Gu Qingniao felt that if this place was really a spatial wormhole leading to other dimensions, it would be understandable, but could the human body pass through the spatial wormhole? It stands to reason that the tearing caused by the space wormhole is not something that human beings can withstand, but if not, such an abyss, if it goes straight to the bottom of the sea, will it reach the center of the earth? This can't help but remind the ancient bluebird of Verne's exploration of the center of the earth.

"Journey to the Center of the Earth" is a long-form science fiction novel written by French writer Jules Verne. [1] The book was first published on October 25, 1864. [2] Journey to the Center of the Earth is part of the author's collection of long-form science fiction novels, "Roaming the Known and Unknown". The novel tells the story of Professor Rieden Bullock, a determined and dedicated scientific explorer, and his nephew Axey and guide Hannes who follow the instructions of their predecessors to embark on a scientific expedition after a full three months of arduous trek underground. [3] In the novel, Verne skillfully intersperses his knowledge with the plot and characterization of the novel, describing a magical underground world to the reader, while showing the twists and turns of the plot.

Trevor Anderson, a professor of volcanology in Boston, and his nephew Sean is expected to stay at his house for 10 days before leaving for Canada. Sean's father, Max, and Trevor's older brother, lost news while researching underground activities three years ago, resulting in Sean's personality being more closed-minded. When Trevor mentions Max's past, Sean takes an interest in talking about things he never had a chance to hear. Trevor discovers Max's old box containing baseball sets, yo-yos, and a copy of Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth. In the book, Trevor discovers the notes that Max has marked inside, and gradually deciphers the contents of the notes, so he must make a trip to Iceland himself. Originally, they planned to send Sean back to his mother's side, but Sean refused, and the two set out on a journey to find another volcanologist, Ann Rosen, who was annotated in the book. When they find the volcanologist's laboratory, Ann Rosen is not there and her daughter, Hannah, comes to answer the door and explains that her father has long since died. Hannah was reluctant to acknowledge her father's research, calling those who believed in another world in the center of the earth "Verne-believers", and eventually she relented and led them to find a measuring instrument. When they climbed to the top of the mountain to obtain the measuring equipment, they encountered a lightning storm, and in order to avoid the lightning, the three of them were trapped in the cave. The three of them had to find other ways to escape from the cave, and walked deep into the depths and accidentally discovered the remains of the track of the ancient mine, and firmly believed that there was an exit to get out. After a thrilling pit rail cart, they finally arrive at a place full of gems, only to notice that they step on top of the fragile mica, and the mica shatters, and the trio fall into the abyss. Eventually, they reach the bottom of the cave through a water slide, follow the glowing sunbirds to the "center of the earth", and then walk further through the mushroom forest to discover the ruins where Max once lived, Trevor and Sean find Max's old notepad, Hannah finds Max's remains and builds a grave for him, and then Trevor reads Max's diary to Sean on his third birthday, proving that his dad still loves him, but he can't escape the underworld. They read on to learn that the lava beneath is like a giant greenhouse, that the temperature gets higher and higher over time, and that they have to escape the center of the earth in a limited amount of time, and the only way to do so is to find a fountain north and spew them out of the earth's surface. They had to arrive within 48 hours and escape before Fahrenheit reached 135 degrees Fahrenheit, otherwise all the water would evaporate with the lava's heat. They began to build bamboo rafts to cross the subterranean ocean, and with the upper thermals carried them north, they were attacked by the giant ancient sword fish, and then a group of plesiosaurs appeared, and in the middle of it, Sean grabbed the canvas that was about to be blown away by the strong wind, and the human cloth was blown far away, and then scattered with Trevor and Hannah. When Sean wakes up from a coma, a small daybird follows him as a guide to the northern river. On the other hand, while Trevor and Hannah are searching for Sean, they are attacked by a giant Venus flytrap. Sean made a thrilling jump over the magnet area to the center, but he almost fell prey to the Tyrannosaurus rex, and at this moment Trevor appeared in time to come to the rescue, trying his best to make the giant dragon step on the mica and fall to the bottom. After a lot of hard work, we finally reached the fountain, but the water had long since dried up, and the magma below continued to rise. In desperation, noticing that the walls of the cave were still wet and rich in groundwater, Trevor struggled to use a lamp to ignite the magnesium on the wall, causing it to explode and cause the groundwater to gush out of the magma below, producing a vapor that would send them out of Mount Vesuvius in Italy. After the outbreak accidentally destroyed the Italian farmer's vineyard, Sean had to pay compensation with the diamonds he had stolen underground, and Trevor used them to build a larger laboratory for his brother. After this adventure in the center of the earth, Hannah and Trever also get closer and kiss each other. At the end of the movie, Sean says goodbye to Trevor and agrees to return for the Christmas break and head to the next adventure, "Mystery Island".

Historical background The book is a science fiction novel full of legends, but its birth is inseparable from the historical and social background of the time. On the one hand, the European colonizers set off a frenzy of exploration for the purpose of establishing their respective colonial empires, and in a short period of time, they successively conquered the source of the Nile, the Sahara Desert, the African continent, the north and south poles, and there were fewer and fewer untouched places on the earth. On the other hand, science and technology, especially archaeology and geology, have developed like never before. It is in this context that "Journey to the Center of the Earth" came into being. In September 1863, Verne moved into a decent house at 19 rue Fountain d'Autèil, a suburb of Paris, which was a sign of his beginning. At the same time as Verne was working on The Adventures of Captain Hatteras, he began to explore another realm of pure fantasy, that is, a trip deep into the earth. His idea came from a friend he had made in the winter of 1863, Charles, Séente Claire de Ville. Deville was a geographer who had explored many volcanoes. He was a violent and fiery man, a complete volcanic maniac, not to mention his small stature and very thin body, which made people think that he was just a tough and quiet scholar, but when he talked about volcanoes, he forgot himself, his eyebrows fluttered, and he talked endlessly, and everyone would be fascinated by the spectacular scenery of the different volcanoes he told about when they erupted. Deville also explained to him the principles of volcanic eruptions, and he has been engaged in volcanic research for many years, has been to various volcanoes, and knows a lot about the geology and geomorphology of Italy, because these two regions are volcanic areas in the world. Based on a conversation with Deville, Verne conceived a new story of a trip to the center of the earth. While listening to Deville's story about the volcano, Verne read an article on a source that benefited him greatly. His new novel is based on the rather peculiar theory of John Cliffes Sims of the U.S. Infantry Corps: that the Earth is in fact hollow and open to the poles. After a period of conceiving and speculation, "Journey to the Center of the Earth" was born under the pen of Verne.

Theme Verne is a scientific optimist, in "Journey to the Center of the Earth", you can see the protagonist's enthusiasm for the cause of science, enthusiasm for scientific idealism, and there is no lack of meaningful proverbs in the book. For example, the protagonist does not blindly believe in some dogmas, he believes that "science itself contains errors, but these errors are not a bad thing, because it leads slowly to the truth." Verne adopted a spirit of optimism about science, a spirit of selfless enterprise, and his novels embody a heroic spirit of "fighting the heavens and the earth and defeating the demons and gods". [3] Artistic features Verne's imagination was very rich, and originally, there was nothing to write about but stones and stones underground, and there seemed to be nothing to write about. Verne, however, unleashed his rich imagination to depict the dead underground world so vividly and vividly. In the author's pen, the reader appreciates one magnificent and thrilling scene after another: the rough sea underground, the huge mushroom forest, the terrifying struggle with the ancient sea beasts, the herd of mastodons grazing by the Australopithecus in the underground forest, the storms and rains at sea, the dazzling lightning and thunder, and the breathtaking lava cracking...... All of this is tightly tied to the heartstrings of the blasphemer and fascinating. In short, in Verne's writing, a trip that seemed boring and boring was given the wings of his imagination, and it seemed fantastical and magnificent. These fantasies, based on strict science, open up a magical realm for the imagination of readers, especially teenagers. Verne's fantasy is not a rambling fantasy, nor is it a fabrication, but it has a solid scientific foundation. The author has profound scientific knowledge and has high attainments in geography, geology, navigation, biology, meteorology, physics, chemistry, and research. He skillfully interspersed his knowledge with the plot and character portrayal of the novel, making it both realistic and romantic. The author describes a magical underground world to the reader, showing the twists and turns of the vivid and interesting plot, while allowing the reader to learn a lot of scientific knowledge unconsciously. In addition, the author has a deep understanding of the politics and economy of the time, and there is no lack of realistic depictions in the book. [3] The characters in "Journey to the Center of the Earth" are distinct and have their own personalities. In the novel, Verne brilliantly portrays a character with a scientific and democratic spirit: Professor Riedenbrock, who is determined, strong-willed, and calm. No matter what danger he encountered, he persevered, in the dangerous situation of thirst, in the terrible storm, on the raging rapids, when the mountains and rivers were exhausted and there was no way back...... He is always calm and unfazed, so he can always turn evil into good fortune and be auspicious in trouble. He embodies the perseverance of a scientist and his unrelenting dedication to science. The language of the author and the language of the characters in the work are quite beautiful, which is not only the language of art, but also the language of science, and is a natural combination of literature and science. For example, in Chapter 32, "The First Day of the Voyage", the author uses Axel's dreams to tell people about the profound and complex history of the development of the earth, which is a moving read. Describing the beginning of the earth, he wrote: "In the center of this nebula, I passed through interstellar space, and my body was constantly dividing, until it became an immeasurably light atom, passing through the infinite space between the vast orbits of this blazing earth!" "Let the reader unconsciously wander into the universe and enter a magical world.

In 1864, Jules Verne published Travels to the Center of the Earth. As soon as the novel was published, it immediately became a worldwide hit and became famous all over the world. "Journey to the Center of the Earth" has been well received by readers from all over the world because of its scientific fantasy and moving artistic charm. Verne is also evaluated as an important founder of the new literary form of science fiction because of this classic masterpiece, creating the "hard science fiction" school of science fiction, and is known as the "father of science fiction". In 1906, Lu Xun translated this science fiction novel into China, which played a catalytic role in the germination of science fiction in China, which was still in a state of chaos.

Part 1: Jules Verne exaggerates Iceland's poverty, backwardness and desolation, deliberately shrouding the preparations for the expedition in the shadow of death, causing the reader to worry about the fate of the protagonist.   The second part narrates the whole process of the exploration of the center of the earth, and records the protagonists' difficult experiences and various wonders in a compact style.   Part 3: After a hellish journey, the protagonists suddenly return to a paradise with sunny springs and abundant fresh fruits.   19 Kony Street, Hamburg: My uncle and I found a coded letter, unravel it: before the dawn of July, the shadow of Skaltaris will fall on the crater of Jokul in Snafel, and from this crater, brave traveler, you can reach the center of the earth. I've been there. - Arna Saknusem. So my uncle and I decided to go to the crater in Iceland and go to the center of the earth.   Iceland: Uncle finds a guide in Iceland - Hans and promises to pay three silver coins a week Snæfellsjönifer in Iceland: The three descend through the crater to the bottom of the volcano, which has three volcanic tubes, and on the day of the lunar eclipse, the shadow points to the hole in the middle tube.   Under the Volcano: Three people enter the mouth of the tube, and after descending 2,800 feet, the three reach the bottom of the vertical volcanic tube. The next day, the trio entered a sloping passage to the right, and the temperature did not rise underground, from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., and according to the professor's speculation, the trio had reached a depth of 10,000 feet below sea level. On the third day, after six hours, they encountered another three-way intersection, and as a result, the three of them found a dead end after entering a fork in the road, but the three had reached the point of water shortage. The professor decided to go back and re-enter another corridor, and I couldn't stand trying to convince the professor to go back to the surface, while the Icelanders followed the professor and listened to the professor's instructions. After returning to the fork in the road, the trio descended from a pit and were lucky enough to find a water source and go the right way.   Unfortunately lost: when my uncle was holding a Lumkauf lamp and I was taking another lamp to examine the granite formations, I turned around and suddenly found that I was alone, and after confirming that I was lost, I ran like crazy until I was exhausted and unconscious. When I regained consciousness, my ear, which I happened to be attached to the stone wall, seemed to hear the sound of a human being, and after getting in touch with my uncle, he told me to continue walking. The slope was so steep that I rolled down the slope with one foot in the air and hit my head on a rock and lost consciousness. When I woke up, I found that I had been reunited with my uncle.   Lee Den Block Sea: I was stunned by the sight of a huge cave in front of me, "This is the beginning of a lake or the sea, and the vast expanse of water stretches as far as the eye can see. The undulating waves stop on the crescent-shaped shore, and the golden and delicate sand is full of small shells, inhabited by the first life on Earth. The waves crash against the sand, making a strange sound that can only be heard in a huge enclosed space. Tiny sprays fluttered in the breeze, and a few of them even blew on my face. On the slightly sloping sand, a huge stone wall stands more than 600 feet from the water, and it rises straight up into the sky. "Uncle named the sea after him.     Hans and I built a raft on the shore out of mineralized wood, and Hans simply made a fishing rod, and we caught a fish that had been alive and extinct for centuries, and found that the fish in the "sea" had no eyes. The three of them unexpectedly encountered a fight between an ichthyosaur and a plesiosaur, and the two sea beasts fought furiously, setting off waves as high as mountains. "Suddenly, a huge head sticks out of the sea, this is the head of a plesiosaur. The monster was mortally wounded. I could no longer see its carapace, only its long neck rising and falling, rising and falling again and again, like a great whip whipping the waves, and its body twisting like a truncated worm. The sea splashed far away and blindfolded us. But. The sea beast's dying throes soon came to an end, its movements waned, its body gradually distorted, and finally the long snake lay motionless on the calm sea. "The storm caused us to lose our way and return to where we were, Hans repaired the raft, and my uncle decided to take a walk on the shore, which was full of bones of creatures that man thought to be extinct, and I found a dagger of Saknusem on the shore. I boarded the raft again, but was blocked by a granite barrier, and the moment I exploded the granite with **, the sea water turned into a torrent and took us down. When I woke up to find the sea rising with them, my uncle judged that they had encountered a volcanic eruption, which was their only chance of escape, and the three were rescued on the island of Strombly in the Mediterranean.

Earth's crust (qiào), a geological term, refers to the solid shell composed of rocks, the outermost layer of the earth's solid sphere, an important part of the lithosphere, and the interface between the earth's crust and the mantle is a Moholovich discontinuity (Moho surface) through the study of seismic waves.

The chemical composition of the upper layer is mainly oxygen, silicon, and aluminum, and the average chemical composition is similar to that of granite, which is called granite layer, and some people also call it "silicon-aluminum layer". This layer is thin at the bottom of the ocean, especially in the ocean basin floor, and even absent in the central Pacific Ocean, which is a discontinuous layer. The lower layer is rich in silicon and magnesium, and the average chemical composition is similar to that of basalt, which is called the basalt layer, so some people call it the "silicon-magnesium layer" (another way of saying that the entire crust is a silicon-aluminum layer, because the aluminum content of the lower layer of the earth's crust still exceeds that of magnesium; The rock part of the upper mantle has a very high magnesium content, so it is called a silicon-magnesium layer); It is distributed in both continents and oceans, and is a continuous circle. The two floors are separated by a Conrad discontinuity.

The earth's crust is the outermost layer of the earth's solid surface structure, with an average thickness of about 17 kilometers, of which the continental crust is larger, with an average thickness of about 39-41 kilometers. The crust is thicker in high mountains and plateaus, up to 70 km; Plains and basins have relatively thin crusts. The oceanic crust is much thinner than the continental crust, only a few kilometers thick. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the thickest place on Earth, with a thickness of more than 70 kilometers. The crust in the submarine valley of the central Atlantic Ocean near the equator is only 1.6 kilometers thick, and the crust of the abyssal trench in the eastern part of the Mariana Islands in the Pacific Ocean is the thinnest, the thinnest on Earth.

There are 112 elements in the periodic table of chemical elements, 92 of which along with more than 300 isotopes of crustal motion are present in the crust. The most abundant chemical element in the earth's crust is oxygen, which accounts for 48.6% of the total weight; followed by silicon, accounting for 26.3%; The following are aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium. The lowest abundances were astatine and francium, accounting for about 1023. The above 8 elements accounted for 98.04% of the total weight of the crust, and the remaining 80 elements accounted for 1.96%. The percentage of atoms with the average content of various chemical elements in the earth's crust is called the atomic Clark value, and the chemical element with the highest number of atoms in the earth's crust is still oxygen, followed by silicon, and hydrogen is in third place. About more than 99% of living organisms are composed of 10 chemical elements in high concentrations, namely oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, sulfur, potassium, sodium; The content of magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, and molybdenum is less; Whereas, silicon, aluminum, nickel, gallium, fluorine, tantalum, strontium, and selenium are very small and are known as trace elements. It shows a certain correlation between man and the earth's crust in the composition of chemical elements. The most abundant element in the earth's crust is oxygen, but the most abundant metal element is aluminum. Aluminium accounts for 8.3% of the total amount of the crust, twice as much as iron, and about one-third of the total amount of metal elements in the crust. Aluminum is of great significance to the production and life of human beings. It has a very small density, good electrical and thermal conductivity, good ductility, and is not prone to oxidation, and its main disadvantage is that it is too soft. In order to give full play to the advantages of aluminum and make up for its shortcomings, it is often made into alloys when used. Aluminum alloys are very strong but much lighter in weight than ordinary steel. It is widely used in the manufacture of airplanes, train cars, ships, daily necessities, etc. Due to its good conductivity, it is also used for power transmission. Due to its good corrosion resistance and reflection to light. Therefore, it also shows its skills in the use of solar energy.

Archean (about 2.5 billion years ago) Archean is the oldest and longest generation of geological time, that is, the initial stage of the occurrence and development of the primitive crust and the primitive crust atmosphere, hydrosphere, sedimentary sphere and organisms. The Archean strata are composed of deep metamorphic ortho and paragneiss. The oldest known age of these is more than 4 billion years. It is believed that a small granite crust appeared on Earth before that. The occurrence of paragneiss, which is formed by sedimentary metamorphism, indicates that there was a primitive atmosphere and hydrosphere at that time, and there was pure physical and chemical weathering. These crystalline metamorphic rock basements are covered by a layer of less metamorphic greenstone belts, among which there are volcanic and sedimentary rocks, which formed in the depression zone of the ground at that time and only later underwent metamorphism. It is between 3.4 billion and 2.3 billion years old. It is presumed that there were many small granitic land masses on the surface of the early Archean Earth, and between them there were paleooceans of varying depths. Later, the small land masses were combined to form a larger continental plate during migration. These oldest land masses are scattered across the continents, the core of what is commonly referred to as the stable land mass, the craton or paleoshield zone. Archean crustal movements and magmatic activity were both extensive and intense; Volcanic eruptions are frequent, which allows the atmosphere and hydrosphere to form. The pristine ocean may be larger than we realize, but the average depth is much shallower. It was during this period that the world's abundant marine layered deposits of metamorphic iron-manganese deposits and gold deposits formed by magmatic activity were formed. The atmosphere at that time was probably rich in carbonic acid, water vapor, and volcanic dust, with only a small amount of nitrogen and abiotic oxygen. The sea water is also acidic mineralized water (which was gradually neutralized later), and the land is scorching and barren. In some suitable shallow sea environments, some inorganic substances undergo chemical evolution into organic substances (proteins and nucleic acids), and then develop into living prokaryotic cells, constituting some bacteria and cyanobacteria with simple morphology without a true nucleus. This only appeared in the late Archean period. In general, the Archean is the formative stage of the primitive geographical sphere, the land is the primitive desert landscape, and the water is the place where life is conceived and born. At that time, the exchange of matter and energy between the earth's crust and the universe and with the mantle was much stronger than at any time since. Proterozoic (2.5 billion to 600 million years ago) In the Proterozoic, the continental crust gradually changed from small to large, from thin to thickened, volcanic activity was relatively reduced, and the crustal nature of the rock also changed from mafic to acidic. The Lower Proterozoic has a large accumulation of detritic detritus, which greatly favors strong granitic activity and leads to the formation of large intrusions. Due to the decrease in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere and the increase of Ca and Mg ions in the water, carbonate rocks with chemical deposits began to appear. It will have a direct impact on the evolution of magmatic processes, leading to the emergence of alkaline derived rocks. As the free oxygen in the atmosphere increases, an oxidizing environment also begins to emerge. As a result, minerals such as oolitic hematite and sulfate, as well as the first red beds, were produced in the later period. The appearance of organisms has not had a large impact on the environment, so there are no large biochemical deposits in the Proterozoic. Moraine rocks have also been found at the end of the Proterozoic, the product of the world's first Great Ice Age. By this time, prokaryotes had evolved into eukaryotes, and aerophobic organisms had transformed into aerobic organisms (a turning point called the Yuri point, which occurred when the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increased to one-thousandth of the current atmospheric oxygen concentration), and the number of species increased from one thousandth to the current atmospheric oxygen concentration. At this time, the plant kingdom on the earth was greatly developed for the first time, and a large number of primitive lower plants that could carry out photosynthesis and respiration appeared, such as green algae, wheel algae, brown algae, red algae, etc. These micropaleontologies have been used to divide and contrast strata. In the late Proterozoic, primitive animals also appeared. For example, the Ediacara fauna in Australia, which contains fossils of aquatic chordates such as sponges, jellyfish, arthropods, flatworms and molluscs. Fossilized cavernous needles have also been found in North America. There were many crustal movements in the Proterozoic, including the Wutai movement in China, the Luliang movement, the Chengjiang movement, the Jixian movement, etc.; In North America, there are Knoller Movement, Hudson Movement, Grenville Movement, Belt Movement, etc. The fold belt formed by the previous orogenic movement gradually put together the original small land masses to form the ancient continent, and later became the ancient fold base and core of each continent, and the Precambrian land platform (or platform) was exposed, which only accounted for 1/5 of the land area. According to paleomagnetic studies, both the Loren paleocontinent in North America and the ancient continent in Africa had multiple pole shifts during the Proterozoic (E. l

vi

G. et al., 1975; D. E. Pipe

，1976）。 Paleozoic (600 million to 230 million years ago) The Paleozoic era includes the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian. According to the study of the earth's crust, 600 million to 700 million years ago, the continents underwent many divisions and mergers, and at the end of the Proterozoic (Late Precambrian), the scattered land masses combined to form a pancontinent. During the Cambrian period, the pancontinent was divided, becoming Gondwana in the south and North America, Europe and Asia in the north, separated by the pre-Western Sea, the pre-Caledonian Sea, the pre-Urals Sea and the pre-Tethys Sea (pre-Paleo-Mediterranean). At the end of the Ordovician, the Caledonian orogeny began. By the Devonian period, the Pre-Caledonian Trough had folded into mountains, and ancient Europe and North America formed a single continent. During the Late Carboniferous, the Hercynian movement led to the disappearance of the former Hercynian trough, merging the European and American continents with the Gondwana continents. By the late Permian, the Pre-Ural Sea had also disappeared, the Eurasian continent was formed, and the whole world became a new pan-continent. According to the research of Wang Quan et al. (1979), the nature of the Sino-Korean ancient land in northern China is very different from that of the Yangtze ancient land in the south, and the latter is very similar to many cases in the Gondwana ancient land in the southern hemisphere. They believe that the Yangtze paleocontinent was part of the Gondwana paleocontinent in the Early Paleozoic, and then split and drifted northward, and it was not until the Late Paleozoic that it collided and merged with the Sino-Korean paleocontinent, and the Qinling-Huaiyang Mountains between the two were a ground suture. Ophiolite stacks (a layer of oceanic crust and mantle eruption composed of serpentine, peridotite, gabbro, and pillow-shaped mafic volcanic rocks) are also found here. The study of paleomagnetism in China also believes that in the late Proterozoic, the Yangtze paleocontinent was roughly located in the northern part of the Indian Ocean, separated from the ancient land of China and North Korea in the north. The crustal movement and the separation of land and sea in various geological epochs have brought great changes to the geographical environment: the division of continents causes sea transgression, and the merger of continents causes sea retreat; It also has a significant impact on biological evolution. Since the Cambrian, the number of continental divisions and marine non-vertebrate families has increased and decreased significantly. During the Cambrian period, the pancontinent split and caused transgression, the continental shelf was widespread, and marine non-spineous chordates flourished unprecedentedly, among which arthropod trilobites accounted for 60% of the total fossils, brachiopods accounted for about 30%, and others accounted for only 10%. At this time, marine plants also show signs of transition to terrestrial plants. For example, algal coal found in Cambrian strata in China is an example. During the Ordovician seafloor expanded extensively, brachiopods, hornstones, penstones, nautilus and corals became worldwide species. A primitive fish, the jawless fish (armoured fish), also appeared. In addition to the continuous development of marine animals in the Silurian period, due to the drastic changes in the earth's crust and environment, marine animals entered the continental freshwater area, and real fish, jawed fish, and vascular plants with water transport tissues suitable for shore growth were also born. Since the Devonian period, in the Late Paleozoic, the continents tended to merge, the sea retreat continued to occur, and many marine chordate habitats disappeared, and their species and numbers were greatly reduced. On the other hand, fish are in full bloom and terrestrial plants are flourishing. The earth's surface has since ended the era of deserts and ozone-free layers. By the heyday of Carboniferous and Permian amphibians, the plant kingdom also developed from sporophytes to gymnosperms. In the Carboniferous and Permian continents, large forests dominated by ferns were distributed, which became an important coal-making period in geological history. Mesozoic Era (230 million to 70 million years ago) The Mesozoic Era includes the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous. There are many existing data to prove that the re-division of the pancontinent occurred in the Mesozoic, that is, in the Late Triassic, mainly in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, and continued until the Cenozoic. This pan-continent originally extended to the earth's crust and north and south poles, and the equatorial part was narrower, where the Tethys Sea (ancient Mediterranean) existed. During the Triassic-Jurassic period, North America split from Africa, the North Atlantic Ocean began to expand, and the pancontinent was divided into the ancient continent of Laua (Lawrence and Asia) in the north and the ancient land of Gondwana in the south. During the Jurassic-Cretaceous period, South America and Africa were divided, and the South Atlantic Ocean began to expand. Africa and India also separated from Antarctica and Australia (both of which were still together) during the Jurassic and began to form the Indian Ocean. During the Cretaceous period, the North Atlantic widened to the north, the South Atlantic had a certain size, India drifted northeastward, and the Indian Ocean also expanded, while the ancient Mediterranean tended to shrink. There were strong orogenies in various parts of the Mesozoic Era, with the Paleo-Alpine movement in Europe, the Nevada movement and the Laramie movement in the Americas, and the Indochinese movement and the Yanshan movement in China. At this time, folding, faulting, and magmatic activity are extremely active. A series of Chinese-style uplifts and depressions have been formed in the eastern part of China, and the formation of many non-ferrous and rare metal deposits is related to the magmatic activity at this time, and minerals such as coal, oil and oil shale are also formed in the fault basin. The basic outline of our continent was also established at this time. The biological kingdom is very much more developed than the Paleozoic. Gymnosperms that appeared at the end of the Paleozoic era have become the most prosperous phylum in the Mesozoic, they reproduce by seeds, and the fertilization process is completely free from the dependence on water, and is more suitable for terrestrial habitats. This is yet another leap forward in plant evolution. The development of terrestrial plants such as cycads, ginkgo biloba, and pines and cypresses has not only created favorable conditions for coal-forming (such as the Jurassic coal seams, which are widely distributed in the world), but also provided a rich food base for the development of reptiles. Throughout the Mesozoic Era, reptiles became the most abundant chordates of their time. On land there were herbivorous and carnivorous dinosaurs, at sea ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs, and in the air there were pterosaurs. At the same time, lizards, turtles, turtles, crocodiles, frogs and insects also appear. Ammonites are also very prosperous among marine non-vertebral chordates. Therefore, some people refer to the Mesozoic Era as the age of dinosaurs, ammonites or cycads. But by the end of the Cretaceous period, most of these once-flourishing species had become extinct, and only some remained. The primitive birds and mammals, which had already emerged at that time but were in a weak position, entered a spectacular Cenozoic era; Angiosperms have also flourished ever since. Cenozoic Era (70 million years ago - 21st century) The Cenozoic Era, which includes the Old Tertiary, Neo-Tertiary and Quaternary, is the most recent generation. Following the Mesozoic Era, the seafloor continued to expand, Australia separated from Antarctica, East Africa split, and India collided with the Eurasian continent. In the Tertiary period, strong crustal movements took place, known as the Neo-Alpine movement in Europe and the Himalayan movement in Asia. In the Paleo-Mediterranean (Alpine-Himalayan belt) and the Pacific Rim belt, a series of huge folded mountains were formed. Differential upward and downward movements such as arching and faults also occurred in the ancient platform area, and red beds were widely developed in the fault basin. This orogeny and the accompanying sea retreat brought about significant changes in the natural geography inherited from the Mesozoic. Globally, the Old Tertiary surface was predominantly warm and humid in climate. After the intense orogeny, the atmospheric circulation system, especially the regional circulation system, also changed, and in many places tended to dry and cold. The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau in western China has a great impact on the eastern monsoon circulation system, especially in South China, which has become a warm and humid forest landscape different from that of the same latitude. In the Quaternary, due to the further cooling of the climate in the temperate zone and the poles, large-scale glaciation took place on the earth, and it experienced many glacial and interglacial changes. Organisms also change due to changes in habitat. In the plant kingdom, the Old Tertiary was characterized by the great development of angiosperms, and the plant community changed from the original monotonous coniferous forest to the evergreen broad-leaved forest with abundant flowers and fruits. When the climate tends to dry and cold, the vegetation in many places has undergone dry biotic phenomena. At the beginning of the Neo-Tertiary period, the grassland dominated by monocotyledonous herbaceous plants appeared, and in the Quaternary period, the tundra appeared. The animal kingdom is characterized by the unprecedented prosperity of mammals, so the Cenozoic era is also called the age of mammals. Angiosperms flourish in hot and humid forest areas, which play a great role in promoting the development of mammals. The flourishing of insects is also associated with the development of angiosperms. The wide distribution of angiosperms and insects in turn promotes the prosperity of birds. When the grassland area expanded, many herbivorous grassland fauna appeared among the ungulates and rodents, and with it, the number of carnivores also increased. Of particular importance was the appearance of humans in the Quaternary. This is an event of great significance in the history of the earth. After a complex process of development, human beings have gradually become an important factor in disturbing, controlling and transforming the natural environment. Therefore, the Quaternary is also called the "Spiritual Era".