The development dilemma of Ru porcelain: young people think that handicraft skills make less money, work hard, and no one...

As an important heritage of traditional Chinese handicrafts, Ru porcelain embodies the wisdom and sweat of Chinese working people for thousands of years, and inherits the continuous spirit of craftsmen.

Ru porcelain is a wordless poem, a three-dimensional painting; It is a string of beating notes, a swan song of culture; It is a spiritual light of Chinese civilization......

Under the bright light, the color will be blue and yellow, just like the golden sunlight on the clear blue sky when the clouds open and the fog disperses after the rain has passed. In the dimly lit place, the color is blue to blue, like clear lake water.

Such as the moon shines, elegant and quiet, the luster is soft, rich in water color, heavy and generous, quiet and noble, simple and generous, full of charm, soft and jade, the hand touch has an obvious ghee feeling, the juice is thick, it is regarded as the green peak and green color, and there is the beauty of jade and non-jade.

Yuebai Ru porcelain is made by traditional handicrafts, and is made and formed by multiple processes such as hand-drawing and repairing, which is precise and delicate, thick and thin, and symmetrical fetal bones. The glaze is delicate and warm, smooth as grease, as flawless as clouds, and pure without staining fine dust.

The glaze layer is bright, uniform and fine, the opening piece is densely covered, and the glaze color is sky blue. The tone is condensed but not sluggish, and the appearance is flashy but not bright; The soft light is surging, elegant and exquisite, and the glaze is sky blue, which is precious.

When playing with the Ru kiln, the inside and outside of the Ru kiln should be cleaned to avoid oil stains touching the Ru porcelain;

When using, you can use the pot pen to dip the tea juice to moisten the surface of the Ru kiln, and then you can appreciate the changes in the cicada wing pattern on the surface of the Ru porcelain (long-term use of the Ru kiln, the tea pattern is a normal phenomenon, and the texture is more ancient.

After using the Ru kiln, the tea residue can be cleaned and rinsed with clean water to dry.

When the kiln is not in use, it can be placed in a dry and clean room.

Ru kiln should be well ventilated, dry, clean and placed in an elegant room.

After careful maintenance and play, there will be a unique spirituality, and the change of its cicada wing pattern is different for each piece, which also creates the only situation in the world, which is really a good collection.

Tibetan Ru kiln ware can not be idle for a long time, must be in use, in order to see its texture and tea as one of the aesthetic changes, has the function of pleasing to the eye.

Early Ru porcelain? The early products of Ruguan kiln, in terms of heirlooms, have gray and green glazes, most of them are egg green, and those with a little pink and blue also account for a considerable proportion.

Middle Ru porcelain? In the middle of the development of the Ruguan kiln, the porcelain-making process was greatly improved, and the engraving and printing technology of the Rumin kiln was widely used in production.

The preciousness of Ru porcelain makes many collectors and friends want to collect Ru porcelain, but the market of Ru porcelain is now mixed, and everyone must keep their eyes open.

The glaze of Ru porcelain forms glaze colors such as azure, bean green, and moon white under different firing temperatures and firing atmospheres, which is very complex.

However, the glaze of the genuine product is very moist, and the glaze is pure, such as azure, which is the glaze that flows between green and blue under different natural light, green in blue, blue in green, and natural glaze; The imitation is a composite color of green and blue due to the addition of chemical raw materials.

The glaze of the genuine product is in contact with the air for a long time, and the glaze has a sense of antiquity, but it can also be identified through the enamel, the glaze is uniform, the bubbles are like the morning star, and there are no fluffy flow traces in the glaze for the genuine, otherwise it is an imitation.

The glaze of the edge of the mouth of the genuine product is slightly thinner than other parts, the glaze of the mouth is slightly light copper-red, and the bottom of the genuine Ru porcelain has a grinding bottom, and the exposed part presents the color of the fragrant gray fetus; The raw materials used in the imitation tires do not belong to the local Ruzhou, so the glaze color of the edge and mouth is very light (commonly known as blurting and also known as revealing white), and even becomes a colorless and transparent glass body.

The genuine product is thick and textured, and it is like fat; Imitations are delicate and lightweight.

The nails of genuine Ru porcelain are 3, 5 and 7, which are evenly distributed, and the nail marks are small, shaped like sesame seeds, and are gray-white; The shape and color of the nails of the imitation can be clearly distinguished.

Viewed through a magnifying glass of more than 30 times, the bubbles in the genuine product are clearly visible, like the morning star flashing imitation gas.

On October 3, 2017, at Sotheby's Hong Kong Auction House, the "Northern Song Dynasty Ru Kiln Azure Glaze Wash" was sold at a sky-high price of 294.3 million Hong Kong dollars, setting a new world auction record for Chinese porcelain.

This is the second time to refresh the record of Ru kiln porcelain in the high-end auction market in 2012 after Sotheby's Hong Kong sold the "Northern Song Dynasty Ru Kiln Azure Glaze Sunflower Wash" for HK$207.86 million after 34 bids.

At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jin soldiers invaded, the Song dynasty moved south, due to the long-term rebellion, the Ru kiln was destroyed, and the formula process was lost for nearly a thousand years. Both the Ming and Qing dynasties tried to imitate it, but they were unsuccessful.

The three dynasties of Qing Kang and Yongqian are another peak of Chinese porcelain firing, but only the imitation of Ru porcelain failed, at that time, there was a sigh of "it is difficult to make azure glaze, it is difficult to go to the blue sky", and the poet also issued a sigh of "it is difficult to stay in the sky for a long time, and the kiln is empty and the smoke is cold".

While speaking, Wang Junzi took out a few pieces of Ru porcelain from the house and introduced: "This is a lotus warm bowl, which was used to warm wine in the Song Dynasty. This is a pot, in ancient times, the court and the eunuch house used to drink soup. The reporter stroked it with his hand and felt that the surface of these appliances was very smooth and warm.

As a national intangible cultural heritage inheritor, Wang Junzi mainly produces Ru porcelain ornaments, such as string pattern zun, lotus bowl, narcissus plate, jade pot spring, foot wrapping wash, etc., which are generally exported to Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, and many foreigners come to buy.

Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, Ru porcelain firing technology has undergone a transformation from coal kiln to gas (liquefied gas) kiln. "It was originally fired with a sagger, but now it is changed to gas firing, and it is directly fired on the silicon carbide plate, which is not only environmentally friendly, but also has a high combustion rate, and the firing rate has also increased more than ten times."

Wang Junzi said that this firing method can automatically control the heating, so that the combustion is more sufficient, and it is more convenient to grasp the biological curve of Ru porcelain; In terms of production technology, it was originally manual mud kneading and mud refining, but after decades of development, there is a mud refining machine, which greatly improves the firing efficiency.

Wang Junzi has been fond of porcelain since he was a child, and he began collecting and researching porcelain in 1986, and officially fired Ru porcelain in 1997. Wang Junzi said that the history of his ancestors burning imitation Song Ru porcelain can be traced back to the Ming Dynasty, and he has worked hard for generations to test the Ru porcelain formula. Wang Junzi is the 32nd generation of the family's Ru porcelain skills, and his three sons are now also in the Ru porcelain firing industry.

In order to obtain the Ru porcelain formula, Wang Junzi was present every time the ruins of the Ruguan kiln in Qingliang Temple were excavated. "I saved and used all the waste materials that I discarded after each excavation, such as agate stones, cow bones, feldspar and hair color raw materials, and many of these things turned out to be glazes and special raw materials for Ru porcelain."

The harvest in 1998 is still fresh in Wang's memory. "When excavating the ruins of the Ru kiln, in order to clean up the ground appendages, the bulldozer knocked down a paulownia tree in the village, and there were many porcelain pieces stuck to it.

After washing and sorting, looking carefully with a magnifying glass, and after many tests, I found that this is the glaze used in the firing of Ru kilns in the Song Dynasty. ”

In 2013, Wang Junzi officially fired these works close to Song Dynasty Ru porcelain, and compared with the Song Dynasty products at that time, it was found that the chemical composition of the two was basically the same! According to experts, the glaze of these porcelains is not much different from that of the Song Dynasty, or even better than that of the Song Dynasty.

How to identify the top grade in Ru porcelain? Wang Junzi expressed his experience: from the entry point, the high-quality Ru porcelain "has no flaws, no black spots, no shrinkage glaze, no dross, and pure color." The azure color is especially pure, bright and not dazzling, very subtle, no peeling feeling, very warm. ”

At a deeper level, the high-grade Ru porcelain can be summarized as "azure color, agate glaze, seemingly thin, thick to the touch, sesame nails, glaze wrapped feet, light body, containing show, fragrant gray tire, cicada wing pattern, morning star thin, moist as jade".

Due to the short firing time and the difficulty of firing, Ru kiln porcelain has been recorded in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the number of products that have been handed down to this day is less than 100 pieces, mainly collected in the Palace Museum in Beijing, the National Palace Museum in Taipei, the Shanghai Museum, the British Museum, etc.

Due to the long-term sitting by the kiln to repair the blank, coupled with the almost harsh self-requirements for the production of Ru porcelain works, Wang Junzi's cervical and lumbar spine were tired, but he did not regret it. In the second half of his life, he wants to use his Ru porcelain skills exhibition hall and training center to cultivate more inheritors and technical talents of Ru porcelain skills.

In addition to Wang Junzi, Baofeng County has also emerged Wang Guoqi, Ma Jukui, Wang Xuefeng and a number of famous Ru porcelain and Ru porcelain firing skills inheritors, they have made new breakthroughs in antique modeling, tire making, glaze and other aspects.

When it comes to Ru porcelain, Ruzhou is a place that cannot be bypassed, not only because of the name of Ru kiln and Ru porcelain, but also because it carries the prosperous and glorious history of Ru porcelain.

As early as 7,000 years ago in the Yangshao cultural period, Ruzhou pottery industry has matured, 4,500 years ago Longshan cultural sites such as coal mountain, Dazhang, Zhongshan cottage and so on have pottery production. Ruzhou's skillful pottery technology laid a solid foundation for the prosperity of the Tang and Song dynasties.

According to historical records, during the Northern Song Dynasty, the northern celadon firing center was in Ruzhou, when Ruzhou had jurisdiction over Jia County, Longxing County (now Baofeng County), Lushan County, Yiyang County (now Ruyang County), Ye County, Xiang County and other places, and there were many kiln sites around it to burn celadon ware, forming a prosperous scene of "a hundred miles of landscape on both sides of the Ru River, and fires everywhere".

In addition, the area under the jurisdiction of Ruzhou contains abundant hard kaolin, soft kaolin and clay, which are the raw materials for making Ruzhou porcelain blanks; At the same time, Ruzhou is known as the "Hundred Miles of Coal Sea", with abundant coal reserves and mountains of woods and shrubs, which provide sufficient fuel for Ruzhou porcelain firing.

In 1957, when the prime minister gave instructions to restore Ru porcelain as soon as possible, the Ru kiln had declined and withered for nearly a thousand years, and there were very few kiln workers who knew the know-how of firing.

At that time, the local state-owned Linru County Ru Porcelain Factory, which was restructured from the private Minsheng Ru Porcelain Factory, mainly produced coarse porcelain civil bowls and basins, as well as porcelain jars and refractory bricks. In order to restore Ru porcelain, the factory built a test kiln and improved the production process, laying the foundation for later experiments on Ru porcelain.

In order to cooperate with Ru porcelain with reducing fire, the technicians have improved the glaze ingredients of Ru porcelain, mainly yellow feldspar and black stone produced in Linru, and increased the content of iron in the glaze.

After hundreds of tests, the technicians gradually figured out the formula for firing Ru porcelain bean green glaze, and summarized a set of heating curves for firing. In 1964, Ru porcelain bean green glaze products were successfully fired.

In 1973, Linru Ru Porcelain Factory accepted the order placed by the state foreign trade for the first time and began mass production for export. In the 80s of the 20th century, with the establishment of Ru porcelain modeling design room, Ru porcelain laboratory, Ru porcelain raw material laboratory and the improvement of Ru kiln production equipment, Ru porcelain entered a stage of rapid development.

First of all, the Ru porcelain sky blue glaze test project won the Henan Provincial Science and Technology Progress Award, and then the Ru porcelain No. 17 bean green glaze, Ruguan kiln azure glaze, and moon white glaze were successfully developed, which shook the entire ancient ceramic industry.

66-year-old Li Tinghuai spent more than 40 years to innovate and develop a new glaze color of jade glaze, fired a healthy living porcelain, and brought back to the world the Ru porcelain egg green glaze that had been lost for more than 800 years, becoming the first person to successfully refire the Ru porcelain egg green glaze.

He used the jade-glazed "dragon head cup" at the meeting of heads of government (prime ministers) of the SCO member states and the "harmony bottle" at the Shanghai World Expo.

"My mother-in-law has done this thing in her life to revive Ru porcelain!" Li Xiaojuan said that from 1997 to 2006, after the mother-in-law started a business, she found that there was less art porcelain and more industrial porcelain at that time, so the mother-in-law strengthened the research and development of art porcelain modeling, so that the variety of Ru porcelain increased a lot, and Ru porcelain technology ushered in a period of accumulation.

Talking about the recovery process of Ru porcelain, Meng Yusong's eyes flashed with excitement, and tears came out of his eyes several times during the conversation.

"This piece of Ru porcelain is called the String Pattern Zun, and there are four chain locks on the glass cabinet that holds it, and the caretaker has a key for each person, and none of them can be opened. After unlocking, one of the administrators wore white gloves and removed the string pattern, and the other put a cotton cushion on the table, and the string pattern was gently placed on the cushion. ”

"At that time, I really cried, it was a fish body scale, disc pattern, very beautiful, I vowed to remember these technical characteristics in my mind."

On the morning of the same day, Meng Yusong saw that the color of this string pattern was "green in green, green in green"; In the afternoon, she saw through the glass that the glaze on the string pattern was dark blue, which deepened her understanding of the "secret color" of Ru porcelain.

"The next day, I was worried that I would forget the color I saw, and a woman happened to walk in front of me, and she happened to be wearing a 'green in the green, green in the green' color, so I quickly ran to the Beijing bazaar and tore a piece of cloth of the same color to deepen my memory. After I went back, I began to test the glaze, and asked the master to burn 7 plates, and then showed them to Geng Baochang and other masters, and they said, 'It's a bit azure'. ”

Meng Yusong understood that the experts were unwilling to pour cold water on her, so she "annoyed" Geng Baochang to report to the director of the Palace Museum, and then went to the Treasure Hall to explore the secrets. Feng Xianming, an expert in the museum, flipped out a notebook and asked Meng Yusong to copy down the 27 pieces of content, which were detailed records of Ru porcelain in the courts of previous dynasties. The next day, she went to Feng Xianming, who took out a small box containing a porcelain piece the size of a fingernail.

"He said that this was found at the excavation site of the Ruguan kiln site of Baofeng Qingliang Temple, and because it was borrowed for many times for laboratory analysis, only the size of a fingernail was left, and it was usually easy not to show people." After comparison, this porcelain piece the size of a fingernail is the same as the one in the Forbidden City! Feng Xianming asked Meng Yusong to take a closer look, and also helped her take pictures of her as information.

Later, with the help of experts such as Geng Baochang and Li Huibing, Meng Yusong modified the formula of 8 Ru porcelain glazes after experiments.

But for a long time in the future, Meng Yusong struggled with how to improve the aluminum content of Ru porcelain, and later she went to Jingdezhen to "learn from the experience", but in vain, and then went to the University of Science and Technology Beijing to ask for advice, which solved this problem. "This question has tormented me for more than half a year." Speaking of this, Meng Yusong burst into tears.

In a Ruzhou porcelain factory, Lan Yu saw workers pushing a cart of porcelain blanks into the kiln, preparing to close the furnace for firing. "Vegetarian firing is 800 degrees Celsius, and after five or six hours of burning, it becomes pottery, and you can stop the fire. After glazing, it is fired at a high temperature of 1200 degrees, and finally sorted out of the kiln. The worker said.

In the corner of the warehouse, Lan Eucalyptus saw a row of Ru porcelain newly out of the kiln, and then heard the sound of the glaze cracking and opening due to the temperature change, which was like a row of crisp wind chimes, like a natural sound.

The purchased porcelain clay needs to go through weathering, washing, cake making, precipitation, mud refining, blank drawing, carving and many other links, and then put into the high-temperature kiln calcination, so that you can see the touch of azure and hear the moving opening sound.

There is a famous saying in Taoism that the road is simple, and the beauty of Ru porcelain can conquer the royal aristocracy and cultural elite precisely because of its minimalist style.

Jane is a kind of wisdom. The simplicity of Ru porcelain cannot be simply understood as brief, concise and concise. Her simplicity is the complexity of the advanced form, the more advanced the things are simpler, and the simpler the external form of the things The higher the wisdom content, Ru porcelain is in its simple form, interpreting the most complex beauty in the world. Take a look at the latest chapters of "Dream Claw Book House in the Great Era" and read it for free for the first time.