toast

Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, Gansu and other provinces have Tusi, which are divided into Xuanfu Division, Xuanfu Division, Recruitment Division, Appeasement Division and Changguan Division (the chief official is a military position), and Tufu, Tuzhou, Tuxian (the chief is a civil servant). The prefect of the Tusi is filled by the local chiefs of various ethnic groups, which can be hereditary, and the seal letter is issued by the imperial court or local government, and is under the jurisdiction of the governor and the minister stationed in the locality. The chiefs of the Xuanwei and other divisions are subordinate to the Ministry of War, the Tu Prefect, and the Tu Zhi Prefecture are subordinate to the Ministry of Officials. During the Yongzheng period, the Tusi of Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and other provinces began to change to the official system, which is known as the change of land and return to the stream. On the occasion of Guangxu and Xuantong, Zhao Erfeng served as the border minister of Sichuan and Yunnan, and the Tibetan Tusi in western Sichuan and the sect in eastern Tibet also began to change their land and return to the stream.

northeast

The northeast is the land of Longxing in the Qing Dynasty. After entering the customs, they stayed in Shengjing and Shenyang with the garrison of the Eight Banners, and strictly forbade the Han people in the mainland to go out of the customs to cultivate. During the period from Kangxi to Qianlong, three general districts equivalent to provinces were gradually formed: Shengjing, Jilin, and Heilongjiang. Under the general, there were special cities and deputy capitals to be stationed in each city, and to manage the adjacent areas of each city. Under the vice-president, there is a governor who leads the flags. In the places where the Han people live, the government, the state, the county, and the hall are like the mainland. The Balhu, Daur, Solon (Evenki), Oroqen, Xibe and other ethnic groups living in the middle and upper reaches of the Heilongjiang and Nenjiang rivers were incorporated into the Eight Banners and were under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Buthaha and the Governor of Hulunbuir. The fishing and hunting tribes of Heilongjiang, the lower reaches of the Lijiang River and Sakhalin Island such as Hezhe, Feiyaka, Sakhalin, and Qileng are divided into chiefs and township chiefs, and are under the jurisdiction of the deputy capitals of the three surnames. In 1907 (the 33rd year of Guangxu), the three general districts of Fengtian, Jilin and Heilongjiang were changed to provinces.

Early Qing Dynasty (1820)

politics

Flag and anthem

The Qing Dynasty did not have a legal national flag or anthem. After modern times, with the interaction with Western countries, some concepts of Western countries were gradually introduced, including the national flag and national anthem. In 1888, the Qing government recognized the "Yellow Dragon Opera Red Bead Picture" (commonly known as the "Yellow Dragon Banner" of the Qing Dynasty) as the national flag of the Qing Dynasty.

From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, the Qing Dynasty successively used Putianle, Li Zhongtang Music, and Song of the Dragon Banner as semi-official national anthems or proxy national anthems [73]. Until 1911, the Qing government designated "Gong Jin Ou" as the official national anthem, but due to the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, "Gong Jin Ou" did not become popular later.

Triangle Yellow Dragon Banner Yellow Dragon Banner

Central Organs

Council of Ministers of the King

The Council of Ministers of the King of Parliament is a form of discussion of various matters gathered by the "King of Parliament" and "Minister of Parliament", and for a long time in the early Qing Dynasty, it was the highest authority for the administration of military affairs under the command of the emperor. It is closely related to the Eight Banners system and the Eight Harmony Shuobeile co-governance political system. On October 24, the 56th year of Qianlong (1791), Emperor Qianlong issued an edict to remove him. [74]

cabinet

In 1631, the Emperor Taiji imitated the Ming Dynasty and set up six departments: the Ministry of Officials, the Ministry of Households, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Punishment, and the Ministry of Industry. On the third day of the fifth month of May 1644, after Dolgon entered Beijing, he issued an edict to the officials of the Ming Dynasty: "All the officials of the yamen are hired as before, and they can quickly report their names, such as the crime of false impostor." Those who have returned to their hometowns to avoid thieves and live in seclusion in the mountains and forests are also known and are still hired as former officials. On the sixth day of the first month, he also "ordered the officials of the cabinet, the six ministries, and the Metropolitan Procuratorate in Beijing to act as one official." In this way, at the beginning of the Qing court's establishment of Ding Yanjing, all inherited the central institutions such as the Yuan Ming cabinet, and the Yuan Ming officials were also retained, and the Manchu officials worked as one, and the kings were in charge of the affairs of the ministry, and the central power organs operated rapidly. After the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department, the status of the cabinet began to decline.