【Pu Opera】

Puju is named after its birthplace in Puzhou, now Yongji County, Shanxi, and is also known as "South Road Bangzi" and "Puzhou Bangzi". The masses in southern Jinnan also called it "indiscriminate bombing". It is the oldest of the "Four Great Bangzi" dramas in Shanxi Province. The Bangzi opera of Shanxi, Hebei, and Henan provinces has been influenced by it. Pu opera is a kind of drama loved by the people of southern Jinnan, and it also has a broad mass base in western Henan, eastern Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia. Tracing back to the source, it is evolved from the "cymbal and drum acrobatics", and has been basically formed in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, which is divided into the West Road and the South Road: the South Road is more elegant and delicate; The west road is hot and bold. The music of Pu Opera is high and strong, the syllables beat strongly, the tone is lively, and the appeal is very strong. It's that there are many types of Lv cavity plates, and there are slow plates. , two sexes, flowing water, interplate, rolling white and so on. The performance is very exaggerated, with a variety of stunts such as "playing feathers" and "playing hat wings".

Before liberation, this genre was despised and destroyed by the ruling class, the troupes were scattered, and the artists changed jobs to make a living, and they were already in a dying situation. After liberation, under the care of the party, through excavation, sorting and innovation and creation, the art of Pu Opera was restored and developed. The drama "Dou E's Injustice" was made into a movie and was welcomed by the audience.

(North Road Bangzi) North Road Bangzi is one of the "Four Great Bangzi" dramas in Shanxi. It is prevalent in northern Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and northwest Hebei. Originated from Puzhou Bangzi, the Qing Dynasty Tongzhi, Guangxu years have been prosperous: after the 77 Incident, due to the destruction of the Japanese invaders, the class was disbanded, the artist changed his career, and was almost on the verge of extinction, until 1954, the first Shanxi opera performance was resumed.

The singing, tune, and pronunciation of Bangzi on the North Road are similar to those of Pu Opera, but the tone is more high-pitched, and it is full of wild game outside the mountains. In particular, its "curved tune (i.e., flower cavity)" is sung in a kaleidoscopic way, and it is tactful to listen to. The main types of singing chambers are: slow board, splint board, two sex, three sex, stacking board, flowing water, arrow board, rolling white, etc. Beilu Bangzi is good at singing large sections, and each sentence basically follows the law of "weak rise and strong fall", but because of the words and lines and singing according to the feelings, it sounds varied and never monotonous.

【Shangdang Bangzi】

Shangdang Bangzi, also known as "Jindongnan Bangzi" and "Shangdang Palace Tune", is one of the "Four Great Bangzi" in Shanxi. According to legend, it originated in the area of Zezhou (now Jincheng) at the end of the Ming Dynasty and was popular in the southeastern region of Shanxi. The word "Shangdang" is named after the ancient "Shangdang County" in the southeast of Jin.

Shangdang Bangzi's performance, regardless of the steps and figures, has the artistic characteristics of chewing and being simple. The singing voice is high-pitched and lively, and the music cards are quite rich, especially the "flower cavity" and other songs, which are beautiful and beautiful, and have a unique style. In addition to the Bangzi tone, in the past, he also performed a part of the Luo Luo dialect and the Kun dialect with yellow mouth.

【Qin Cavity】

The Qin dialect is one of the main local operas in the northwest region, and it grew up in the Guanzhong region of Shaanxi. Since the Zhou Dynasty, the Guanzhong region has been called "Qin", from which the Qin cavity is named. Qin dialect is an ancient opera in China, which was formed on the basis of folk songs in Shaanxi and Gansu in the Ming Dynasty. In the process of development, it was influenced by Kun cavity, Yiyang cavity, Qingyang cavity and other dramas. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, it was vigorously developed and widely spread to Shanxi, Shandong, and Henan. Hebei and other provinces. In the process of development, the Qin cavity evolved into three roads due to different regions: the Qin cavity of the East Road, that is, the Bangzi of Tongzhou; West Road Qin Cavity, also known as Xifu Qin Cavity; The middle road Qin cavity, also known as Xi'an Bangzi. Qin cavity was originally the general name of various bangzi in Shaanxi, and later it was customary to refer to Xi'an Qin cavity. It has the advantages of various Qin dialects, and is spread in Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Xinjiang.

The Qin dialect created the structural method of plate change in Chinese opera music, and became the representative opera type of the Bangzi cavity (random play) system. Although the style of Bangzi opera in the northern provinces is very different from that of the Qin dialect, it maintains common characteristics in tone and accompaniment.

The Qin cavity has a unique artistic style. Its singing voice, with a wide voice, rises and falls, giving people a high-pitched agitation, rough and simple feeling. In the tune, there are "joy" and "bitter"; There are five main types of plates, such as slow board, sharp board, rolling board, rocking board, and generation board, and the singing music is rich and colorful, beautiful and moving. In the performance, it is simple and warm, full of exaggeration, and has a strong breath of life, and there are a variety of stunts such as fire-breathing, falling, and playing mustache.

During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, some Qinhua troupes in Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningbo carried out opera reform, and created and performed modern plays such as "Poor Man's Hate" and "Blood and Tears", which were well received by the anti-Japanese military and civilians. After the liberation, "Three Drops of Blood", "Zhao's Orphans", "Red Plum Pavilion" and other adapted traditional plays showed the Qin dialect

A new achievement in the development of the arts

【Henan Opera】

Henan Opera, also known as "Henan Bangzi", is one of the main operas in Henan Province. Popular in Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi. Some areas such as Hebei, Shandong, and Anhui were formed by the combination of the case cavity and Puzhou Bangzi that flowed into the Ming Dynasty and the local folk opera of Henan. Due to the long-term performance in the countryside, with a strong local flavor, more singing, less mouth, good at expressing a variety of feelings, the performance style is simple and fresh, and it is deeply liked by the people.

At present, Henan opera is mainly divided into four genres: "Eastern Henan Tune", "West Henan Tune", "Xiangfu Tune", and "Shahe Tune". Yudong: withered to Shangqiu, Kaifeng as the center, singing with a false voice, high-pitched voice, more with flowers, more lively and brisk, also known as "on the five tones", "auspicious note" and "Shahe tune" is its branch. The western Henan tune is centered on Luoyang, and the singing is done with a real voice, the song is low and tactful, and the tail note is low; It is also known as the "lower pentatonic tone". There are various plate types such as slow board, 28 board, flow board, flying board, planting board, rolling board and so on. The main accompaniment instruments are the ladyboard, the moon qin, the transverse flute, the bangzi and so on. There are hundreds of kinds of music cards in the martial arts field. There are more than 400 traditional plays in circulation. After the liberation, Henan opera has achieved great success in the performance of modern dramas, "***", "Chaoyanggou", "Li Shuangshuang", "People and Horses" and so on have been widely welcomed by the masses. Henan opera has developed into a genre of opera with national influence.

【Tune over】

Yue Diao, one of the main local dramas in Henan Province. It is endemic in the northern regions of Henan and Hubei. It was formed in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties on the basis of the strings that were popular among the people, influenced by the Qin dialect and Han opera.

The music of Yue Tune is rich, and there is a saying that there are nine tones and eighteen tones. The accompaniment instruments are mainly four-strand strings, and the horizontal flute, moon qin, and three strings are also used. In the past, it was known for its good performance of tragedy, but since liberation, due to the innovation of music and the change of repertoire, it has made gratifying achievements in performing comedy. The popular Yue tune in Henan is divided into two genres. One is the Yue tune in the Nanyang area, which maintains the characteristics of the big Yue tune, the rhythm of singing is slower, and the third word of the slow board should be pulled back with a false voice, and the singing tone uses more music cards. The other is southern Henan, eastern Henan

In recent decades, especially after liberation; With a great innovation, it is no longer used to pull the back cavity with a false voice, and the rhythm of the singing is relatively fast, which is suitable for performing the life of modern people.

【Henan Opera】

Henan opera, also known as "Henan opera", is one of the main local operas in Henan Province. It is a local opera developed on the basis of folk rap music - drum music. Most of its songs are folk songs and folk songs that have been popular in the Central Plains since the Ming and Qing dynasties. When singing, it is accompanied by plucked instruments such as sanxian, pipa, and guzheng; In order to meet the new appreciation needs of the masses, some brisk and lively and catchy tunes began to evolve and differentiate in the drum songs in Luoyang, and sang some small dramas of life in the form of stepping on "stilts" to perform "stories", and the musical accompaniment also became mainly based on the loud volume of the falling hu, and people called this kind of song "tabloid tune". The original drum music is still popular in the Nanyang area, called "major tunes", and this reform is an important turning point in the transition from rap to opera, and it was officially performed on stage around 1926.

After the liberation, the singing tone of opera music has developed greatly, and some of the tones have broken the limitations of the original music card, gradually approaching the plate cavity music, and overcoming the defects of not being good at large passages of narration. At the same time, the original tune is enriched and varied, thus enhancing the expressiveness.