agronomy

There were more than 100 agricultural books in the Qing Dynasty, especially in the Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties. There are works such as "King James Conferral Time General Examination", "Guangqun Fangpu", "Supplement Agricultural Book" and so on. Among them, the large-scale comprehensive agricultural book "King James Conferral Time General Examination" was compiled in 1737 by a group of literati convened by Emperor Qianlong Hongli. The scale of the book is slightly smaller than that of the Encyclopedia of Agricultural Administration. Because it is an official letter written by the emperor, most of the provinces have reproduced it, and it is widely circulated.

building

The emperors of the Qing Dynasty loved to build gardens, and the number of three mountains and five gardens was the most famous. The Old Summer Palace in the western suburbs of Beijing is also very luxurious, with more than 150 exquisite palaces, pavilions, pagodas and other buildings. After more than 150 years, it cost about 200 million taels of silver.

The Old Summer Palace was originally given by Emperor Kangxi to the fourth son of the emperor, Yinzhen. After Yongzheng ascended the throne, he expanded the original garden, and during the reign of Qianlong, the Old Summer Palace was partially added and rebuilt, in addition to the new Changchun Garden in the east, and the Wanchun Garden was incorporated into the southeast neighborhood. The pattern of the Three Yuanming Gardens was basically formed. Jiaqing repaired and expanded the Qichun Garden, making it one of the main garden places. In 1860, the British and French troops sacked the Old Summer Palace, the cultural relics were looted, and the Tongzhi wanted to restore the Old Summer Palace, but due to financial difficulties, it was forced to stop and rebuild other buildings. After the Eight-Nation Alliance, it was devastated by the bureaucrats and warlords, and finally became a ruin.

railway

In the last years of the Qing Dynasty, the transportation industry developed. Zhan Tianyou was China's first outstanding railway engineer, and the arduous construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway under his leadership was rare in the history of the world's railways at that time. Zhan Tianyou overcame one difficulty after another, creatively designed a "human" herringbone track, slowed down the slope, reduced the cost, and completed it two years earlier than the original plan. The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was built by the Chinese with their own technological strength.

ethnic group

Huayi's distinction

Through the "Records of the Great Righteous Jue" and the "Edict of the Qing Emperor's Abdication", we can see the hardships and efforts made by the Qing Dynasty to achieve the unity of political identity and cultural identity. This process not only allowed the Qing people to complete the identity transformation from "Yi" to "Xia", but also further evolved into the common basis for the "non-Han world" such as Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet and the southwestern ethnic groups to recognize the value of "Greater China", and contributed to the maximization of "China" in the sense of culture and territory. The fact that China was not dismembered under the impact of the Western concept of "nation-state" in modern times, but instead triggered the integrated response of the "Chinese nation" not only demonstrates the internal cohesion of the Qing Dynasty, but also highlights the historical role played by the Edict of the Qing Emperor's Abdication. These two historical documents, which echo each other from beginning to end, constitute the main legal basis for the Chinese government to express its national sovereignty and territorial claims.

The first worship of Manchuria

As a dominant ethnic group and a major component of the Eight Banners Army, the Manchus were especially regarded as the foundation of the state and the pillar of the imperial court. The Manchurian soldiers made great contributions to the Qing Dynasty's Dingding Central Plains, as well as the subsequent battles of the Ping San Feudatories and the Annihilation of the Hui Ministry. Therefore, at the end of the Qing Dynasty, "the first to worship Manchuria" (also known as "Manchurian roots") was the established national policy of the Qing Dynasty. During the Qing Dynasty, Manchurian children enjoyed the following types of privileges in the political or living spheres:

aspect content

educate

The Qing court set up a special sect for the children of the clan; Jueluo's children have Jueluo learning; Ordinary children of the Eight Banners have the official school of the Eight Banners such as the Xian'an Palace official school; The children of the Ministry of Internal Affairs have Jingshan official school and so on