The things left over from history have been precipitated, and they can be said to be the essence of the part, in order to study the wisdom of the predecessors, Hua Feng had to invest more energy in it. For a while, the communication with Yunmeng also became a lot less.

Of course, the ancient "teacher's saying" should be embodied by the "book", but the "Yi Ji Ci Shang" said: "Zi said: The book is not exhaustive, and the words are not exhaustive", in the eyes of the ancients, the "book" is far from exhausting the "teacher's saying...... However, in ancient times, there were generally no "books" in the teacher's teaching, and it was often taught by oral transmission...... As long as the students "are not enough to be famous" (that is, they have not yet established another teacher's doctrine and established their own school), then "words must be called teachers, and words are not done", not only to sort out and record the teacher's remarks, to explain and expound the teacher's thoughts, but also often attached to various reference materials and experiences, as a matter of course, their collation and ancillary benefits are all attributed to the teacher's name, "there is no need to distinguish between handwritten and which is written in the family."

In other words, "copyright" may not be clear, but "teacher theory" and "family law" must be unambiguous. This is probably the most fundamental point for understanding the age of ancient books.

Yan Kejun's "Iron Bridge Comic Manuscript" Volume 8 "After the Book Tube" "The sons of the first Qin Dynasty are all disciples, and later guests or descendants write it, so they don't have to write it by hand." ”

Zhang Xuecheng has a broader understanding of the general rules of ancient books, he said: "The ancients imitated their scholars for their words, and their words did not fight for this frontier and the other side.

Regarding the later events in the Zhuzishu, Zhang Xuecheng believes that the Zhuzishu "compiles its words and deeds, and does not need to do what it discusses." ”

From the pre-Qin period to the early Han Dynasty, sub-learning flourished. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, with the rise of Confucianism and the establishment of unified feudal thought, the era of a hundred schools of thought contending has ended, and the princes began to decline. At the same time that Zhuzi began to decline, Taoism began to flourish. Confucianism has always been officially supported, and its revered position has not changed, and Taoism, as an important supplement to Confucianism, has never been extinguished.

Five years after Emperor Wu Yuanshuo, although the policy of building a book collection and placing the official who wrote the book, the legends of the sons were all hidden in the secret mansion, and not distributed to the people. In the third year of Emperor Heping, Guanglu doctor Liu Xiang was the secretary of the school (that is, the scriptures, the biography, the sons, and the poems), and the confessor Chen Nong asked for a testament in the world.

This is the meaning of Qin Shi Huang's "collection of poems", "books", and hundreds of languages to fool the people. Since this search, the biographies of the sons have been filled with secrets, and the county has rarely passed on books. Therefore, between Heping and Yangshuo, Dongping Si Wang Yu came to the dynasty and wrote to ask for the princes and the Taishi Gongshu. General Wang Fengbai: "Zhuzishu or anti-scripture techniques, non-saints, or ghosts and gods, and monsters." Taishi Gongshu, there is a conspiracy of the Warring States Period. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the ministers were wonderful, the heavenly officials were different, and the terrain was not suitable for the princes and kings. No, no. The Son of Heaven is like a phoenix, so he does not agree. ”

As Luo Zhuo said in "The Study of the Sons", the books of the sons of the Han Dynasty were hidden in the secret mansion, and they were not close to them, and they could not be compared with them. If you want to be a scholar, you can't ask for it, and you can't borrow it. It is to change private learning to official learning, and still attack the wisdom of the Qin government and the foolish people. The decline of sub-learning is not the drawbacks of the absolute monarchy of the day, and I don't believe it.

The beginning of the rise of the sons was also due to the untie of the king of the weekend, and its abolition was also due to the Qin system's officials. Since the rest of the causes, all of them are due to these two causes. Therefore, the study of nine streams and hundreds of schools of thought, until modern times, has had the opportunity for revival.

Sima said: "We believe that Yu Jiaxi's statement is more in line with the facts of the ancient books, and his views are fair and fair. Therefore, Sima Shi went on to say: The ancient books of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties were often gradually finalized in the process of passing from father to son and teacher to brother, although the ancestor or a certain generation of grandmaster was called the author of the book when it was finalized, but as a family study that ran through the "family law" of the ancestor, it was actually a collective work of fathers and sons and disciples who passed down from father to son.

Sima Shi said: "The writings of the sons of the pre-Qin dynasty were generally edited by later generations, and the editors compiled historical events related to the authors into the books, just as the anthologies compiled by later generations were accompanied by the author's biography, lines, and inscriptions. For example, "Guanzi" records Guan Zhong's dying and posthumous affairs, and "Zhuangzi Lie Yukou" records "Zhuangzi is about to die, and his disciples want to bury him" and so on.

The 20th century was a period of great discovery of silk and silk documents, and a large number of Han and Jin wooden tablets and silk books were unearthed. "The discovery of the ancient books is not only a supplement in quantity, a supplement in variety, an advance in the age of the text, and the modification of individual words and sentences, but more importantly, it makes us begin to have a direct feeling of the original appearance of the ancient books, especially the earliest ancient books.

We can see with our own eyes the true nature of ancient books, and solve all kinds of problems about the book system at that time through physical objects. We can also summarize many general principles from it, and begin to have a more in-depth understanding of the creation of ancient books, the composition of ancient books, the reading of ancient books, the interpretation of ancient books, the selection and elimination of ancient books, and the dissemination and preservation of ancient books. ”

Li Xueqin summarized ten situations worthy of attention in the survey of ancient silk books: lost and extinct in name, extended, modified by later generations, recompiled, combined into volumes, single lines, coexistence of different texts, and change of text.

For example, Zen Buddhism wants to collect the "Six Patriarchs Altar Sutra", the first complete manuscript found in Dunhuang is less than the content of the Song and Yuan Dynasty inscriptions, which is close to the original Huineng, and the earliest existing Huixin book is actually based on this expansion and adaptation.

Liang Ruan Xiaoxu (479-536) said: "In the Wei and Jin dynasties, there were more than a wide range of literature, all of which were hidden in the secretaries and the three pavilions at home and abroad. Wei Secretary Lang Zhengmo deleted the old text, and the commentators of the time said that Zhu Zi was different.

Jin Ling's secretary supervisor Xun Xuan, because of Wei's "Zhongjing", but also wrote "New Book", although it is divided into more than ten volumes, and there are always four parts. "Seven Strategies" collects the bibliography "Seven Strategies" and "Seven Chronicles" of various collections since the Song and Qi Dynasties, and participates in the school with the official catalog "Wendedian Bibliography", which is a total collection of families. The sub-categories belong to the "Zibing Lu Taoism", and the "Seven Records" of Song Youyuan's "Sui Chutang Bibliography" shows that this book still exists in the Southern Song Dynasty. Today, only the "Preface to the Seven Records" has been handed down to this day.

Many bibliophiles of the Southern Dynasties had catalogues of their collections. Liang Renfang of the Southern Dynasty compiled the earliest catalogue of private collections. "Book of Liang" Volume 14 "The Biography of Ren Fang": "Fang tomb books are everywhere, although the family is poor, the collection of books to more than 10,000 volumes, the rate is different. Fang, Gaozu made the scholar He Zonggong Shen to investigate his bibliography, and if the official did not have it, he took it from the Fang family. ”

"Preface to the Seven Records": "Since the Song and Qi dynasties, the palace of the princes and gentry has been able to accumulate tombs, and they must think of their name books." "The circulation of ancient books and documents will inevitably undergo some changes in both content and form. By the time Ruan Xiaoxu compiled the Seven Records of the Liang Dynasty, 552 books had died, and only 44 remained.

Even if the "Historical Records" was already missing in the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty, and Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, Dr. Chu Shaosun had made up for it, and when Ban Gu repaired the "Book of Han", "ten articles were missing, and there were no books".

The "Records of the Historians" and the "Book of Songs", which are important classics that have been circulated, will still be scattered, and it can be inferred that the amount of scattered literature is by no means a small number. Therefore, Ma Duanlin's "Preface to the Examination of the Classics of the General Examination of Literature": "The histories of the Han, Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties all have artistic and literary chronicles, but the books contained in the "Hejaz" are examined by the "Sui Zhi", and six or seven of them have died out of ten; "The pre-Qin ancient books have been preserved to this day, less than one percent of the original.

The true delusion of the ancient theory, Mencius made its beginning, Wang Chong Chang his thread, and Liu Zhiji of the Tang Dynasty was "Stone", and there were two doubtful ancient scriptures. Qing Cui wrote about the examination of the letters, and it was said that the books of the Warring States, Qin, and Han were not credible. Today, the theory of Zhuzi has been examined, and the authenticity of the Zishu has been debated since the former Han Liu father and son wrote "Farewell Records" and "Seven Strategies".

The so-called supporters of it must have this doctrine in the ancients, and later generations will pass it on and record it by word of mouth. As Confucius said in the Spring and Autumn Period, dictate Zi Xia, Zi Xia also orally passed on to the ram Gao, and when it was passed to Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, the ram Shou was a total disciple of Hu Wuzi who was written on bamboo silk, yes. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, scholars were trained and educated, and Erya was the Bible.

Those who rely on or increase the sons of the only ones are denounced as fake books. Zhang Xuecheng "I don't know that there were no writings in ancient times, and the Warring States period began to use bamboo silk instead of oral hearing, which is not a false pretense."

Regarding the evolution of the structure of ancient books, Li Ling made a vivid analogy in "Ancient Books on Silk and Scholarly Origins": "The ancient books of the Warring States Qin and Han dynasties are like gas, and the types and composition of the volumes are very different from those of later generations; the ancient books of the Sui and Tang dynasties are like liquids, although they are not very stable, but the types and compositions are gradually unified; and the ancient books after the Song Dynasty are solid, and all the stereotypes, and the changes are mostly the mistakes of transcription or reproduction."

Zhuzishu.

Xiong Tieji said in "A Detailed Analysis of Liu Xiang's School Books": The chapters, texts and even some titles of the ancient books of the Western Han Dynasty and before them that have been handed down in later generations and even that we see today were all proofread by Liu Xiang. At that time, almost all books were understood, identified and even transformed by them, and of course they were inevitably marked by the times.

However, for a long time, this point has not been fully understood, and it is thought that the ancient books of the pre-Qin period read by later generations and even today are the original ones, which will inevitably lead to misunderstandings of one kind or another, and conclusions that are inconsistent with historical truth. Many scholars in the past generations have discovered some problems, so they have doubts and identifications, so there are works that are false. Judging from the existing "Book Records" and related records, some of the books are completely newly compiled. For example, the Book of Liezi...... It can be seen that Liu Xiang completely compiled a new book of "Liezi".

Huang Aiping said in Chapter 8 of "Chinese Historical Philology", "From the Pre-Qin Dynasty to the Two Han Dynasty: The Origin and Foundation Period of Historical Philology: The Controversy of a Hundred Schools of Thought and the Literature of Zhuzi", that according to the records in the "Zhuzi Luo" of the "Han Shuyi Wenzhi", there were "one hundred and eighty-nine families of Zhuzi, 4,324 articles".

After historical development, especially after the Qin and Han dynasties, with the establishment of the dominance of Confucianism, Zhuzi's thought was regarded as heresy, and most of his writings were obliterated. There are only more than 20 kinds that have been handed down to this day, such as "Mencius", "Laozi", "Zhuangzi", "Mozi", "Guanzi", "Wenzi", "Liezi", "Yin Wenzi", "Han Feizi", "Lü's Spring and Autumn" and so on.