Among the oceans, the Pacific coast and some of its islands and reefs are the most diverse, followed by the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean is the least, and the Arctic Ocean coast is not distributed. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info

On the east coast of the Pacific Ocean, from Alaska in the north to the west coast of Canada, the United States, and Mexico, abalone is distributed in the south; On the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, from the Kamchatka Peninsula in the north, along Japan, the Korean Peninsula, China, the Philippines, the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, to Australia, New Zealand, and then south to the south of New Zealand, more than 1,000 kilometers south of New Zealand, there are abalone distributions on the island of Macchie, which is located in the subantarctic; However, no abalone has been found in the Hawaiian Islands.

Around the Indian Ocean, along the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf, and southward along the east coast of Africa, Tanzania, Madagascar, and the Cape of Good Hope, abalone is also distributed, and the production is mostly in the southern tip of Africa.

Abalone is found only along the eastern coast of the Atlantic Ocean, along the west coast of Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, and north to the southern part of the English Channel, but not in large quantities.

To date, abalone has not been reported only on the east coast of North America and in the coastal waters of South America.

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Unlike ordinary snails, most of them reproduce through mating, and they secrete membranous or gelatinous things when they lay eggs, which coat the eggs and lay them separately or form a group of eggs. Abalone is dioecious, but it does not mate. In the breeding season, after the male and female gonads mature, they will discharge sperm and eggs into the seawater outside the body, and the eggs can be fertilized and developed when they encounter sperm in the seawater, which is very similar to the reproduction of bivalves. The male and female of the abalone are not easy to see from the appearance, and it is necessary to look at its gonads to determine, and the gonads are well developed during the breeding season, with the females being dark green and the males pale yellow. The spawning period of abalone varies depending on the species and region. In Qingdao, the abalone generally reproduces in summer and autumn, and the eggs are fertilized through the planktonic trochal larvae and the larvae of the dough plate, and then sink to the bottom of the sea to metamorphose into the young abalone. The growth of abalone is relatively slow, the shell can reach 2~3 cm after one year, and the large shell can reach 4~5 cm after two years. Abalone with a shell length of more than 10 cm is about six or seven years long.

1. Juvenile abalone must be baited, and the quality of the bait is directly related to the growth rate of abalone. Generally, abalone about 3 mm can not eat macroalgae, mainly rely on attached diatoms as food, at this time do not need to be baited; After it grows to 5~6 mm, it begins to eat delicate algae such as moss. As the individual grows, it becomes dominated by macroalgae. The number and quantity of natural sea area and breeding bait depend on the season, the water temperature is high in summer, the seaweed is perishable, the phyllodes decay and sink to the bottom, the ammonia nitrogen in the water increases, and the dissolved oxygen decreases, which is easy to cause the deterioration of the culture environment and affects the normal activities of abalone, so at this time, the bait is once every 2~3 days, and the amount of feeding should be less, which shall prevail after being able to eat.

Seaweed multiplies, abundant bait.

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The water is clear and smooth, the proportion of seawater is stable, and the sea area remains above 1.020 throughout the year.

The substrate is rocky reef blocks.

The sea area is free of industrial pollution, there are few predators, and there is no freezing in winter and drift ice in spring.

Bottom culture: about 2 cm of young abalone are placed in the breeding cage, with 10~30% of the bait, closed and placed on the seabed; It is also possible to place young abalone directly in the sea area with better natural conditions (multiplication).

Raft culture: the juvenile abalone is placed in the abalone breeding cage, and then fixed on the floating cage for breeding, regular bait, removal of fecal impurities, residual bait, washing sludge, dredging water flow.

Pond aquaculture: In areas where conditions are available, ponds can be built on land and flowing water and aerated aquaculture can be used.

Factory farming: a breeding method that builds an abalone breeding room and controls the water temperature by building a cooling and heating system.

Tunnel aquaculture: Intensive aquaculture (can be called a kind of factory farming) by treating water quality by using the natural conditions of the pit itself with constant temperature.

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Abalone is a traditional Chinese precious ingredient, its meat is delicate, rich in umami, ranked one of the eight "sea treasures", known as the "crown of seafood", is an extremely precious seafood, has always enjoyed a good reputation in the international market. Not only that, abalone is highly nutritious and has extremely high medicinal value. It is recorded in the "Compendium of Materia Medica" that abalone is flat in nature, sweet in taste, salty, can brighten the eyes and replenish deficiency, clear heat and nourish yin, nourish blood and stomach, and nourish liver and kidney, so it is called "bright-eyed fish". According to the Pharmacopoeia, abalone shell, also known as Cassia Stone, is a well-known Chinese herbal medicine, which can calm the liver and latent yang, remove heat and brighten the eyes, and has therapeutic effects on headache and dizziness, eye redness, dizziness, blue blindness and other symptoms. It is recorded in the "Yellow Emperor's Neijing" that abalone juice is used to treat blood dryness. Olaechea et al. found that abalone is rich in protein, of which 30%~50% is collagen, which is much higher than other fish and shellfish. Li Taiwu, Chen Wei and others have successively measured and studied the nutrients in the body of wrinkled abalone, and found that abalone is rich in protein, amino acids and mineral elements such as calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), magnesium (Mg) and other mineral elements that play an important role in regulating the body's acid-base balance and maintaining neuromuscular excitation. Yi Meihua et al. determined the nutritional composition of sheep abalone and variegated abalone, and the results showed that abalone was high in protein, low in fat, complete in amino acids, reasonable in ratio, rich in vitamin E and trace elements. At the same time, abalone meat is also rich in physiologically active substances such as EPA, DHA, taurine and superoxide dismutase. The research of Peng Wenduo et al. showed that variegated abalone contains all essential amino acids, the content of active substance taurine is almost the same as the total amount of free amino acids, and the content of selenium (Se), the "spark of life", is much higher than that of common marine shellfish such as mussels, oysters, and clams, and the content of vitamins of various groups is very rich, and the concentration of phospholipids is also high.

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Abalone is rich in nutrition, containing 64g of protein, 2g of fat, 3g of sugars per 100g of dry products, and is also rich in a variety of physiologically active substances such as EPA, DHA, taurine, superoxide dismutase, etc., and is also rich in metal elements (Ca2+, Mg2+, etc.) that play an important role in maintaining the body's acid-base balance and neuromuscular excitation. It was found that abalone muscle digest could significantly improve the exercise tolerance, stress ability and immune function of mice, and had a significant effect on learning and memory. The aqueous supernatant of abalone muscle has obvious anticoagulant effect and has a very significant effect on enhancing the fibrinolytic activity of rabbits, which provides evidence for the blood activation effect of abalone. There are also minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, iron, and a variety of vitamins that are needed by the human body.