South Den

In 1677, Emperor Kangxi set up the South Study, which was originally set up to discuss knowledge with the ministers of the Hanlin Academy, and to recite poems and paint. Because the south study room "is not allowed to enter the noble purlins of the class and the cronies of the upper office", it is completely a core confidential institution strictly controlled by the emperor, and it undertakes to issue edicts at any time, which makes the south study "powerful and powerful". The improvement of the status of the southern study was an important step for the Kangxi Emperor to weaken the power of the Council of Ministers of the Parliamentary King, and at the same time transfer some functions of the cabinet of the outer dynasty to the inner court, implementing a high degree of centralization.

Military Aircraft Division

In 1729, the Qing army fought fiercely with the Junggar Mongols in the northwest, and in order to deal with the military report in a timely manner, Emperor Yongzheng began to set up a military engine room, and Yongzheng changed its name to the military aircraft department in ten years. After Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, he arranged for several "Prime Ministers" to enter the Military Aircraft Department, so it was renamed the Prime Minister's Office. In 1737, Qianlong served the Manchurian pro-government, and the prime minister's affairs Wang and other ministers asked for resignation, and restored the name of the military aircraft department, which has since become customized, and the military aircraft department has become the core authority directly responsible to the emperor, and the status of the Manchurian Council of Ministers has been weakened to almost negligible, and all political power is in the hands of the emperor, becoming the peak of the centralized system of the Qing Dynasty. It was not until the beginning of April 1911 that the Qing court announced the establishment of a "responsible cabinet" and the Military Aircraft Department was abolished

Exterior view of the Military Aircraft Division

Qing Dynasty responsible cabinet

On May 18, 1911, the Qing government announced the abolition of the Military Aircraft Department, the implementation of the cabinet system, and the appointment of prime ministers and ministers to form a cabinet. Prince Qing Aixin Jueluo Yixuan formed the first cabinet in the modern sense in Chinese history. However, since more than half of the cabinet members are members of the imperial family or Manchurians, it is also called the "imperial cabinet". The cabinet collapsed after the Xinhai Revolution and was replaced by a new cabinet formed by Yuan Shikai.

Executive Organs

The six ministries (officials, households, rites, soldiers, criminals, and workers) were the highest executive organs of the Qing Dynasty, and the ministers were called Shangshu, and the deputy governors were called Shilang, and the Shangshu was held by the Manchu people in the past. In 1644, it was stipulated that there was one Shangshu and one Shilang Man, and one Han.

An important official in the early Qing Dynasty

In addition to the six ministries, the central administrative organs that stand side by side with the six ministries are: Dali Temple, Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Taifu Temple, Honglu Temple, Guozijian, Qintianjian, Hanlin Yuan, Tai Hospital, Li Fan Yuan, Zongren Mansion, Zhan Shi Mansion, Internal Affairs Office, and Metropolitan Inspection Yuan. The official rank of the Qing Dynasty was divided into "nine grades and eighteen grades", and each class had a difference between the positive and the subordinate, and those who were not within the eighteenth level were called those who did not enter the stream, and they were attached to the nine grades in the rank.

Criminal Law

In 1647, the compilation of the Statutes of the Qing Dynasty was completed. The "Great Qing Law" basically inherits the content of the "Ming Law". Later, it was repeatedly added and deleted by the Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties, and was announced in the fifth year of Yongzheng. But the Qing dynasty most often played a role, not a law. The officials were familiar with the precedents and often enforced the precedents to suppress the prefects. The Qing court also had various special laws for the ethnic minority areas, such as the "Mongolian law" for the Mongols, the "Hui law" for the Uygurs, and the "fan law" for the Tibetans, so as to strengthen its rule over the people of the ethnic minorities.

In the 33rd year of Guangxu, the Law Museum revised the purpose of "focusing on model powers" and formulated a draft of the Great New Criminal Law. The draft is divided into two parts: general provisions and sub-provisions, with two categories: principal punishment and accessory punishment; It has also formulated provisions on crimes related to state relations, elections, transportation, communications, and other areas, and established a system of probation and parole. Before the promulgation of the new criminal law, the Law Museum deleted and amended the laws of the Qing Dynasty, and the "Current Criminal Law of the Qing Dynasty" was promulgated in 1910.

military

Eight Flags

In the early Qing Dynasty, the Qing army was mainly divided into two types: the Eight Banners and the Green Battalion. The Eight Banners System is a system of integration of soldiers and civilians founded by Nurhachi on the basis of the Jurchen Niu recording. The Eight Banners are divided into the Eight Banners of Manchuria, the Eight Banners of Mongolia, and the Eight Banners of the Han Army. The flag set up the capital (Gushan Ezhen), which was controlled by the central Bapu Xutong Yamen, and the local governors had no right to requisition. In 1650, Emperor Shunzhi reformed the Eight Banners system, and personally mastered the three flags of Zhenghuang, inlaid yellow, and Zhengbai, forming the "Upper Three Banners" and "Lower Five Banners", which changed the previous situation that the Eight Banners were held by different princes, and at the same time strengthened the strength of the Upper Three Banners, and the power of the Council of Ministers of the Manchurian Council was weakened.

Eight Banners Military Flag

Green battalions and regimental exercises

The green battalion soldiers, mainly the Ming Dynasty troops and the troops adapted from the provinces after the Qing soldiers entered the customs, used the green military flag, so they were called green flag soldiers or green battalion soldiers. The classes are horsemen, infantry, and sailors. Those who are in the provinces are under the rule of governors, governors, admirals, commanders, etc.

After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, there were Han landlords who recruited and trained themselves to practice the township. Later, due to the rise of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, because the Eight Banners were supported by the government for a long time, they were idle and did not practice martial arts, and gradually lost their combat effectiveness, and were repeatedly defeated in the suppression of the Taiping Army. There are also the Huai Army organized by Li Hongzhang, the Chu Army of Zuo Zongtang, etc., these landlord regiments were reorganized into training and defense troops after training their arms.