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Ma Chao in history:

Ma Chao (176-222) (47 years old), the name Mengqi, a native of Fufeng Maoling (now Xingping, Shaanxi), Han nationality. General of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. Ma Chao, a famous family, his father Ma Teng, the word Shoucheng, after the Han Fubo general Ma Yuan, Teng's father Ma Su, the word Zishuo, Emperor Han Huan was the lieutenant of Langan County in Tianshui, and then lost his official position and went to Longxi, married the Qiang girl Ma Teng, so Ma Chao has a quarter of the Qiang blood.

killed the family members who were hostages, confessed the enemy as a father-in-law, and left the lives of the whole family behind. Ma Chao in history was originally a strategic, unsympathetic and brave guy, who concentrated almost all the heroic qualities, and Ma Chao in the romance was a little white. As for Ma Chao in folklore, he is the same idealized young hero as Luo Cheng , Yue Yun and others, Prince Charming. This article will tell you about Ma Chao, who is different from the romance in history.

The first unsolved case about Ma Chao in history is whether his father Ma Teng was killed by him. In ancient China, there has always been a tradition of "kings, ministers, fathers, sons", and the son killed his father, which can be described as a serious sin. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" has helped Ma Chao exonerate himself, Luo Guanzhong wrote: Ma Chao dreamed one day that he was lying in the snow, and a group of tigers were coming, knowing that it was an ominous omen, and sure enough, his cousin Ma Dai staggered in, saying that Ma Teng had been killed by Cao Cao in Xudu. Ma Chao then joined forces with Han Sui to avenge his father.

"Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is three points false and seven points true, behind this seemingly simple historical event, there are actually hidden mergers and anti-merger struggles between several power groups, and even Ma Chao's character. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the royal family declined, the Guanxi warlords occupied the mountains as kings, divided the territory and fought in a melee, and even between Ma Teng and Han Sui, who were called brothers, there was a feud against his wife. Ma Teng and Han Sui are two war opportunists, who have experienced countless wars in their lives, promoted from a cloth cloth to a general, worshiped brothers, and soon turned against each other because of trivial matters. Ma Teng's wife was killed by Han Sui in the melee, and from then on, the two brothers continued to fight each other, until the commander of the school, Zhong Xuan, came to mediate, and it came to an end.

In the thirteenth year of Jian'an (208 AD), Zhong Miao was afraid that Han and Ma would have another contradiction, and at the signal of Cao Cao, Ma Teng was summoned to Beijing as an official. Ma Tengrong Ma has been a horse all his life, and he may want to enjoy some blessings at this time, so he happily entered Beijing as a guard lieutenant, and his status was under the three dukes, and his son Ma Xiu, Ma Tie and his family also migrated to Ye, and only Ma Chao stayed in Kansai and commanded Ma Teng's old department. In the sixteenth year of Jian'an (211 AD), Cao Cao ordered Zhong Xuan to lead his troops into Chang'an, and released rumors along the way, wanting to take advantage of Guanxi to attack Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. How could Ma Chao and Han Sui and the warlords of Guanxi rest assured that the imperial army would pass through their territory, so they simply rebelled together, and several armies killed Chang'an together. The so-called borrowing of the Tao is just Cao Cao's "false way to cut down the enemy", he wanted to take the opportunity to test the attitude of the Kansai warlords, and as a result, Ma Chao and Han Sui really rebelled. "Dictionary" also recorded such a historical material, Ma Chao wanted to form an alliance with Han Sui to fight against Cao, so he met Han Sui and said, "Today Chao abandoned his father, took the general as his father, and the general should also abandon his son, and took Chao as his son", describing Ma Chao as very unfilial and unjust. The author of "Classics" Yu Feng is the Jingzhao of Wei State, and he has no good impression of Ma Chaonaturally who committed rebellion.

Therefore, what is contained in the "Dictionary" should not be the standard for judging Ma Chao. The reason why Ma Chao is suspected of harming his biological father is that when he rebelled, Ma Teng was not dead. In the summer of the seventeenth year of Jian'an (212), Cao Cao ordered the killing of Ma Teng, the three tribes, and almost all of the more than 200 members of the Ma family were killed. The central Cao Cao deliberately found fault, and the local warlord Ma Chao rebelled to protect himself, which was nothing new in the Three Kingdoms. However, the old father Ma Teng is an official in the court, and the whole family of more than 200 is still in the hands of Cao Cao, regardless of the safety of the old father and his family, he insists on rebelling, and Ma Chao's approach has been criticized by historians of all dynasties. Cao Cao did not kill Ma Teng when Ma Chao raised his army, but chose to do it the following year, and it was at this time that he defeated Ma Chao and others and grasped the initiative in the war. In Tongguan, Ma Chao saw Cao Cao from afar and wanted to use brute force to go up and capture him, but he was afraid of Xu Chu's courage before he did it. Ma Chao and Xu Chu met each other, and naturally there was a vicious fight, so "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" has "Xu Chu naked fighting Ma Chao".

In fact, there is no such vicious fight in the official history, just like the later "Ma Chao vs. Zhang Fei", which is all a fiction of Luo Guanzhong; The so-called Tongguan "cutting his beard and abandoning his robe" was just Luo Guanzhong putting gold on Ma Chao's face, and Ma Chao was defeated, directly involving more than 200 family members who were murdered. Historically, Ma Chao's force is also a mystery. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms: The Biography of Zhang Ji" records such an old story: Ma Chao once fought with Han Sui's son-in-law Yan Xing, "When the line is stabbed over, the spear is broken, because the spear is overtaken and killed." Yan Xing was just a small person in the Three Kingdoms, but because he defeated Ma Chao, he suddenly became Cao Cao's big celebrity. The battle could not be won, Ma Chao began to look for a way out, he first sent an envoy to ask for "cutting the west of the river to ask for peace", and later repeatedly "fixed the land", bent on cutting the land and standing on his own. Cao Cao did not allow it, and then broke Ma Chao, Han Sui, and Guanxi Suiping. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" put the responsibility on Han Sui again, saying that Han Sui turned his back on Ma Chao and surrendered to Cao Cao, and was officially named the Marquis of Xiliang. In fact, Han Sui and Ma Chao fought side by side until May 215, when they were killed by their subordinates.

In the eighteenth year of Jian'an (213), Ma Chao regrouped in Liangzhou, relied on the Qiang people to make a comeback, and almost won the entire Longxi. Jizhou assassin Shi Weikang surrendered in Kaicheng, but Ma Chao killed more than 40 members of Weikang's family, but did not doubt Yang Fu and Jiang Xu, who were stubbornly resistant, and continued to appoint. Soon, Xiahou Yuan was ordered by Cao Cao to enter Longxi, Ma Chao led the troops to resist the enemy, Yang Fu and Jiang Xu took the opportunity to rebel, Ma Chao was difficult to care about, and defected to Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. Prior to this, Ma Chao raided Licheng and caught Jiang Xu's mother, Jiang's mother scolded: "You betray your father's rebellious son, kill the king's thief, how can heaven and earth tolerate you for a long time, and you don't die early, dare to look at people with your face!" In this regard, Mao Zongren of Qingyun in the Northern Song Dynasty commented, "If Ma Chao is a general, he can be a general, not a general." It can't be called benevolent to kill Wei Kang and slaughter the people! He does not doubt Yang Fu, and he cannot be called wise. ”

Yang Fu and Jiang Xu rebelled, Ma Chao's wife and children remained in Jizhou, becoming a ghost under the knife, Ma Chao only escaped with a few relatives such as his younger brother Ma Dai and the general Pang De, and another battle defeat affected his wife and his infant son, I don't know what Ma Chao will feel in his heart. In this defeat, Ma Chao finally lost his status as a hero, and from then on he could only send people under the fence, and the bleak situation of his middle age also began from this. Zhang Lu has been in Hanzhong for many years, bitter and unscrupulous, seeing Ma Chao come to vote, he was overjoyed, thinking that from now on, "the west can swallow Yizhou, and the east can reject Cao Cao", and he was ready to recruit Ma Chao as his son-in-law, and then gave up because of Yang Bai in the camp. Yang Bai said that the tragic killing of Ma Chao's wife and children was caused by Ma Chao's harm, how can you still marry your daughter to him? Zhang Lu was suspicious of Ma Chao and no longer trusted. I want to talk with more like-minded people about "The Sanction System of Glory of Kings", " ", talk about life, and find a confidant~