At that time, there was a dispute between the constitutionalists and the revolutionaries over the method of reform, and at first the constitutionalists prevailed, and the Qing court also promised to implement the constitution. In 1907, the Qing court set up the Zizheng Yuan to prepare for the constitution and prepare for the establishment of advisory bureaus in the provinces. In July 1908, the Statutes of the Provincial Consultative Bureaus and the Statutes for the Election of Members were promulgated, ordering the provinces to establish Consultative Bureaus within one year. In the same year, the Outline of the King James Constitution was promulgated to establish a constitutional monarchy and establish a representative parliament. At the petition of the constitutionalists members, the Qing court announced that the preparatory constitution would be shortened by three years, and that the National Assembly would be convened in 1913. In the same year, Emperor Guangxu and Empress Dowager Cixi both died, and Pu Yi succeeded to the throne, that is, Emperor Xuantong, and his father Zaifeng served as the regent of the prison state. In May 1911, the Qing court formed a "responsible cabinet" led by Prince Qing Aixin Jueluo Yixuan, which was the first constitutional monarchy in Chinese history. However, many of the members of the cabinet were members of the imperial family, so they were called the "imperial cabinet", which caused dissatisfaction and disappointment among the constitutionalists, and many turned to the cooperation of the revolutionaries.

In May of the same year, the Baolu Movement broke out in Sichuan and other places, and the Qing court urgently sent new troops into Sichuan to suppress it. In October, the revolutionaries launched the Wuchang Uprising in Hubei, followed by the southern provinces declaring independence. The Qing court appointed Yuan Shikai, commander of the Beiyang New Army, as the prime minister of the cabinet, established a cabinet and commanded the Qing army. On the one hand, Yuan Shikai oppressed the revolutionary army in the Yangxia War, but on the other hand, he secretly negotiated with the revolutionaries to form a peace between the north and the south. On January 1, 1912, the Republic of China was proclaimed in Nanjing, and Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated as provisional president in Nanjing. On February 12, Yuan Shikai forced Emperor Xuantong Puyi to issue an abdication edict and handed over power to Yuan Shikai's government, and the Qing Dynasty fell.

Follow-up

According to the "Preferential Conditions of the Qing Family", the members of the Qing family were able to continue to live in the Forbidden City, and the honorific titles, treatments, and year names in the palace remained unchanged, and the eunuchs, guards, and palace maids were retained, and the internal affairs office, the Zongren Mansion, the Prudent Criminal Division and other institutions were retained.

Japan occupied northeastern China after the September 18 Incident, and in 1932 supported Puyi to establish the puppet state of Manchukuo, which eventually died in 1945 with the Soviet Union's August Storm operation.

territory

Territorial extent

In 1760, the Qing Dynasty's territory to pacify the Dzungar Khanate reached its peak, dividing the Erguna River, the Gelbiqi River and the Trans-Khingan Mountains from the Russian Empire in the northeast, and this border reached the Sea of Okhotsk and Sakhalin Island; Due north and Tsarist Russia divide the Sayan Mountains, the Shabinayi Mountains, Kyakhta and the Erguna River; The northwest is bordered by the Kazakh Khanate and other northwestern vassal states from the Sayan Mountains, Zaisangbo, Alahu, Issyk-Kul Lake, Balkhash Lake to the Pamir Plateau; The southwest is bordered by the Mughal Empire of India, Nepal, Bhutan and other countries, from the Himalayas to the Savage Mountains; Due south is roughly similar to the boundary between the present-day People's Republic of China and Southeast Asian countries, including Nankan, Jiangxinpo and northern Myanmar. It is separated from Japan and Ryukyu in the east, the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea, and the Joseon Dynasty along the Tumen River and the Yalu River; The Qing Dynasty also possessed Taiwan, Penghu, Hainan and the South China Sea Islands (then known as Qianli Shitang, Wanli Changsha, and Zengmu Dark Sand), with a total area of 13.16 million square kilometers in its heyday, and shrunk to 11.35 million square kilometers in 1908 in the late Qing Dynasty.

Administrative divisions

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Qing Dynasty inland administrative divisions

Zhili Province, Jiangsu Province, Anhui Province, Shanxi Province, Shandong Province, Henan Province

Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province, Zhejiang Province, Jiangxi Province, Hubei Province, Hunan Province

Sichuan Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province, Guangxi Province, Yunnan Province, Guizhou Province

In 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu), it was placed in Xinjiang Province

In 1887 (the thirteenth year of Guangxu), it was placed in Fujian Taiwan Province

In 1905 (the 31st year of Guangxu), Jianghuai Province was immediately abolished