zheng, southwest Shaanxi. northeast of the county), occupying the land of Ba, Shu and Hanzhong counties south of the Qinling Mountains.

In July of the same year, Zhang Liang sent Liu Bang to Baozhong (now Baocheng, Shaanxi). Surrounded by mountains here, there are cliffs along the way, only the plank road is elevated, in order to prevent pedestrians, there is no other way. Zhang Liang observed the terrain and suggested that Liu Bang wait for the Han army to pass and burn all the plank roads into Shu, indicating that he had no intention of looking east, so as to eliminate Xiang Yu's suspicions and at the same time guard against the attacks of others. In this way, you can take the opportunity to recuperate, wait for the opportunity, and then develop your ambitions. Liu Bang followed the plan and burned the plank road along the way. Zhang Liang's plan can be described as well-intentioned, and it has made an important guarantee for Liu Bang's consolidation and development and eastward expansion in the future. After Liu Bang entered Hanzhong, he worked hard and actively rested. In August of the same year, Liu Bang used the strategy of the general Han Xin to avoid the frontal defense of Yongwang Zhanghan, and took the opportunity to "secretly cross Chencang" (now Baoji, Shaanxi) from the old road, and defeated Yongwang Zhanghan, Sima Xin and Zhai Wang Dong Peng by surprise from the side, pacified Sanqin in one fell swoop, and seized the treasure land of Guanzhong. Slightly determined by the three Qins, Liu Bang relied on the rich and victorious Guanzhong region, and he could compete with Xiang Yu in the world. A "open burning" and a "dark crossing", Zhang and Han joined hands and became a well-known story in history.

When Xiang Yu heard that Liu Bang had pacified Sanqin, he was furious and decided to lead his troops to counterattack. Zhang Liang had already expected this, so he sent a letter to deceive Xiang Yu, claiming: "The name of the King of Han does not match the truth, and he wants to get Guanzhong; As promised, they did not dare to go east. At the same time, Zhang Liang also told Xiang Yu about the rebellion of Qi Wang Tian Rong, saying that "Qi wants to destroy Chu with Zhao Lian, the enemy is at present, and the disaster must be prevented." "It was intended to direct the attention of the Chu army to the east. Xiang Yu really hit the plan, and he had no intention of looking west, and instead attacked the lifeless and decaying Liliang in the three Qi lands in the north. Zhang Liang's letter strengthened the effect of the "open burning plank road" from the side, directing Xiang Yu's attention to the east, thereby relaxing the defense against Guanzhong and winning Liu Bang precious time to recuperate.

Soon after, Xiang Yu killed Han Wangcheng in Pengcheng, completely shattering Zhang Liangxiang's dream. In the winter of the same year, Zhang Liang escaped from Pengcheng, evaded the pursuit of the Chu army, and finally returned to Liu Bang's side, and was named the Marquis of Chengxin. Li Zhen of the Ming Dynasty once commented on this matter and said: Xiang Yu's move is "a good military division for the Han Dynasty." Indeed, Xiang Yu's killing of Han Wangcheng objectively helped Liu Bang a lot.

Xiayi conspired to draw a chopstick to block the seal

In the spring of the second year of the Han Dynasty (205 BC), Liu Bang successively surrendered five princes, Zhang Er, King of Changshan, Shenyang, King of Henan, Wang Chang of Han, Wang Bao of Wei and Wang Wei of Yin, and won 560,000 soldiers. In April of the same year, Liu Bang took the opportunity of Xiang Yu to concentrate on Liliang to attack Tian Rong and led his troops to attack Chu. Straight to the city of Peng, the capital of Chudu. After capturing Pengcheng, Liu Bang was carried away by this easy victory, not only did he not take appropriate political and economic measures to appease the place and win the hearts of the people, but his bad habits recurred, and he got carried away and collected treasures and beauties wantonly, and held wine and banquets all day long, which won the opportunity for Xiang Yu to return to the army to rescue. When Xiang Yu heard that Pengcheng had fallen, he immediately took the lead. 30,000 elite soldiers rushed back from the trail to first aid Pengcheng. Liu Bang's hundreds of thousands of rabble divisions were difficult to coordinate and command, and even the food and salary were not prepared, so once the battle was engaged, it suffered a crushing defeat and almost the entire army was wiped out. At this point, many princes and kings turned their backs on Han and Chu, Liu Bang left his father, wife, and children, and only took Zhang Liangchou to flee in embarrassment, and suffered a major setback again militarily, and the situation of Dahaode was reversed again.

Liu Bang fled to Xiayi in embarrassment, frightened, disheartened, and discouraged. He said to his ministers in frustration: "I don't want the Kanto region, whoever can make meritorious contributions, I will divide the Kanto region equally among him." Who do you see? At this time when the army was defeated and in danger, it was Zhang Liang's ingenuity and ingenuity that came up with a strategy for Liu Bang to use contradictions and join forces to break the truth. He said: "Yingbu, the king of Jiujiang, is a fierce general of the Chu State, and he has a gap with Xiang Yu; In the battle of Pengcheng, Xiang Yu asked him to help, but he did not move. Xiang Yu was quite resentful of him, and sent envoys many times to blame him; Peng Yue was dissatisfied with Xiang Yu because he was not entitled when he divided the princes, and Tian Rong had contacted Peng Yue to rebel when he rebelled against Chu, and ordered Xiao Gongjiao to attack him for this Yu, but the result was unsuccessful. These two can be used. In addition, only Han Xin can entrust major affairs to the generals under King Han and take charge of them alone. If the king can make good use of these three people, then Chu Kepo will also be good. This is the famous "Xiayi Strategy".

After hearing this, Liu Bang thought that this was indeed a clever plan to defeat the strong with the weak, so he sent Sui He, a famous minister, to Jiujiang to plot against Yingbu, the king of Jiujiang; then sent an envoy to contact Peng Yue; At the same time, Han Xin was then assigned to lead troops to attack Yan, Zhao and other places in the north, develop and expand the Han army, and outflank the Chu army in a roundabout way.

Although the "Xiayi Strategy" is not a comprehensive strategic jihua, it constitutes an important part of Liu Bang's Jihua on the Chu-Han battlefield. It was under Zhang Liang's planning that a military alliance between internal and external forces to attack Xiang Yu was finally formed, which reversed the situation of the Chu-Han War and enabled Liu Bang to change from strategic defense to strategic offensive. Facts have proved Zhang Liang's far-sighted "strategy of going down to the city", and Zuihou soldiers defeated Xiang Yu under the siege, mainly relying on these three military liliang.

In the winter of the third year of the Han Dynasty (204 BC), the Chu army besieged the king of Han in Xingyang, and the two sides fought for a long time. The Chu army tried its best to cut off the Han army's food supply and military aid channels. The Han army lacked food and grass, and it was gradually difficult to support the crisis. Liu Bang, the king of Han, was very anxious and asked his ministers what good plan they had. The strategist Li Shiqi offered his advice: "In the past, Shang Tang cut Xia Ji, and sealed it after Yuqi; King Wu was defeated and sealed in the Song Dynasty. The king of Qin lost his morality and betrayed his righteousness, invaded the princes, and destroyed his society, so that he had no place to stand. After Bixia Cheng can restore the Six Kingdoms, the monarchs and ministers of the Six Kingdoms and the people will all feel the virtue of wearing Bixia, and they will be willing to be concubines. Virtue and righteousness have been done, Bixia will be able to dominate in the south, and the Chu people have no choice but to retreat. This is actually a kind of "drinking water to quench thirst" rhetoric, at that time Liu Bang did not see its harmfulness, but clapped his hands and praised, and quickly ordered people to engrave seals, so that Li Shi was divided into seals in various places.

At this critical time, Zhang Liang returned from going out to meet Liu Bang. While eating, Liu Bang told Zhang Liang about the idea of implementing separation, and asked what the gains and losses were. Zhang Liang was taken aback when he heard this, and hurriedly asked, "Who gave Bixia a plan?" He shook his head sadly and continued, "If you do this, Bixia's big thing will be ruined." Liu Bang suddenly panicked and said, "Weishenme? Zhang Liang stretched out his hand and picked up a pair of chopsticks on the wine table, and talked with gestures. He said: "First, in the past, Shang Tang and King Wu of Zhou sealed his descendants after killing Xia Ji Yin, based on the consideration that it was completely controllable and could cause him to die if necessary, but now Bixia can control Xiang Yu and kill him if necessary? Second, in the past, after King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty, he was able to show the Lu (lane gate) of Shang Rong, seal the tomb of Bigan, and release the prisoner of Jizi, which was intended to reward and spur the subjects of this dynasty. What the king of Han needs now is a time when he is loyal and virtuous? Third, King Wu used the savings of the enemy country to distribute money and hair, and now that the King of Han has no military supplies, where can he still have the ability to relieve hunger and poverty? Fourth, after King Wu destroyed Yin Shang, he changed the military chariot to a car, and inverted the weapon to show that he did not need it. Fifth, in the past, the horse was put on the sunny slope of Nanshan Mountain, and under the shade of the peach tree, because the world had entered the era of peace. Now that the fierce battle is endless, how can you cultivate the text with martial arts? Sixth, if the land is divided into the descendants of the six countries, the soldiers and ministers will each belong to their masters, and no one will compete for the world with Liu Bang. Seventh, the Chu army is strong, and the six kingdoms are weak and will inevitably succumb, how can they be vassals to Bixia? ”

Zhang Liang's analysis is really exquisite, exquisite, and to the point. He saw the difference between ancient and modern times, so he came to the conclusion that the method of the "ancient sages" must not be copied and copied. In particular, Zhang Liang believed that the fiefdom was an attractive means of rewarding meritorious men in the war, so as to encourage the soldiers of the world to follow the Han king, making the feud an important measure to maintain the hearts of the soldiers. If the opposite is true, what will motivate the soldiers to achieve victory? Zhang Liang's penetrating analysis is obviously a leap forward compared with the ideological understanding of inviting the king of Han to be established and deliberately "restoring Korea" in the past, and it occupies an important page in the history of ancient Chinese political thought. It is no wonder that after 1700, it was still praised by the Ming man Li Zhen as "fast theory." ”

Zhang Liang used the admonition to block the separation, so that Liu Bangmao suddenly opened, and suddenly realized, so that he dropped out of food and vomited, and scolded Li Shiqi: "Stinky Confucianism, almost ruined Lao Tzu's big thing!" Then, he ordered the immediate destruction of the seals of the Six Nations, which had already been engraved, thus avoiding a major strategic mistake. It reduced a lot of trouble and resistance to the unification of the Han Dynasty. It cannot but be admitted that Zhang Liang is a perceptive strategist and a far-sighted politician.

Fu Fu Han Pengbing surrounded him

When Liu Bang was besieged by Xiang Yu in Xingyang, Han Xin successfully marched on the northern front, and the momentum was like a bamboo. He first pacified Wei, Dai, Zhao, Yan and other places, and then occupied the hometown of Qi, wanting to establish himself as the king of Qi, so that people told Liu Bang to ask for a seal and said: "The Qi people are cunning and changeable, capricious, and adjacent to Chu in the south, if there is no king, it will be difficult to pacify Qi." I hope you can allow me to be the fake (acting) King of Qi. ”

When Liu Bang heard this, he couldn't help but rush up angrily, and in front of the messenger, he scolded: "I have been trapped here for a long time, and I hope that he will come to help me day and night, but I can't imagine that he will set himself up as a king!" At that time, Zhang Liang was sitting next to Liu Bang, and Zhang Liang clearly realized that Han Xin's back played a pivotal role in the victory or defeat of the Chu-Han War. Moreover, Han Xinyuan established himself as the king in Qidi, and Liu Bang was beyond the reach of the whip, so he was powerless to stop it. So, he hurriedly stepped on him lightly under the case, Liu Bang was also shrewd and reacted quickly, and immediately realized the previous gaffe, so he changed his words and scolded: "The husband is a prince, he wants to be a real king, why do you need to be a fake king!" Liu Bang originally loved to scold people, and it was not surprising that he had such a scolding, but it was naturally connected and seamless, and he didn't show any flaws.

In February of that year, Liu Bang sent Zhang Liang to Qi with a seal ribbon to seal Han Xin as king, and requisitioned Han Xin's army to attack Chu. Although it was Liu Bang's temporary compromise with Han Xin, this favor and expedient measure actually enveloped Han Xin, successfully solved the power contradiction within the Han Dynasty, and won a key bargaining chip on the balance between Chu and Han. In this regard, Gou Yue of the Eastern Han Dynasty once had a very pertinent evaluation, he said: "Take what you don't have (referring to the land that Qi is not owned by Liu Bang) to give to others, do false benefits, and get real blessings." After stabilizing Han Xin, the situation of the Chu-Han War took a major turn.

In the fourth year of Gaozu of the Han Dynasty (203 BC), Han had gradually formed a siege of Chu: Han Xin continued to attack the Chu army according to Qidi, and Peng Yue repeatedly sent troops from Liang to cut off the grain route of the Chu army. The Chu army was exhausted, Xiang Yu was helpless, and finally sent back Liu Bang's father, wife and children who were detained, and made peace with Liu Bang. The two sides agreed to take the chasm as the boundary, divide the world in the middle, return to Chu in the east, return to Han in the west, and make a covenant to dissolve the armor and return to the country, and each will not offend each other. Xiang Yu returned to the east as promised and headed towards Pengcheng. Liu Bang also wanted to lead troops west to Hanzhong. At this major turning point, Zhang Liang, with the profound vision of a political strategist, saw Xiang Yu's situation of being overstretched by the enemy on his back, so he and Chen Ping advised the king of Han and said: "Now that the Han has two-thirds of the world, this is a favorable time to destroy Chu. Otherwise, if Chu returns to the east, such as letting the tiger return to the mountain, there will be endless troubles. Liu Bang adopted Zhang Liang's advice, personally led a large army to pursue Xiang Yu, and ordered Han Xin and Peng Yue to surround Xiang Yu. Liu Bang led a large army to pursue the Chu army to Guling (now Taikang, Henan), but did not wait for reinforcements led by Han Xin and Peng Yue, and failed miserably. Liu Bang hid in the barrier of Guling, and was so anxious that he asked Zhang Liang beside him: "They didn't come as scheduled?" At this time, Zhang Liang had already understood Han and Peng's thoughts, and the corresponding strategies had matured, and when he saw Liu Bang asking, he hurriedly replied: "The Chu soldiers are about to perish, and although Han Xin and Peng Yue have been crowned kings, there is no definite boundary. This is the reason why the two did not come to the appointment this time. If Bixia can share the world with it, he can recruit two generals. Otherwise, the ultimate success or failure is unknown. Liu Bang was determined to solve the urgent need, so according to Zhang Liang's plan, the territory east of Chen Di to the coast was divided into Han Xin, the king of Qi; The territory north of Suiyang to Gucheng was assigned to Peng Yue, the king of Liang. Two months later, Han and Peng sent troops to help.

The soldiers and horses of the Han army gathered one after another (now Lingbi, Anhui. county on the north bank of the Tuo River). Han Xin first used the strategy of "ambush on all sides" to surround Xiang Yu under the wall, and then used the strategy of "embattled" to disintegrate the morale of the enemy soldiers, and finally defeated Xiang Yu, forcing him to say goodbye to his concubine and kill himself. At this point, the four-year-long Chu-Han War ended with Liu Bang's complete victory.

In February of the fifth year of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang officially assumed the throne and was known as Gaozu of the Han Dynasty. In May of the same year, Han Gaozu held a celebration ceremony in Luoyang South Palace and feasted the ministers. During the banquet, the staggered planning was staggered, and the monarchs and ministers drank together. Liu Bang seemed very happy, when talking about Chu so lost the world, Han so won the world, Liu Bang said that the key is to use the three heroes (that is, Xiao He, Zhang Liang, Han Xin). He praised Zhang Liang in his words: "In the midst of strategizing, the decisive victory is thousands of miles away, and I am not as good as the ovary (Zhang Liang's words)." ”

Persuade the capital to close the middle of the admonition to seal the Yongya

The foundation of the country was laid, the world was determined, and the capital was determined, which was undoubtedly of vital significance to the consolidation and development of the emerging Western Han Dynasty. At first, Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, wanted to set the capital of Luoyang for a long time, and the ministers also held this view. One day, Qi people Lou Jing begged to see Liu Bang, Chen said that the terrain in Guanzhong was dangerous, and persuaded Liu Bang to set the capital in Guanzhong. Liu Bang couldn't make up his mind for a while, but at this time, those ministers who advocated building the capital Luoyang talked about the benefits of building the capital Luoyang. Most of these people are the old people of the Six Kingdoms, nostalgic for the old, and the happy land is relocated, and they persuade: "Luoyang, the eastern capital, stretches for hundreds of years." There is Chenggao in the east, there is Caihan Michi in the west, backed by the Yellow River, in front of Yi and Ershui, and the geographical situation is solid and easy to keep. Zhang Liang is the only one who supports Lou Jing's proposition. He said: "Although Luoyang has these natural dangers, its hinterland is too small, and the radius is only hundreds of miles; The fields are barren and easy to be attacked on all sides, and it is not a capital to rule the country by force; Guanzhong has the risk of food letter on the left (that is, the combined name of food mountain and Hangu Pass, which is equivalent to the east of Tongguan in Shaanxi Province to Xin'an, Henan. county land), there is the overflow of Longshu Congshan on the right, the land is fertile, and the fertile field is thousands of miles; In addition, there are rich agricultural products of Bashu in the south, and there are prairies that can graze cattle and horses in the north. There are dangers in the north, west, and south that can be defended, and they can also control the princes to the east. If the princes are stable, the Yellow River and Weishui can be opened to transport the world's grain and supply the needs of the Beijing division. If there was a change in the princes, they could go down the river east to transport grain and grass, enough to keep the expedition reinforcing. This is the so-called golden city of thousands of miles, the country of abundance! Or Lou Jing's proposition is correct. Zhang Liang's analysis was comprehensive and profound, coupled with his heavy expectations, and won Liu Bang's trust, so Han Gaozu immediately decided to set the capital in Guanzhong. In August of the fifth year of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang officially moved the capital to Chang'an (now northwest of Xi'an, Shaanxi). In the first month of the sixth year of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang was crowned with more than 20 meritorious heroes, including Zhang Liang, and the rest of the people who were not awarded were discussing and competing for merit.

One day, Liu Bang was in the South Palace of Luoyang, and saw the generals sitting on the sand and whispering from the pavilion road, so he asked Zhang Liang what they were talking about. Zhang Liang deliberately said alarmistly: "They are discussing rebellion!" Liu Bang was taken aback and hurriedly asked: "The world has been decided, why do they want to rebel again?" Zhang Liang replied: "You came from the common people of cloth, and you used these talents to win the world." Now that you are the Son of Heaven, the people who are enshrined are the people you usually love, and the people you usually hate are the ones you usually hate. Now the DPRK and China are counting their exploits. If all the people were divided, the land under heaven would be limited after all. These people are afraid that you will not be able to reward them, and that if you hold them accountable for their ordinary mistakes, Zuihou will be killed, so they gather together to discuss rebellion! Liu Bang hurriedly asked, "Then what should I do?" Zhang Liang asked; Who is the person you usually hate the most, and who is known to your ministers? Liu Bang replied: "That's Yongya." Zhang Liang said: "Then you hurry up and reward Yongya first." When the ministers saw that Yongya had been rewarded, they would naturally feel at ease. So, Liu Bang set up a banquet, feasted the ministers, and sealed Yongya as the Marquis of Shi Fang on the spot, and urged the prime minister and the imperial historians to hurry up and make meritorious deeds. When the ministers saw this, they were all overjoyed, and they all discussed: "If someone like Yongya can be crowned a marquis, we don't have to worry." Zhang Liang's move not only corrected Liu Bang's shortcomings of nepotism and self-interest, but also easily eased the contradictions and avoided a possible turmoil. His power trick of settling revenge and strengthening the hearts of the people is often concocted by politicians in later generations.

Pretend to be Shinto to protect yourself

Zhang Liang has always been frail and sickly, since Han Gaozu entered the capital Guanzhong, the world was decided, he excused himself from illness and closed his door. With the gradual consolidation of Liu Bang's throne, Zhang Liang gradually retreated from the "emperor's division" to the status of "emperor's guest", following the principle of dispensable, advancing and stopping. In the brutal struggle of Liu Bangjian to destroy the king with a different surname in the early Han Dynasty, Zhang Liang rarely participated in the plot. In the open and secret struggle of the Western Han royal family, Zhang Liang also adhered to the legacy of "intimacy".

In the tenth year of the Han Dynasty (197 BC), a new crisis arose in the upper echelons of the Han Dynasty. Liu Bang has the intention of changing the prince. At that time, Liu Bang favored Mrs. Qi, and noticed that Empress Lu had different intentions and signs of acting on behalf of Liu Erwang, so he wanted to abolish the prince Xiaohui (Hou Luzi) and set up King Ruyi of Zhao (Mrs. Qi's son) as the crown prince. The ministers of the government and the opposition joined forces to argue, but they could not change Liu Bang's original intention in the slightest. Seeing that the crown prince was about to be deprived, Empress Lu asked for help from the "think tank" Zhang Liang. Zhang Liang considered that the prince was a very important matter, and he could not be easily replaced, and the great Confucian uncle Sun Tong said well: "The prince is the world, and the world is shaken." In addition, at that time, the world was decided, the foundation of the Han Dynasty's rule was not yet solid, and the various systems were still improving. Based on this overall situation, Zhang Liangsui said to Empress Lu: It is difficult to protect the prince with a tongue, "Shangshan Sihao" (Hao: white, that is, four white-haired old men, namely Dongyuan Gong, Mr. Luli, Qili Ji and Xia Huang Gong) are all more than 80, the righteousness is high, not the title of the Han Dynasty, hiding in the mountains and forests, the emperor can not be hired, but still the "four Hao" of high righteousness. If the prince humbly asks the "four Hao" to go out of the mountain, and enters and leaves the palace to accompany the "four Hao", the emperor will ask and know, and if he knows, the prince's position can be solid. As Zhang Liangyan said, Liu Bang asked the "Si Hao" who accompanied the prince to be a hermit that he couldn't invite, and now he is about the prince, it can be seen that the prince's wings are full, and his wings are also hard, so he can't help it, and he never mentions Prince Yili again. The crown prince finally won the heir, and Empress Lu also respected Zhang Liang for this.

"Historical Records" and "Book of Han" do not record Zhang Liang's help to Xiao He's planning, but it does not affect Zhang Liang's later achievements. On the merits of the seal, according to the rank of the knight, the Han Gaozu Liu Bang ordered Zhang Liang to choose 30,000 households of Qi as the food estate, Zhang Liang resigned, humbly asked Feng Shi and Liu Bang to meet the land (now Jiangsu Pei. county), Liu Bang agreed, so he called Zhang Liang a marquis. The reason for Zhang Liang's resignation is: after he was defeated by Han, he was reduced to cloth clothes, and cloth clothes had to be sealed for 10,000 households and ranked as marquis, so he should be satisfied. Seeing that the power of the Han Dynasty was consolidating day by day, and there were people planning major national events, his political goal of "avenging Han and strengthening Qin" and his personal goal of "sealing ten thousand households and ranking as a marquis" had also been achieved, and his lifelong wish was basically satisfied. In addition, he was entangled in illness, frail and sick, and witnessed the tragic ending of Peng Yue, Han Xin and other meritorious ministers, thinking of Fan Li and Wen Xingyue, who fled or died, and deeply realized that "the cunning rabbit dies, and the lackeys cook; The birds are all gone, and the good bow is hidden; The enemy country is broken, and the ministers are dead", afraid of the loss of vested interests, and even more afraid that the fate of Han Xin and others will fall on him, Zhang Liangnai asked to retire, abandon everything in the world, concentrate on cultivating the Tao and cultivating essence, worship the learning of Huang Lao, live quietly and act in qi, and want to become an immortal. But Empress Lu felt virtuous to Zhang Liang and persuaded him not to suffer himself, but Zhang Liang Zuihou still did not listen to Empress Lu's advice, and still obeyed the fireworks in the world.

The year of Zhang Liang's death, the "Historical Records" is recorded as the second year of Gaohou, and the "Book of Han" is recorded as the sixth year of Emperor Hui (189 BC), which is doubtful here.

Historical evaluation

The bridge is prostrate to take the shoes, and the ovary contains the wisdom of the emperor

Although Zhang Liang was a weak man and never fought against him, he was known as a military strategist. He opposed Qin and Fu Han all his life, and his contribution was indestructible; Plan for big things, and things will be done after all. Historians throughout the history have poured ink into his books to carry his profound intellect and praise his wonderful scheming. Wang Anshi, a politician in the Northern Song Dynasty, once wrote a poem praising it: "In the survival of the Han industry, stay here calmly." Guling Shiyi Han Pengdi, the resumption of the road Fang Tu Yong tooth seal. ""Water Dragon Yin" was the Bolang Golden Cone back then, but unfortunately he was not hit by the Qin Emperor, Xianyang Dasuo, Xiapi died, and the whole body was not easy. Zong Han is prosperous, so that Han Cheng is here, and Kenchen Liu Ji? On the merits of the three masters, the marquis of ten thousand households, are not a flat business.

Wanting to imitate the first emperor, he sighed: "Wow, I can see this person swimming with him, and I don't hate death." "Isn't it okay?

Sima Guang's evaluation of "Zizhi Tongjian".

Zhang Liangsu was sick, entered the customs from above, did not eat grain, did not come out of Dumen, and said: "The family is Han, and Han is destroyed, I don't love the capital of ten thousand gold, and I avenge Han and Qin, and the world is shaken." Today, with a three-inch tongue as the emperor's teacher, the marquis of ten thousand households, this cloth is extremely good, and it is enough for good. I am willing to abandon the affairs of the world, and I want to wander from the red pine nuts. ”

Chen Guang said: The life of the husband is dead, such as the inevitability of the night; From ancient times to the present, there has never been a transcendent but only one who exists. With the clarity of the ovary, it is enough to know that the gods are false; However, it wants to be a red pine nut traveler, and its wisdom can be known. When the husband is famous, the people and ministers are in trouble. Emperor Jiagao called it, only three masters. Huaiyang Zhuyi, Xiao He is in prison, not to be full of shoes and more than yes! Therefore, the sub-room is entrusted to the gods, abandoning the world, and other fame in foreign things, ignoring the glory and profit.

Cemeteries and temples

Because Zhang Liang's activities in his later years are little known, he has been shrouded in mystery, and where Zhang Liang was buried after his death has also become a mystery for the ages.

There have been many speculations about Zhang Liang's grave. Some people believe that the cemetery of Zhang Liang is located in Lankao, Henan Province. County. Lankao. Six kilometers southwest of the county seat, Sanyizhai Township Caoxinzhuang Station on the south side, close to the Longhai Railway there is indeed a tomb of Zhang Liang, the tomb is 10 meters high, 100 meters long around, and the area of the protection area is 35,000 square meters. Surrounded by ancient cypresses, it is lush and green, and it seems to have a certain origin. According to legend, after Liu Bang's death, the Lu family was in power, and Zhang Liang lived in seclusion in the east under the pretext of illness. Baiyun Mountain in the southwest of the county (now Lankao, Henan) was buried there after his death. Later operas and novels also have similar descriptions, saying that Zhang Liangna is still crowned, quit the dynasty to learn Taoism, Liu Bang chased to Baiyun Mountain, Zhang Liang turned away, and his whereabouts are unknown. It can be seen that this view is well-founded.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Zhang Liang temple still exists on the side of Zhang Liang's tomb, there are 3 mountain gates, 3 main halls, 4 rooms in the east and west wings, and the layout of the courtyard is present. There are 6 stone tablets inside and outside the temple, and there are 209 cypress trees and 16 poplar trees in the cemetery. During the "special period", the temple was demolished and the stone monuments were all smashed. Three poplar trees were cut down to make on tables and chairs. Later, the building materials of the temple were demolished and a middle school was built in Sanyi. In 1978, when the Longhai Railway double line was built, 400 square meters of land were occupied in the north of the tomb, and 12 cypress trees were cut down, and there are 197 cypress trees and 13 poplar trees left. According to the survey of the growth rings of the largest cypress tree, the age of the tree is about 230 years.

It is also believed that the cemetery of Zhang Liang is located in present-day Xuzhou Pei. County. According to the Tang Dynasty's "Kuodi Chronicles": "The tomb of Han Zhangliang is in Xuzhou Pei. Sixty-five miles east of the county, close to Liucheng. Again: "So stay in Xuzhou Pei. Fifty-five miles southeast of the county, there is Zhang Liang Temple in the city today. When Liu Bang was the marquis, he promised Zhang Liang to "choose 30,000 households". However, Zhang Liang asked to be given to him on the grounds that he met Liu Bang for the first time in Liucheng. Since the fief is still in Liu, it should be reasonable to be buried near Liucheng after death. This view is based on the documents of the Tang Dynasty, and it is close to the historical facts, and it is also convincing.

Some people also believe that Zhang Liang's cemetery is in Qingyan Mountain in Zhangjiajie, Hunan. The local landscape is beautiful, the forest is quiet, and it is a famous scenic spot. According to the record of "Immortal Interpretation": "Zhang Liang, according to legend, traveled from red pine nuts. There is a tomb in Qingyan Mountain, which is hidden from time to time. "Mausoleum Chronicles" also recorded: "The tomb of Zhang Liang, Marquis of Hanliu, is in Qingyan Mountain." After getting the Huangshi official book, he traveled from red pine nuts. In the middle of the city, Tianmen, Qingyan mountains, there are many relics. According to historical facts, Zhang Liang did make a confession to Liu Bang at the beginning of the feudal marquis that he was "willing to abandon the affairs of the world and want to swim from the red pine seeds". Based on the above records, it is not impossible to say that in his later years, he went to the beautiful scenery of Qingyan Mountain, lived in seclusion to learn Taoism, and was buried in this place after his death.

It is also believed that Zhang Liang's cemetery is located in Zhangshi Mountain, the southernmost part of Tongcheng, Hubei. Legend has it that Zhang Liang fought the waves and sand hammered Qin Shi Huang failed, fled to the lower billet, met Huangshi Gong at the Huishui Bridge, and was inspired and tested by Huangshi Gong many times, and was awarded the "Taigong Art of War", and Huangshi Gong has since disappeared in another famous mountain adjacent to this mountain, "Xiangshi Mountain". After Zhang Liang assisted Han Gao to form the imperial industry, he visited the hermitage of Huangshi Gong, and then came to this mountain to accompany the teacher to live in seclusion, and later the name of the mountain was easily called "Zhang Shi Mountain".

Zhang Liang retired to Tongcheng. County Huangpao Mountain

Legend has it that after Zhang Liang, the prime minister of the Han Dynasty, helped Liu Bang to calm the world, he found Tongcheng, where his teacher Huangshi Gong lived. County Zhang Shi Mountain (Zhang Liang teacher secluded mountain named Zhang Shi Mountain, located in Tongcheng, Xianning City, Hubei Province. northwest of the county). Zhang Liang visited a pleasant Huangpao Mountain about 50 kilometers away from Zhangshi Mountain and lived in seclusion (Huangpao Mountain is located in Tongcheng, Xianning City, Hubei Province. southeast of the county), Zhang Liang also built the "Liangshan Taoist Temple", and founded the "Fagui Academy" not far from the Taoist temple to teach local children to write. The ruins of Vagui Academy are located in Tongcheng, Hubei Province. In the valley of Huangpao Mountain in the county, the ancient stone tablet of Fagui Academy still exists. In order to commemorate Zhang Liang, the descendants of Huangpao Mountain built a bridge and a stone tomb for him.

Han Shin.

After Chen Sheng and Wu Guang rebelled, Xiang Liang also crossed the Huai River to the north, and Han Xin defected to Xiang Liang with a sword at this time, staying in the army and unknown in obscurity. After Xiang Liang was defeated and died, he belonged to Xiang Yu, and Xiang Yu asked him to be Langzhong. Han Xin offered Xiang Yu many suggestions, but Xiang Yu did not accept them. After Liu Bang entered Shu, Han Xin left Chu and returned to Han, and he was still unknown as a petty official who managed the warehouse. Later, Han Xin sat on the law and beheaded, and the thirteen people in the same case had been beheaded, so it was Han Xin's turn, Han Xin raised his eyes and looked up, saw Teng Gong Xiahou Ying, and said: "If you don't want it, the world cares?" What is a strong man! ("Historical Records: The Biography of the Marquis of Huaiyin") Xiahou Ying felt that this person's words were extraordinary, and seeing his mighty appearance, he let him go, talked to him, and admired him very much, so he spoke to the King of Han. The king of Han gave Han Xin an official position in charge of food and salary, and did not find anything unusual about him.

Got acquainted with Xiao He

Han Xin talked with Xiao He many times, and Xiao He also appreciated him very much. Liu Bang was named the king of Han by Xiang Yu (in fact, he was squeezed out of Hanzhong), from Chang'an

A full-body portrait of Han Shin

Danan Zheng, dozens of generals fled. Han Xin estimated that Xiao He and others had recommended themselves in front of Liu Bang many times, but King Han didn't need to use them, and also fled. Xiao He heard that Han Xin had escaped, and he didn't have time to report to Liu Bang so he went to chase Han Xin. Someone in the army reported to the king of Han, "Why is the prime minister dead?" ("Historical Records: The Biography of the Marquis of Huaiyin") Liu Bang was furious, as if he had lost his left and right hands. A day or two later, Xiao He came to see him, Liu Bang was angry and happy, and scolded Xiao He for why he ran away, Xiao He said that he didn't dare to run away, he just went to chase Han Xin who had fled. Liu Bang scolded again, "The generals and the dead are counted in tens, and the public has nothing to pursue; Follow-up, fraud also. Xiao He said: "The generals are easy to hear." As for those who believe, there is no one in the country. The king will want to grow up in the king's Hanzhong, and he will have nothing to believe; He who wants to fight for the world, not those who believe in nothing and have nothing to do. Gu Wang Ce'an's ear. Liu Bang said that he also wanted to develop eastward, and he was by no means willing to live in Hanzhong, and he was determined to take the world. Xiao He said: "The king's plan must be east, and he can use the letter, and the letter is kept; If you can't use it, the letter will die. ("Historical Records: The Biography of the Marquis of Huaiyin") Liu Bang agreed to let Han Xin be a general in Xiao He's affection, but Xiao He insisted on reusing it again, and Liu Bang said that he could make him a general. So Liu Bang wanted to summon Han Xin to appoint him. Xiao He said: "Wang Su is slow and rude, and now he worships the general like a child's ear, and this is the belief that he will go." And the king shall worship it, and shall choose a good day, and fast, and set up an altar, and shall give an offer, and shall have a cor. ("Historical Records: The Biography of the Marquis of Huaiyin") Liu Bang agreed to Xiao He's request.

When the generals heard about it, they were all very happy, and everyone felt that they had the opportunity to be selected as generals. When it came time to worship the general, it was Han Xin, and the whole army was surprised.

After the goodbye

After Han Xin paid his respects, Liu Bang asked Han Xin what was a good plan for the country. Han Xin asked: "Isn't it Xiang Yu who is fighting with you to the east?" The king himself estimated, in terms of the heroic, strong, and excellent troops, who is higher than Xiang Yu and who is inferior? Liu Bang was silent for a long time, thinking that he was not as good as King Xiang. Han Xin bowed again and said approvingly: "Not only the king, but even I think you are inferior to King Xiang." But I have served King Xiang before, so let me talk about King Xiang's character. King Xiang shouted angrily, and thousands of people would be frightened and weak, but he couldn't let go of the appointment of virtuous generals, which was only considered the courage of a horseman. King Xiang treated people with respect and kindness, his language was gentle, and when people were sick, he wept with sympathy, and gave them his own food and drink. But when his subordinates should be knighted if they have merit, he smoothed the edges and corners of the official seal and was reluctant to give it to others, which is the kindness of a woman. Although King Xiang dominated the world and made the princes vassals, he did not live in Guanzhong but Pengcheng, and violated the agreement of Emperor Yi and named his cronies and favorites as kings, and the princes were indignant about this. When the princes saw that King Xiang had expelled Emperor Yi from Jiangnan, they all went back to expel their original king and set themselves up as kings. Wherever Xiang Yu's army passed, they were all ravaged and mutilated, so the people of the world resented him, and the people only reluctantly succumbed to his obscenity. Although he is nominally the leader of the world, he has actually lost the support of the people, so his strength will quickly become weak! Now, if the king can do the opposite and appoint the brave people of the world, why worry that the enemy will not be destroyed! Divide the land of the world to the heroes, why worry about them not surrendering! The soldiers who led LinkedIn Yong who wanted to fight back to their hometown, why worry that the enemy would not be scattered! Moreover, the three Qin kings Zhang Han, Dong Peng, and Sima Xin were originally Qin generals, and they had led Qin's disciples for several years, and countless people died and fled in battle, and deceived their subordinates and generals to surrender to Xiang Yu, and to Xin'an, Xiang Yu used fraudulent means to kill more than 200,000 Qin soldiers, but Zhang Han, Dong Peng, and Sima Xin got rid of it, and the Qin people hated these three people to the core. Now Xiang Yu forcibly crowned these three people as kings by force, and the people of Qin did not support them. When you entered the Wuguan, Qiu did not commit any crimes, abolished the Qin Harsh Torture Law, and made three chapters of the law with the Qin people, and the people of Qin did not want to support you as the king of Guanzhong. According to the agreement of the princes at the beginning, the king should be the king in Guanzhong, and the people in Guanzhong know it. But the king lost his due title and was arranged to be the king in Hanzhong, and the people of Qin all resented King Xiang. Now the king raised an army to the east to attack the territory of Sanqin, and he could be subdued as long as he gave the order.

Liu Bang was overjoyed when he heard this, and thought that he had received the letter too late. Obey Han Xin's words and deploy the generals to prepare for the attack. Han Xin's remarks actually formulated a strategy for Liu Bang to conquer the world.

Showing its edge

In August of the first year of the Han Dynasty (206 BC), Liu Bang, who was crowned King of Han, took the opportunity of Xiang Yu's attack on Tian Rong in Qidi (now most of Shandong), and decided to attack and occupy Guanzhong (the east of Hanzhong City, Shaanxi) to attack and occupy Guanzhong (referring to the area west of Hangu Pass) in the east, and fight with Xiang Yu for the world in the east, and the Chu-Han War broke out. Liu Bangbai Han Xin was the general, with Cao Shen and Fan Hao as the pioneers, using the Qinling Plank Road (also known as "Pavilion Road", "Fu Road", "Pavilion"). In ancient times, in the territory of Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Yunnan provinces in the steep rock cliff to dig holes and build bridges and pavilions into a kind of road, is an important traffic artery in the southwest region at that time) has been burned by the Han army, the three Qin kings slackened paralysis of the opportunity, take the Ming plank road, secretly cross the plan of Chen Cang, send Fan Xu, Zhou Bo led the army more than 10,000 to rush to repair the plank road, attract the attention of the three Qin kings, and personally led the army to sneak out of the old road, over the Qin Mountains, and attack Chen Cang (Xiang Yu sealed the Yongwang Zhanghan territory). Zhang Han hastily led the army to aid Chencang from the waste hill (Yongdu, now southeast of Xingping, Shaanxi), was defeated by the Han army, fled to the waste hill, Haozhi (now east of Qianxian County, Shaanxi), the Han army pursued by different routes, and defeated the Yong army again in Yangdong (now southeast of Wugong, Shaanxi) and Haozhi, and entered the remnants of Zhang Han in the waste hill. After that, he fought continuously, divided his troops and quickly occupied most of Guanzhong, pacified the land of Sanqin, and won the first victory against Chu.

In the second year of the Han Dynasty (205 BC), the King of Han led the Han army out of the customs and subdued Wang Bao of Wei, Shenyang of Henan, Zhengchang of Han, and Sima Yin, King of Yin. Unite Qi Wang Tian Rong and Zhao Wang Xie to attack Chu together. In April, the Han army was defeated and returned. Han Xin recovered the defeated army and joined forces with the Han king in Xingyang, blocked the Chu pursuers, and defeated the Chu army between Beijing and Suo, so that the Han army could regain its strength.

Defeated Pengcheng

When the Han king defeated Pengcheng, Sima Xin, the king of Sai, and Dong Peng, the king of Zhai, rebelled against Han and surrendered to Chu, and Tian Rong, the king of Qi, and Wang Xie of Zhao also rebelled and fought with Chu

Han Shin

And. In June, after Wei Wangbao returned to the feudal kingdom on the grounds of visiting his mother's illness, he blocked Heguan, cut off the retreat of the Han army, and betrayed the Han and Chu to make peace. The king of Han sent Li Sheng to persuade Wei Bao to fail, and in August appointed Han Xin as the prime minister of Zuo to lead the army to attack Wei. The king of Wei deployed heavy troops at Puban and blocked the river pass (the Yellow River crossing was renamed Pujin Pass after Linjin Pass). Han Xin deliberately set up more suspicious soldiers, displaying boats pretending to cross the river pass, but the ambush soldiers crossed the river from Xiayang with wooden basins and barrels instead of boats, and attacked the Wei capital Anyi. Wei Wangbao was shocked and led troops to meet Han Xin, Han Xin won a great victory, captured Wei Wangbao, pacified Wei, and changed Wei to Hedong County.

Liu Bang adopted Han Xin's suggestion of "raising Yan and Zhao in the north, attacking Qi in the east, cutting off the grain route of Chu in the south, and meeting with the king in Xingyang in the west" ("Hanshu Han Xin's Biography"), and insisted on fighting Chu head-on, while increasing Han Xin's troops by 30,000 and ordering him to lead his army eastward to open up the northern battlefield. The king of Han sent Zhang Er and Han Xin to lead troops to attack Zhao Wang Xie in the east, attack Chen Yu in the north, and capture Xiang Xia alive to break the dynasty. That is, the captured elite soldiers were used to supplement Liu Bang's army fighting against Chu in Xingyang to support the frontal battlefield operations.

Han Xin and Zhang Er commanded tens of thousands of troops to attack Zhao through the Taihang Mountain Well. King Zhao and Cheng Anjun, Chen Yu, and Chen soldiers with 200,000 soldiers fought against the Han army at Jingchengkou. Guangwujun Li Zuoche said to Cheng Anjun: "Han Xin crossed the West River, captured the king of Wei, captured Xia, and washed the blood." Now Zhang Er has joined again, taking advantage of the victory to go down to Zhao State, and the army is unstoppable. But I have heard: 'Carrying grain for thousands of miles, the soldiers are in danger of starvation; If you don't go to fetch firewood and cook until it's time to eat, the army won't have enough to eat! This well, the car can not be parallel, the cavalry can not be lined up, march hundreds of miles, its grain and grass will fall behind, I hope you temporarily allocate me 30,000 strange soldiers, I cut off the Han army's heavy grain and grass from the path; You dig deep trenches to protect the barracks, raise the barracks walls, and wait. The Han army cannot fight in front of it, and there is no way to retreat, my troops will cut off the back road of the Han army, and there will be no food to plunder in the wilderness, and within ten days, the heads of Han Xin and Zhang Er will be suspended under your banner. I hope you will consider adopting my plan, or you will be captured by them. ”

Cheng Anjun Chen Yu was a scholar who believed that the army of justice did not need to use trickery, so he objected, saying: "In the art of war, ten times the enemy's strength will surround it, and one times the enemy's strength will fight with it." Although Han Xin claimed to be tens of thousands, in fact there were only thousands, and they came all the way to attack us, and the soldiers were already extremely tired, but we avoided them, and if a stronger enemy came, how would we deal with it? The princes will surely think that we are cowardly, and will attack us easily. In the end, I didn't listen to Li Zuoche's strategy.

Capture Guang Wujun

Han Xin sent someone to spy on him and was very happy to learn that Li Zuoche's plan had not been adopted. Boldly lead troops to come, stationed thirty miles away from the mouth of Jingcheng, select 2,000 light cavalry in the middle of the night, hold a red flag, camouflage and hide on the hillside from the path, peep at the Zhao army, and warn the soldiers: When the Zhao army sees our army attacking, it must come out, so you take the opportunity to quickly rush into the camp of the Zhao army, pull out the banner of the Zhao state, and plant the red flag of the Han army. At the same time, he ordered the deputy general to send an order to everyone: "We will have dinner after defeating the Zhao army today." None of the soldiers believed it, so they had to pretend that it was. Han Xin also convened the generals to analyze that the Zhao army had already occupied a favorable position, and before they saw the Han generals, they would definitely be worried that we would encounter danger and retreat, and they would not easily send troops to attack us. So Han Xin sent 10,000 people as the vanguard and set up a formation with his back to the river, and Zhao Jun was stunned when he saw that the Han army had no way to retreat. As soon as the morning dawned, Han Xin played the banner of the general and the guard of honor, and marched to the Jingchengkou with drums. Zhao Junguo went out of the camp to meet the attack, and the battle lasted for a long time, Han Xin and Zhang Er abandoned the drum flag, feigned defeat, and retreated to the military formation by the river. Seeing this, Zhao Jun really poured out to chase Han Xin and Zhang Er, competing for the banner that Han had dropped. Han Xin and Zhang Er retreated to the riverside position, and the water army faced the Zhao army, each fighting desperately, and the Zhao army could not defeat them. At this time, the 2,000 light cavalry sent by Han Xin, when the Zhao army poured out to pursue the Han army and compete for the spoils of war, immediately rushed into the Zhao army camp, pulled out the banner of the Zhao army, and erected 2,000 red flags of the Han army. The Zhao army was invincible for a long time and wanted to retreat to the camp, but when they saw that the camp was full of Han red flags, they were shocked, thinking that the Han army had captured all the kings of Zhao and his generals. Although Zhao Jiang beheaded several people and tried his best to stop them, it was ineffective. At this time, the Han army attacked from both sides, broke the Zhao army, killed Cheng Anjun Chen Yu at Lushui (now Weihe, Hebei Province), and captured Zhao Wangxie alive.

Han Xin also ordered that Li Zuoche was not allowed to be killed in the army, and those who could capture him would be rewarded with a thousand gold. Soon, after capturing Guang Wujun, Han Xin personally stepped forward to loosen the tie and asked Guang Wujun to sit facing east and perform the disciple's gift himself. Han Xin won a complete victory, and the generals came to congratulate and asked: "In the art of war, it is said that the formation should be 'the right back to the mountain mausoleum, the left to the water', but now the general is back to the water, and also said that after breaking the Zhao army, we were not convinced, but we won, what kind of tactic is this?" Han Xin said: "This is in the art of war, Gu Zhujun Fuchar. Doesn't the art of war say 'fall into the place of death and then live, and throw into the place of death and then survive'? And I believe that if you have to be a doctor of the scholars, through the so-called 'driving people to fight in the city', its momentum is not a place of death, everyone fights for themselves; ("Hanshu Han Xin Biography") all the generals sighed to themselves when they heard it, and admired Han Xin's military skills even more.

Be humble and ask

Adopt the strategy of Guangwu Jun

Then Han Xin asked Li Zuoche for advice on attacking Yan (Yan Wang Zang Di, Du Ji, now Beijing) and Vaqi. Guangwu Jun thanked him and said, "I heard

Han Xin's inscription is a full-body portrait

[1], the generals of the defeated army cannot speak bravely, and the ministers of the fallen country dare not speak of politics. Now that I am a general of a defeated army and a prisoner of the lost country, where am I qualified to talk to you about national affairs?" Han Xin said: "I heard that when Baili Xi was in Yu State, Yu State perished, and Qin State was hegemonic in Qin State, not because he was stupid when he was in Yu State and smart when he was in Qin State, but whether the monarch reused him and whether he adopted his opinion. If Cheng Anjun and Chen Yu listen to your plan, then I, Han Xin, will now become a prisoner. I sincerely ask you for advice, please do not refuse. Guangwujun said: "I have heard: A wise man thinks a thousand times, and there must be a mistake; A fool thinks a thousand times, and he will get one. So even if it is a prisoner's words, the saint can selectively adopt them. But I am afraid that my strategy may not be worth adopting, but I am willing to offer my humble opinion. Although Cheng Anjun had a plan to win a hundred battles, he could miscalculate one move, and the army was defeated and died. Now the general waded into the West River, captured the king of Wei and the leopard, captured Xia and said Yu Yanhe, captured the Jingchengkou in one fell swoop, and defeated Zhao's 200,000 army in less than a morning, and killed Cheng Anjun, famous in the sea, and shocked the world. Bringing down the farming tools of the enemy country, stopping work, eating haode, wearing haode, and listening attentively to the news that you ordered the march are the strengths. However, the soldiers were tired, and the actual situation was that it was difficult to use the troops. Now the general wants to lead the tired and toiling soldiers, stop under the city held by the Yan State, and if he wants to fight, he is afraid that it will drag on for too long, Liliang is exhausted and cannot be conquered, the truth is exposed, and the weak Yan refuses to surrender, and the Qi State will inevitably stick to the border in order to strengthen itself. Yan and Qi can't hold each other, so Liu Bang and Xiang Yu can't tell the difference. This is the weakness of the general. I think the strategy of 'attacking Yan in the north and attacking Qi in the east' is a mistake. Those who are good at using soldiers often use their own strengths to attack the weaknesses of others. It is better for the general to stay still, rest the soldiers, stabilize Zhaodi, compensate the orphans, reward the soldiers with cattle and wine every day, and put on a posture of attacking Yan State. Then send a debater to lobby Yan Guo and fully show his advantages in front of Yan Guo, Yan will not dare to disobey you. After Yan surrendered, he sent a debater to say that Yan had surrendered to Han to say that Qi would obey the wind, and even if there were smart people, they would not know how to plan for Qi. In this way, the big things in the world will be easy to do. The way of using troops is to have a strategy of seizing the people first and then moving the actual one. ”

Han Xin listened to Guangwujun's strategy and sent an envoy to Yan, who immediately surrendered when he heard the news. Han Xin also asked to set up Zhang Er as the king of Zhao and pacify the state of Zhao, and Liu Bang agreed, so he named Zhang Er the king of Zhao.

At this time, Chu sent troops to cross the Yellow River to attack Zhao many times, and Zhang Er, the king of Zhao, and Han Xin came to the rescue, and settled many Zhao cities during the march, and sent troops to support Liu Bang. At that time, the state of Chu was besieging Liu Bang in Xingyang, Liu Bang fled to Wan and Yejian, and subdued Yingbu to enter Chenggao, and Chu hurriedly besieged Chenggao. In June of the third year of the Han Dynasty, the king of Han crossed the Yellow River to the east from Chenggao, and ran to the Zhang Er army of Xiuwu alone with Xiahou Ying, and called himself the Han envoy Zhao military camp early in the morning. Before Zhang Er and Han Xin got up, Liu Bang went straight into his bedroom, seized their seal letter talismans, summoned the princes, and transferred the positions of the princes. When Zhang Er and Han Xin got up, they learned that King Han had come, and they couldn't help but be shocked. The king of Han seized the army of the two, ordered Zhang Er to defend the land of Zhao, and appointed Han Xin as the prime minister. Collect the Zhao soldiers who were not transferred to Xingyang to attack the Qi State.

Clever plan

Han Xin led his troops to the east to attack Qi, but before he reached the crossing of the plains, he learned that Li Shiqi had said that Qi had returned to Han. Han Xin wanted to stop, Fan Yang argued

An Zhijie's version of Han Xin

He persuaded Han Xin and said: "The general has been ordered to attack the Qi State, and the Han King has only sent a secret envoy to persuade the Qi State to submit to obedience, is there an edict to stop the attack?" Besides, Li Sheng is just a lobbyist, with a three-inch tongue to subjugate more than 70 cities in the Qi State, the general commanded tens of thousands of horses, and it took more than a year to capture more than 50 cities in Zhao, is a general not as good as a Confucian scholar?" Han Xin listened to Kuaitong's words and led his troops across the river to attack Qi. At this time, the state of Qi had decided to surrender to the Han and the vigilance of the Han army was relaxed, and Han Xin took the opportunity to attack the army of Qi stationed in Li, and fought all the way to Linzi. Qi Wang Tian Guang was frightened, thinking that Li Shiqi had betrayed him, so he boiled him to death.