Although many things have changed since the development of the farm, the concept of "everything in the earth" still exists. Huafeng also hopes to better carry forward the tradition of farming. The excitement of Baijia also managed to attract his attention, and he continued to read:

Novelist.

The novelist, one of the ten families of the pre-Qin Dynasty, collected folklore and discussion to investigate folk customs and customs. "Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicle" cloud: "The flow of novelists is covered by barnyard officials." The gossip of the streets, the creation of hearsay. ”

The origin of the novelist should be from the barnyard official, that is, from the storyteller for a living. Its meaning is mostly made by street talk and hearsay. Spread the recitation of the public opinion, and the poetry is inquired in the sting.

In ancient times, people took saints on top, history as books, and poems as poems, reciting proverbs, doctors' regulations, and scholars rumored and many people slandered them. As for Meng Chun, he sought songs and ballads, and toured the province to watch people's poems to know the customs. If it is wrong, it will be corrected, and if it is lost, it will be hearsay, and it will not be completed. The novelist can represent the customs of the common people. However, because of its small path, it is not valued by the world, and it will eventually perish.

Soldiers.

The focus of the military is to guide the war, and how to use force when it is necessary to use force to achieve the goal. The founder is Sun Wu, and the soldiers are divided into four categories: military power strategists, military situation strategists, military yin and yang experts, and military technicians.

The main representatives of the military family were Sun Wu and Sima Sui Tho in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and Sun Bin, Wu Qi, Wei Yi, Wei Wuji, and Bai Qi in the Warring States period. Today's surviving military works include "Yellow Emperor Yin Fu Jing", "Six Tao", "Three Strategies", "Sun Tzu's Art of War", "Sima Law", "Sun Bin Art of War", "Wu Zi", "Wei Xuanzi" and so on.

Although there are similarities and differences between the various theories, they contain rich elements of naïve materialism and dialectics. The practical activities and theories of the soldiers had a great influence on the time and later generations, and they are the precious military ideological heritage of our country in ancient times. [From] Western Han Dynasty Sima Qian's "Historical Records: The Biography of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng": "Jia Sheng was young and quite familiar with the books of the hundred schools of thought. Emperor Wen summoned him as a doctor. ”

Bingjia is a general term for strategists and military strategists in ancient China, and also refers to the pre-Qin faction of strategy and war research. The important works of the military family include "The Art of War", "Wu Zi", "The Art of War of Sun Bin", "Sima Law", "Liutao", "Three Strategies" and "Wei Xuanzi".

The master of the military family is Sun Wu's "The Art of War". Since ancient times, soldiers have always been valued in China. The development of military books in China has a long history, and military books were produced in the Western Zhou Dynasty and matured in the Spring and Autumn Period.

How to grasp war from a macro perspective is the key to the art of war. War is a continuation of politics and a major matter that has a bearing on the life and death of a country or a nation or its enslavement. The Art of War can also be regarded as a guide on how to rule a country and formulate a national strategy, and a book on how to lead troops to fight a war and formulate war strategies and tactics.

Representative figures:

Sun Wu.

Sun Wu Qiguo (now Linzi, Shandong) was a native of Changqing, a master of war in the Spring and Autumn Period. He once saw the king of Wu with the thirteen articles of "The Art of War", and was recommended by Wu Zixu to be appointed as a general and led the Wu army to break through the Chu State.

He believed that "a soldier is a major matter of the country" and put forward the idea of "knowing one's opponent and oneself and not being defeated in a hundred battles." He paid attention to understanding the situation, comprehensively analyzed the contradictions between the enemy and the enemy, the outnumbered, the strong and the weak, the virtual and the real, the offensive and defensive, and the advance and retreat, and so on, and defeated the enemy through understanding and mastering the objective laws of war. He also proposed that "the army is impermanent, the water is impermanent, and it can win due to the changes of the enemy, which is called a god", emphasizing the strategic and tactical "strange and positive symbiosis" and flexible use.

Sun Wu is the author of The Art of War, China's most outstanding military book, and is highly valued around the world.

Sun Bin.

A native of Qi (now Yanggu and Zhencheng County, Shandong), a descendant of Sun Wu, he was roughly at the same time as Shang Ying and Meng Ke, and was a master of war during the Warring States Period. He once studied the art of war with Pang Juan, and when Pang Juan was the general of King Hui of Wei, he was jealous of his talent, deceived him to the Wei State, and sentenced him to death (that is, to remove the kneecap), so he was called Sun Bin. Later, he was secretly carried back by the envoys of Qi State, and was appointed as a military advisor by King Qi Wei to assist the Qi general Tian Ji and design a great defeat of the Wei army in Guiling and Maling.

He inherited and developed Sun Wu's military theory, regarded the "Tao" as an objective law of war, and put forward the idea of widowhood

The tactics of defeating the crowd and defeating the strong with the weak advocate a strategy of focusing on attack, creating a favorable offensive situation according to different terrains, and attaching importance to the attack on cities and the use of formations. He is the author of the book "The Art of War".

Doctor.

Representative figure: Bian Que

The formation of Chinese medical theory was from the second half of the fifth century BC to the middle of the third century AD, a total of more than 700 years. In the second half of the fifth century BC, China began to enter a feudal society.

The transition from a slave society to a feudal society and the establishment of the feudal system was a period of great turmoil in Chinese history. The reform of the social system has promoted economic development, and a new situation has emerged in the ideological, scientific, and cultural fields, including the development of medicine. A doctor is a general term for all people who practice medicine.

Bian Que, a native of Zheng in Bohai County (now Xinzheng City, Zhengzhou, Henan), or a native of Luyi in Qi State (now Changqing District, Jinan, Shandong Province), is also recorded as a native of Bohai County (now north of Renqiu County, Hebei). "Bian Que" is not his real name. People compared him to Bian Que at the time of the Yellow Emperor and called him "Mr. Bian Que".

Even the history books call him Bian Que. Bian Que's original surname was Qin, and his name was Yue. Born between 407 BC and 310 BC, around the same time as Confucius.

Bian Que is a famous medical scientist in Chinese history, and the first medical scientist in history to have a formal biography, author of "Neijing" and "Waijing", and invented the four diagnosis methods (i.e., looking, smelling, asking, and cutting).

Bian Que was able to adopt a realistic attitude in studying medicine, and was able to absorb the medical experience of the people, and made great achievements in medicine, enjoying a high reputation among the people. Bian Que has been practicing medicine among the people for a long time, and has traveled all over the countries of Qi, Zhao, Wei, Zheng and Qin.

In 310 B.C., the imperial physician of Qin, who was jealous of his virtuous ability, ordered Li Mi to send people to set up an ambush in Kunshan and assassinate Bian Que at the age of ninety-seven.

Among the hundred sons, in addition to the practical academics such as soldiers, doctors, doctors, etc., only two Confucianism and Taoism really passed down to later generations, and Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, stood out among the hundreds of sons because he inherited the orthodoxy of the Central Plains culture for three generations.

As a result, Confucianism not only has a prominent position among the hundreds of scholars, but has also become the mainstream and core content of traditional culture, and has had an unparalleled impact on the formation of the national spirit of the Chinese people.

In addition, Confucianism has also had a significant impact on the culture of East Asian countries and regions such as Korea, South Korea, Vietnam, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao, forming the so-called Confucian cultural circle, and at the same time, Confucianism has also had a certain influence on world culture.

The influence of Taoism on Chinese culture is second only to Confucianism; first, the prosperity of ancient China often appeared in the period of Taoist governance; second, Taoism's legal concept of "governing according to customs" and advocating "simplicity and peace" became one of the norms for the formulation of laws in later generations; as for the military, science and technology, literature and art, traditional Chinese medicine, martial arts, tea ceremony, etc., it was almost the world of Taoism, and in comparison, the influence of Confucianism was much smaller.

Taoism also has a profound influence on Japanese culture, and Taoist thought has been spread and immersed in Japan for a long time, and has become one of the important contents of traditional Japanese culture. The famous Japanese scholar Koji Fukunaga even believes: "Guoxue (referring to Japan's own culture, not Confucianism) and Lao Zhuang philosophy have commonality." ”

As for the influence of Taoism on Western culture, this is incomparable to Confucianism, according to the statistics of Western scholars, from 1816 to the present, there have been more than 250 kinds of Western editions of the Tao Te Ching, and now there are one or two new translations almost every year. According to the statistics of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Tao Te Ching ranks second only to the Bible among the world's cultural masterpieces that have been translated into foreign languages and circulated the most.

On the Google website, the retrieved Taoi** (Tiandao thought) is more than "

atu

allaw" (natural law) and more. In the book search column of Amazon, the largest shopping website in the United States, entering English words related to "Dao", such as Dao, Tao, and Taoist, will get nearly 80,000 search results, most of which are English books.

Regarding the classification of the factions of the hundred schools of thought, Sima Tan listed six schools, "The key point of the six schools is to say: Yi Dachuan: 'The world is the same and has a hundred considerations, and the same end but different paths.'"

"Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mo, Name, Law, and Morality, this matter is also for the ruler" ("Historical Records: Taishi Gong Self-Introduction"). The sons of Liu Xin's "Seven Strategies" in "Hanshu Art and Literature" are slightly divided into ten schools: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Law, Name, Ink, Vertical and Horizontal, Miscellaneous, Agriculture, and Novels. Except for novelists, it is called "nine streams and ten families".

Zhuzi is the general term for the political school because the basic purpose of each school is to provide political strategies for the king. Confucianism advocates the use of virtue to transform the people, Taoism advocates the rule of inaction, Legalism advocates that faith is rewarded and punished, Mohists advocate both love and harmony, and famous scholars advocate respecting the soldiers.

After the Han Dynasty, the Mohist and the famous family became a peerless school, the peasant family became an independent technical discipline, and the Yin-Yang family evolved into a mysterious magic. Therefore, only Confucianism, Taoism, and Law had an impact on the politics of the later Great Unification Dynasty.

Many of the ideas of the Hundred Schools of Thought have left a profound inspiration for future generations. For example, the Confucian doctrine of "benevolent government" and "do not do unto others as you would have them do unto you"; Mencius's ancient democratic thought; Taoist dialectics; Mohist's scientific thought; Legalist materialism; and military thinking of soldiers" still shine today. It was the famous author of "sophistry" who also created the field of logic in the history of Chinese philosophy.

We can and should learn from the Confucian spirit of being vigorous and promising to motivate ourselves to be indignant and strive for the strong; we should learn from the Confucian spirit of public loyalty to the country to cultivate our patriotic feelings; we should learn from the Confucian spirit of "using righteousness to make profits" to enlighten ourselves to treat material interests correctly, and from the Confucian spirit of benevolence to cultivate our noble sentiments of loving the people; we should learn from the Confucian concept of integrity to cultivate our own self-esteem and self-improvement of our independent personality; we should also learn from the Mohist "love", "virtuousness" and "frugality"; Taoism's "less selfishness and few desires"; Taoism and Nature"; Legalism's ideas of "abolishing private and public" and so on.

Li Ling has an incisive discussion on the completion of ancient books in "Chinese Fangshu Examination":

In ancient times, it was not easy to write books, nor was it easy to read books, and the teaching of knowledge and ideas was often confined to teachers and disciples of the same school: academics had to be taught by teachers in order to learn things, and teachers had to open their doors to teach students in order to spread their ideas. Therefore, the ancients attached the most importance to "teacher theory" (teacher's saying) and "family law" (the source of teaching and receiving).