In this. There have been details about Peking Opera before, so I won't go into more detail here. Let's take a look at the rest.

painting

In the Qing Dynasty, literati painting was dominant, landscape painting and ink freehand painting were prevalent, and more painters pursued the taste of brush and ink, renovated the art form surprisingly, and many different styles of genre emerged. The landscape flower and bird paintings of Zhu Qi and Shi Tao in the early Qing Dynasty, the "Eight Strange Creatures of Yangzhou" in the middle period, Ren Bonian in the late Qing Dynasty, Wu Changshuo's flower and bird paintings of ladies and Yang Liuqing, Taohuawu and folk New Year paintings all had a great influence on later generations.

literary inquisition

In the early and middle Qing Dynasty, the rulers repeatedly promoted literary prisons. It is characterized by the fact that the charges arise from the distorted interpretation of the text by the powerful person, and the evidence is also formed by the distorted interpretation of the text by the powerful person. A single word or sentence is considered to be defamatory of the Führer or satirical of the Government, which constitutes criminal liability. Larger-scale literal prisons can even implicate thousands of victims. Liu Yizheng said: "The literati of the previous generation suffered so badly that they were not as bad as those of the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, since Yongqian, the people of Zhijie have disappeared. …… A little carelessness can lead to misfortune. ”。 In the last years of Shunzhi, the Zhuang Tingming history case occurred, and the auxiliary minister Ao Bai and others in the imperial court were alarmed. Among the literary prisons of the Qing Dynasty, the famous ones include the Nanshan case in the Kangxi period, the Cha Si court test question case in the Yongzheng period, and the Lu Liuliang case.

In the history of the Qing Dynasty, the "literary prison" in the Shunzhi and Kangxi periods was only an isolated phenomenon, and it became a common "system" in the Yongzheng period. The craziest expression in the wave of literary prison was Qianlong, with a total of more than 130 cases.

Textual research

Academically, the most prosperous during the Qing Dynasty was the study of evidence. Many scholars believe that the Qing people engaged in the study of texts in order to escape the persecution of the literary prison and hid in the pile of old papers. Since the 80s of the 20th century, some scholars have questioned the theory of the origin of the literary prison. In fact, there is no necessary connection between the Qing Dynasty and the literary prison, and there is no causal relationship between them. The representative figures in the heyday of research are Hui Dong, Dai Zhen, Duan Yuxi, Wang Yinzhi, Wang Niansun, etc., and the research methods are similar. When he arrived at Zhang Xuecheng, he put forward the argument that "the six classics are all history", which took a step forward.

technology

medicine

During the Qianlong period, the 90 volumes of the "Jinjian of the Medical Sect" collected many new secrets and experience prescriptions, and made many examinations and revisions to books such as "The Essentials of Jinkui" and "Treatise on Typhoid Fever", which is an important work to introduce the clinical experience of traditional Chinese medicine. Wang Qingren, a famous doctor in the Qing Dynasty, made outstanding achievements in medicine and wrote the book "Medical Forest Correction Errors". He emphasized the importance of anatomical knowledge in the treatment of diseases, and questioned the records of viscera in ancient books. Through the anatomical study of the internal organs of corpses, he drew 25 kinds of "Pictures of Correcting the Viscera by Seeing and Correcting the Viscera in Person", corrected some mistakes of his predecessors, and made useful contributions to the development of anatomy in the motherland.

geography

During the Kangxi period, he organized manpower to carry out geodetic surveying of the whole country, and after more than 30 years of planning, surveying and mapping work, he made the "Panorama of the Imperial Opinion". The map was "not only the best of all the maps of Asia of the time, but also better and more accurate than all the maps of Europe of the time." Finally, on the basis of the "Panorama of the Imperial Palace", according to the new data of surveying and mapping, the "Imperial Opinion of the Qianlong Inner Palace" was made. For the first time, the Xinjiang region of China is depicted in detail on this map.