To liberate mortise and tenon joints, it is usually soaked in hot water before it can be opened. If the previous furniture parts were broken, they could be rebuilt separately, so there were furniture that were sent to the carpenter's house to be repaired in the past. In addition, if it is a wooden wedge clamp, if it is a through hole, it can be removed by ejecting it with a tool. If it is not a through hole, the car will be turned to the position of the wooden wedge, and the wooden wedge will be directly destroyed.

However, because of the complex assembly, high precision, and the need for a certain technical step, it is impossible to realize flat packaging. As for why it has developed to the point that the mortise and tenon joint cannot be disassembled in reverse at all now, and will slowly unfold in the future.

Mortise and tenon is inherited, but it is not the only or best way of structuring, and it is necessary to compromise on cost, time, ease of use, etc. under the premise of different positioning and different structures. But it's not going away, at least I know a lot of furniture designers who are passing it on.

China's mortise and tenon joints are delicate and very successful, but the mortise and tenon joints are not unique to China, and there is a sense of nationalist pride in talking about mortise and tenon joints, which is actually a bit excessive, and wood as the most primitive building and furniture material is global.

So mortise and tenon is a global occurrence, not a traditional Chinese feature, Egypt also appeared very early mortise and tenon structure, and the seat was actually introduced to China through West Asia, probably in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, (or the Western Han Dynasty?) This is the very beginning of sitting with your feet down, in the past, the land of China was sitting on the ground, in fact, kneeling or lying on your side. So the previous case was only 30-40 cm high. Reference: History of World Furniture - From the Middle Ages to the Present Present (Middle Ages, c. 476 A.D. ~ 1453 A.D.)

Why is it connected by mortise and tenon joints? The characteristics of wood only have strength and toughness in the longitudinal direction, and it is easy to break in the transverse direction, so it must be ensured that the force is in the direction of the wood fiber. For example, the right angle in the following diagram:

Therefore, as long as it is connected by wooden materials, the emergence of mortise and tenon structures is inevitable, and people of any region and race will think about how to connect them, and tenon and tenon joints are born almost simultaneously in all corners of the planet, which is even as inevitable as human beings create languages.

The emergence and replacement of new joining materials.

In fact, this brings up another question, why can the connection between wood and wood only be made by mortise and tenon?

The answer is no, you can use metal, the earliest copper nails, copper skin wrapping, but in ancient times, copper was a precious metal, ordinary people could not afford to use it, and if it is a large part of the connection consumables, the amount of consumables will be very large.

Later, there was iron, but iron is easy to rust, iron nails appeared in China very early, and the difference is that the iron nails at that time were hammered out by blacksmiths one by one, so most of the iron nail columns are square.

The main reason is that the material characteristics of wood wedges and wood can change together with the thermal expansion and contraction of furniture. However, the auxiliary materials in this historical stage are still very limited, and they are still dominated by mortise and tenon joints.

Cement appeared in building materials, steel bars appeared in metal materials, and the advent of the prefabrication era almost ended the dominance of wood as a support in large buildings. It is also stronger, more resistant to pressure and load, and the construction process is simpler.

For furniture, the emergence of more mixed metals and other materials is gradually replacing the function of mortise and tenon. For example, the connectors that used to be iron are gradually being replaced by alloys such as copper-plated, chrome-plated, zinc-iron alloys and other metals that are more rigid and do not rust. Machine tool processing can ensure that the accuracy of the connector can be accurate micron error.

Not to mention that more materials are applied to furniture, injection molding, fiberglass, aluminum, etc., the emergence of these materials, even allows furniture to be molded at one time, without the need for mortise and tenon joints, in these materials it loses the meaning of existence.

For some other furniture materials, the material itself is not suitable for mortise and tenon. For example, the torsional resistance of MDF is very weak, so metal connectors are used instead.

In addition, the emergence of high-strength wood glue replaces many functions of mortise and tenon structures, such as panels. We know that most of the table tops are made of several wooden squares, which in itself is due to two reasons:

1. Large-diameter wood is relatively scarce and expensive

Second, when large-diameter wood is used in a large area, it takes a lot of energy to prevent deformation and cracking, especially for the general desktop thickness is about 30 mm, which is easy to deform.

Therefore, it is generally splicing, and in the past, splicing was connected with wooden wedges or slots, occlusion with animal glue, and closed gaps. The strength of today's high-strength glue can even exceed the strength of the wood material itself. However, it is irreversible. That is, it cannot be disassembled.

Let's go back to the mortise and tenon structure of modern solid wood furniture, and even some businesses use the mortise and tenon structure as a marketing gimmick. Why? The mortise and tenon structure is expensive? Is it hard?

Obviously, it's not that hard, but the problem is twofold:

First, whether it is manual or mechanical, it is very time-consuming, and the technical requirements for workers are very, very high.

Second, the precision of the machined mortise and tenon is definitely much higher than before, and it can be accurate to an error of 0.5 mm. However, complex mortise and tenon joints are required by machines, unless it is a CNC CNC machining machine, the general single-axis machining machine tool needs a lot of processes to process complex mortise and tenon joints. For most domestic furniture manufacturers, CNC is too expensive, tens of millions of units, and the cost is too high.

In fact, it is not that the choice of mortise and tenon for wood is limited, a lot of wood can basically adapt to the strength requirements of mortise and tenon, and it does not necessarily have the hardness of mahogany, and the choice of high-density mahogany is limited in fact from the Qing Dynasty, and mainly because many decorative carvings must be made of fine wood, and the wood fiber is loosely carved out will not be delicate and smooth. In the Ming Dynasty, many of them were general materials, for example, the density of Nanmu was not very high, and there were a large number of them in the southwest of our country at that time, and they have been cut down by now.

Whether it is for architecture or furniture, it does not have to be the only thing that exists, it is the choice. For the realization of its function, modern times have more, even better, options, such as construction, the emergence of cement and steel prefabrication has appeared skyscrapers, while wooden mortise and tenon joints are not possible.

For furniture, the emergence of more materials not only reduces the processing cost, but also realizes the diversity of furniture use environment (such as outdoor furniture with injection molding and alloy materials) and shapes, and the emergence of various curves and curved furniture. These give consumers a wider range of choices.

How to use woodworking scraps to make practical furniture or fun objects?

Most carpenters believe or suggest that mahogany is one of the most unfavorable woods for furniture, so why is it sought after at the commercial level?

A planet full of curiosity to explore, where the four labels of life are revealed

Not to mention architecture, I think that in addition to the artistic components, the traditional mortise and tenon is no longer suitable for modern architecture, of course, there are more transformations and innovative architectural mortise and tenon joints. But here we are only talking about the furniture aspect.

Mortise and tenon, here refers specifically to the way wood is connected to wood. There are also a variety of techniques that can solve structural problems.

Zongjiao tenon is mostly used for the connection of frame shape, from the outside, the three sides are 45 degree oblique lines, very beautiful, triangular and sharp, but the internal structure is complex. This type of mortise and tenon joint can hardly be molded once or twice by modern machinery, and it takes an experienced carpenter a certain amount of time to make a good job.

Most of the solid wood furniture practices we have seen are best to use dovetails on the side and then spliced with the backboard. And the dovetail tenon is precisely able to be molded at one time by machinery.

By the way, share a few mortise and tenon joints that are currently mechanized:

It is mostly used in the structure of tables and chairs, such as cross braces or corners, and is very simple mortise and tenon. The degree of mechanization is very high, make a good mold, and turn it over and move like a skewer. There are also higher degrees of automation, and the feed material does not need to be moved.

This kind of mold is slightly more complicated, but the basic principle is similar, do a good mold, semi-automatic or pure automatic way can come out.

Most of the mortise and tenon joints are almost the best connection treatment method for solid wood furniture, which is why the mortise and tenon joints are still enduring after such a high degree of mechanization.

The time cost and labor cost of the reasonable and beautiful Zongjiao tenon are not willing to be borne by most factories at present.

Therefore, these skills can only be preserved in addition to expensive mahogany furniture. There is a time when we blindly oppose mahogany furniture, but to a certain extent, only they can carry the value of mortise and tenon.

I have to admit that only a very small number of carpenters still have these mortise and tenon making skills.

In the factory where I studied Ming-style furniture, the salary of a tenth-level carpenter ranged from 1.2 to 2.

Even if it is a tenth-level carpenter, it takes him half a day to make a set of zongjiao tenons.

Although most of the mortise and tenon joints are in the form of mechanical assistance and semi-manual, the techniques and tools of the whole hand still need to be mastered accurately.

Now there are too few apprentices, and there are no apprentices, whether they are furniture workers or carvers, the factory is full of older gentlemen, and the production speed is definitely not fast.

Since the cost of mortise and tenon is so high, and the requirements of mortise and tenon on the hardness or value of the material are very high. Either it's as hard as mahogany, or it's as good as goldenrod.

These materials can carry the value of mortise and tenon, and further in the market to see the price of prohibitive mahogany furniture.

Mortise and tenon is only an option for structure, especially in modern consumption methods, we more often just need cheap, enough furniture.

However, mortise and tenon is also a kind of culture, and we can make more inheritance and innovation on the basis of ancient mortise and tenon joints.

Many of the designers' products we see are adding mortise and tenon elements as much as possible. Even a mechanical mold can bring some sincerity.

It is more hoped that in the progress of mechanization, more high-quality mortise and tenon joints can be separated from manual work as much as possible, so that the mortise and tenon furniture and products can be more easily returned to people's field of vision.

The assembly method of the whole chuck tenon flat head case is also pure mortise and tenon joint, no nail and no glue, and the firmness of non-detachable furniture is basically achieved after simple manual installation, which also proves that as long as the process of mortise and tenon is sufficient, non-dismantling is not the only choice. It can also be regarded as the inheritance and innovation of mortise and tenon culture.

The largest wooden house in Switzerland, Japanese architect Shigeru Ban built it with traditional Japanese construction techniques and a unique full mortise and tenon structure.

Only the façade is made of glass and steel.

Wood is made of spruce, which is stable, beautiful and water-resistant, and is commonly used in construction and furniture. At the same time, it is suitable for cutting and is often used as sculpture material.

Timber structures are used throughout the building, but each part is a separate part. It is completed by high-precision computerized processing machinery and then assembled on site.

During construction, workers assemble the pre-made wooden components precisely according to the drawings. Greatly saving construction and hoisting costs. And the material is spruce from the planning forest. The building strictly adheres to the environmental responsibility of low-carbon environmental protection.

I don't think the title should confuse furniture with architecture, because wood furniture is still in use, and wood architecture has almost no practical application in China. Judging by the answers, either furniture or architecture is answered, and the angles are completely different.

I don't understand furniture at all, and the highest vote answer that caused some controversy about the "mortise and tenon non-removable" point of view completely refers to furniture, and I have no right to speak.

In addition to the purpose of maintenance, another important significance of the mortise and tenon structure is to use the gap to absorb deformation and buffer energy, which is the reason why the wood building has excellent seismic performance.

For the building, it should also be looked at separately, the first case, China's antique wooden buildings, as long as it is not the appearance of cement antique, it must be a mortise and tenon structure, which is an inherent attribute of traditional wooden buildings, which cannot be changed, such as Hong Kong Chi Lin Jing Yuan, Xi'an Qinglong Temple Huiguo Konghai Memorial Hall, must be mortise and tenon.

In the second case, there are no well-known examples in China, modern wooden buildings, which can be done without mortise and tenon. For example, the main venue of the Hannover World Expo, the Odate Jukai Stadium in Japan, and the Gibaio Cultural Center.

Because of the material characteristics of wood, the key to its construction is to solve the node problem. Mortise and tenon is a traditional solution that has been relatively successful under traditional conditions. However, modern wood construction is mostly used in a different way: metal joints.

As can be seen from the above two example pictures, due to the development of modern computer analysis technology, complex mechanical calculations have been realized, coupled with the characteristics of wood that is easy to process and splic, modern wood buildings have developed into an extraordinarily free form from plane to space, breaking the traditional geometric structure, which also puts forward new requirements for the stiffness and degree of freedom of the joints, and the use of metal nodes is consistent with this trend.

From the amount of timber lap and lap process required for the building listed above (some details and structural drawings have actually highlighted the nodes), it can be intuitively seen that for large timber structures and complex lap joints, the mortise and tenon joint is already inadequate, and the timber lap indirectly through the metal structure with excellent performance can easily meet the mechanical requirements and is easy to deal with complex nodes.

Some have been compared with mortise and tenon joints, and some have shown the combination of metal nodes and mortise and tenon joints. In addition, there is another kind of node, that is, glued nodes, which are used less alone, and are also combined with other node forms.

All in all, because the excellent performance of the metal joints meets the requirements of modern wood buildings, and in addition, in terms of aesthetics, it is possible to choose hidden and exposed joints more freely, and freely design the joint form to meet the aesthetic requirements. Therefore, in modern wood buildings, metal joints and integrated treatment methods based on metal joints have been the most popular.

The mortise and tenon structure is not unique to any country or nation, and anyone who has used wood to build a house or make furniture will naturally develop a mortise and tenon structure

The reason why it is not used in the building is that the mortise and tenon joint is the weakness of the structural force, so that the wood structure cannot play its instinctive bearing capacity. After having steel, it is natural to think of using steel components to deal with the handover of wood components, forming a steel-wood composite structure. Again, people don't build houses out of wood anymore.

Hemudu Town, Yuyao City, found six or seven thousand years ago Neolithic cultural sites, people called the Hemudu site, in the site people found a large number of mortise and tenon structures: