Dough sculpture has always been a kind of livelihood business, but it also belongs to the traditional handicraft, is a cultural product with local characteristics, and its value has a unique place. With the development of tourism, the "gadget" of dough sculpture can show its cultural charm more.

Traditional dough artists are street performers who "just make a living and walk around with tears", and there is little systematic knowledge, but it is incredible that dough sculpture blooms beautiful flowers in the hands of such ordinary people. It should be the crystallization of a devout faith and a festive mood! Therefore, dough sculpture artworks are always given more connotation.

The inheritance of dough sculpture, like many other folk arts, is generally passed down orally, from generation to generation, from master to apprentice, and there is no special school to disseminate.

Dough molding and dough, first prepare materials, 1 part of talcum powder; 1 part of rice noodles per year, and half a part of preservatives are added to prevent mildew.

Knead the dough and stir the above ingredients with water to mix well like dough.

Harmony, and the surface of the harmony should not be dry or soft, and it should be done with three lights, namely face light, basin light, and hand light.

To steam the noodles, pat the noodles about one finger thick, and then steam them evenly on the steaming drawer for about 30 minutes.

Mix the noodles and knead the steamed noodles while they are hot, then knead in three parts of talcum powder until soft and bagged.

Mix the color, divide the kneaded white noodles into pieces, wrap different colors on each piece of noodles, knead evenly, and bag for later use. Commonly used colors are: red, rose, yellow, blue, green, black, and white.

The art of dough molding is the art of using edible flour and rice flour as raw materials, supplemented by tools to form various shapes, which is derived and developed from China's long-standing pasta culture. The art of dough sculpture is also called "flower bun", "noodle flower", "Jiangmi people" and so on in the folk, since ancient times it is the food of the feast, the gift of gifts, is the link that connects the feelings of the Chinese nation, so it is also called "gift bun".

Since 2008, there have been a number of noodle shaping skills, such as Yangcheng baked dough molding, Wenxi flower bun, Dingxiang dough molding, Xinjiang dough molding, Langzhuang face molding, Huangling noodles flower, Beijing noodles Lang, Shanghai noodles Zhao, Caozhou noodles, Caoxian Jiangmi people, etc., have been included in the list of China's national intangible cultural heritage.

According to historical records, in ancient sacrifices, noodles were used as materials to make sacrifices, instead of killing animals to sacrifice to heaven, earth, and gods, and face figurines were also used as substitutes for wooden figurines and terracotta figurines for burial. The Book of Songs? Zhou Song? Siwen recorded: "I came to Mou, and the emperor ordered to breed." ”

Among them, "Laimu" is the common name of ancient wheat, which shows that the history of wheat cultivation in China has a long history. The history of wheat crop processing in China is also long, and the unearthed cultural relics prove that tools such as grinding discs appeared in the Neolithic period, and the bronze ware of the Shang and Zhou dynasties has special cooking utensils for baking and frying pasta, and the tools for grinding flour in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period have been further developed.

These tools laid the foundation for the transformation of wheat grains into flour and their moldability.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, the cultivation of wheat crops in China was more extensive, and gradually formed a dietary pattern of rice in the south and wheat in the north, the types of pasta increased rapidly, and the pasta processing tools and technologies were also transmitted from the upper strata of society to the people.

During the reign of Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty, Huangmen Ling Shi You's "Urgent Chapter" recorded "cake bait, wheat rice, sweet bean soup", and cake bait is a collective term for cake and cake. The "steamed cakes" in the "Urgent Chapter" annotated by Yan Shigu in the Tang Dynasty are similar to today's steamed buns. According to folklorists, "steamed bread is the indiscriminate tendon of folk noodle flowers, and folk noodle flowers should have originated in the Han Dynasty."

As the initial form of flour, cake food gradually developed during this period, and Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty was also worshiped by later generations as the ancestor of the cake industry.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the types of pasta became more and more abundant, and the production of pasta began to pay attention to skills, and the aesthetic requirements for shape and color began to penetrate, and the art of dough sculpture began to sprout. In the book "Qi Min Yaoshu" by Jia Siqian of the Northern Wei Dynasty, more than ten methods of making cakes were recorded, such as white cakes, baked cakes, pith cakes, chicken and duck cakes, thin ring cakes, cut cakes, powder cakes, pork skin cakes, and sand infiltration methods.

The Jin people once said that "the steamed cake is not made of a cross and is not eaten", and this kind of cake of "a cross is the prototype of the later flower bun", which shows that people's expectations of pasta are no longer in the stomach, but produce aesthetic needs.

In the Tang Dynasty, the written record of the art of face sculpture was more accurate and closer to the art of face sculpture today. Tang Fengyan's "Feng's Wenjian Ji VI" wrote, "Xuanzong Dynasty, the sea is supportive, the mourners or the street high sacrifice, Zhang Shi curtain, there are fake flowers, fake fruits, powder, noodles and rice length", from which it can be seen that the use of dough sculpture as a sacrificial offering.

In "Tang Yulin", the opposite sculpture has the following description: "The banquet is dyed with noodles and medicinal flowers, and used like dolphin shoulders, sheep, and scorched genera, all of which are realistic." Obviously, the pasta of this period has developed in the direction of decoration and art, and the real sense of the dough sculpture has been produced.

In the tomb of the fourth year of Tang Yonghui (653) unearthed in Astana, Xinjiang, a group of female figurines vividly shows the whole process from dusting grain and wheat to grinding and rolling dough at that time.

At the same time, there are also the heads of female figurines, the upper body of male figurines, as well as dough pigs and fancy pastries and other dough sculpture works, which are the oldest preserved dough sculpture material materials today.

The Song Dynasty was the peak of the secularization of the art of dough sculpture, and people began to use dough plastic food in various folk activities. Meng Yuanlao's "Tokyo Menghualu" records many dough sculpture matters related to the seasons of the year, such as: "On the first day of the first lunar month, most of the people in Beijing eat suo cakes, and on the seventh day of the first month, they eat pancakes"; "The Shangyuan Festival has a wire cage and an oil outer hammer"; "On the second day of February, there are welcome fruits"; "On the third day of the first month of March, there is a 'carving' made of noodles"; "On the cold food festival of the day before the Qingming Festival, we should eat 'Zitui Cake';"The Qingming Festival uses flour to make jujube paste Feiyan, strings of wicker, and inserts it in the door, which is called 'Zitui Yan'"; "Cake cake on the eighth day of April" and so on.

Taking Qixi dough sculpture as an example, Meng Yun: "Carving melons into offering patterns is called 'flowers'." It is also made of oily molasses as a smile, which is called 'fruit food patterns', and it is full of ingenuity. Such as the incense Fang Sheng and the like, if you buy a catty, there is a pair of armored, such as the image of the door god, cover from the merry, do not know its from, called the 'fruit food general'", in addition, "to powder the lion barbarian king, put on the cake called 'lion barbarian', this is also the fruit pattern".

It is not difficult to see from the description of "Tokyo Menghualu" that the art of dough sculpture in the Northern Song Dynasty has been inseparable from the seasons and seasons, and has been solidified into food customs, and many of the folk customs related to dough sculpture are still in use today.

The Ming and Qing dynasties were the culmination of the development of dough sculpture art, which became more and more mature and perfect in terms of modeling, color and production technology. At this time, the ethnic integration, the production of various ethnic groups influenced each other, and at the same time, the western point also entered China, and the Chinese and foreign plastic cultures exchanged with each other, and the art of dough molding showed a rich and colorful development trend.

Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, most of the popular dough sculptures have appeared, and the pasta customs in the seasons and life etiquette have gradually been finalized, and more folk cultural connotations have been incorporated into the dough sculptures. The dough sculpture closely related to the festival customs often contains a wealth of auspicious meanings, such as the dough sculpture enshrined in the New Year in Beijing, which is made by a special shop, and the dragon body is decorated with "pearls, treasure ingots, bottle wins, and halberds", which means "destined to be safe and auspicious".

During the cold food and Qingming Festival, Shanxi Jiexiu (Jie Zi Tui legend place) every household makes "Snake Pan Rabbit", "Zi Tui Yan" and "Zi Tui Cake", taking the meaning of "Snake Pan Rabbit, must be rich" and "Zi Tui Yan (Nian), thinking of Jie Zi Tui".

The mid-year festival on July 15 is the noodle sculpture festival of the people of northern Shanxi, and each household has a big flower bun. The flower bun given to the junior should be kneaded into the shape of a sheep, called "noodle sheep", which means that the lamb eats milk, and hopes that the junior will not forget the nurturing grace of his parents; The flower buns given to the elders should be pinched into a human shape, called "noodle people", which means that children and grandchildren are full of happiness and longevity; The flower buns given to the younger generations should be kneaded into the shape of a fish, which is called "noodle fish", which means that there is more than enough every year.

There are also many melons, fruits, plums, peaches, lotus, chrysanthemums, plums and other shapes of flower buns, embellished with flowers, birds, butterflies, dragonflies, squirrels, etc., after steaming, after five colors, the flower buns look lifelike, amazing.

In the rituals of life such as marriage, funeral, marriage, and marriage, there is no shortage of face sculptures. In some rural areas of Shaanxi, Gansu, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, and Henan, the "Noodle Sheep Festival" of sending daughters and nephews to face sheep is still retained.

When the child passes the full moon, the grandmother's family should send the "Zodiac" large dough circle or "unicorn to send the child" in order to achieve the "囫囵" consummation; The mother wants to shape the face of the sheep for the married daughter, and send the face sculpture that symbolizes good luck to the daughter's house, and send it every year, saying that "the old sheep sees the new sheep, and there is surplus grain every year".

The "happy dumplings" given at the wedding are mostly dragons and phoenixes, mandarin ducks, double happiness, and pomegranates, in order to wish the newlyweds a harmonious love and have more precious children. Others such as the face of the Buddha's hand homonym "Fu", the face of the deer homonym "Lu", the face of the peach symbolizes longevity, the tower-shaped plate flower cake symbolizes step by step...... These ceremonial dough sculptures have long been deeply rooted in the people's livelihood with the course of personal life and have become the most basic traditional cultural consciousness of the people.

From sacrificing and worshiping the gods, to carrying the function of welcoming auspiciousness and blessings to the people, and sending beautiful visions, to the current development of a work of art that people give to each other and enjoy and appreciate, it has gone through a thousand years.

With the emergence of more and more non-genetic inheritors and artists of dough sculpture, the creation of modern flavor has greatly improved the level of dough sculpture skills. The content and form of contemporary dough molding are constantly innovating, the skills are more sophisticated, the means of expression are more abundant, and the material is moisture-proof, anti-corrosion, mildew-proof, lighter, and the color is more gorgeous and shiny. Many cultural and creative derivatives of dough sculpture are emerging day by day, which is refreshing.

"Shanghai-style dough sculpture" can be described as one of the representatives of contemporary dough sculpture art, which began in the old city of Shanghai a hundred years ago, when the trade of various distinctive products in this area was developed, and the economic level was high, attracting many folk artists to show their skills here, and Shanghai is an open international city, and the penetration of overseas culture has brought a modern and modern style different from Chinese tradition.

Therefore, the Shanghai-style dough sculpture absorbs the essence of Chinese and Western art, and the tradition and modernity are well integrated, and then the fusion forms a unique Shanghai-style art style.

Zhao Kuoming, a Shanghai noodle sculpture artist with the reputation of "Noodle Man Zhao", is the founder of "Shanghai-style noodle sculpture", and on the basis of inheriting the skills of his predecessors, he summarized and summarized the "eight methods of hand pinching" and "eight methods of tools" of dough sculpture, which greatly enriched the expressiveness of dough sculpture art, especially strengthened the performance of the appearance of characters and the texture of objects.

His works have many characters, grand scenes, realistic portrayals, delicate expressions, rich textures, and light and elegant clothing decorations, reflecting the distinctive characteristics of Shanghainese culture. Zhao Kuoming's works are known as "three-dimensional paintings, silent plays", and occupy an extremely important position in the national arts and crafts circles.

Qi Yiping from Yangpu District, Shanghai, is a representative of the new generation of dough sculpture inheritors, who runs her own cultural communication company and has a professional team to create innovative dough sculpture works.

The series of dough plastic cultural and creative products they have developed, including paper-cut face flowers, calligraphy face flowers, face plastic table lamps, face sculpture art paintings, face sculpture pendants, face sculpture ornaments, etc., integrate the classic elements of traditional face sculpture into modern themes, with practical functions and fashion atmosphere, and are deeply loved by the market and young people.

Throughout the millennium evolution of the history of dough sculpture, it is not only the taste of the tip of the tongue, the visual art, but also the expression of all kinds of emotions in life, from which people can understand the fireworks in the world, the taste of life, the orderly reproduction of nature and the endless life of human beings.

As a "tangible art", dough sculpture can provide reference materials for many fields such as history, archaeology, folk customs, and art, but what is more special is that as an "intangible heritage", it is a record and observation of folk life, a precious memory in the hearts of the public, and a cultural identity of various ethnic groups in China.

Dough sculpture is a precious traditional art, the Qing Dynasty has been popular in Jintan folk, commonly known as "noodle flower", "flower cake", "flower ball", also known as "noodle man" and so on. It is not only an ornamental item, but also used as a toy or sacrifice, and can also be eaten, so it is loved by people.

Jintan dough sculpture skills not only have the characteristics of family inheritance, but also have a broad and deep folk foundation. According to relevant records, before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, there were more than 70 artists in Jintan engaged in dough sculpture for a living.

Folk dough sculpture is a kind of festive and auspicious dim sum, and its variety and content are basically all kinds of mythical characters in folklore. It is mainly used for building house beams, birthdays, wedding gifts, gifts to relatives and friends, prayers, funeral offerings, etc.

Whoever wants to do a big thing, the owner must invite the dough molding craftsman to come to the door in advance. And every time at this time, the dough artists will show their skills, "Dragon Wind Auspicious", "Golden Boy and Jade Girl", "Fairy Offering Treasure", "Peacock Open Screen", "Flower Face Butterfly", "Crane Longevity", "Happy Mandarin Duck", "Fish in a Row", "Evergreen", "Reunion of Children and Grandchildren", "Blessing and Prayer Jubilee", ...... All kinds of flower dumplings and flower and fruit cakes are generated in the smoke of the cooking and the flying of fingers.

The other category is dedicated to viewing and collecting works, and its varieties and contents are mainly for mythological drama characters and birds, animals, flowers, birds, insects and fish with more exquisite workmanship, such as "Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea", "Journey to the West", "The Legend of the White Snake", "Zodiac", "Olympic Fuwa", "Expo Haibao", etc., the shape is vivid and lively, full of dynamics.

The dough artist takes the material in his hands, through the process of pinching, rubbing, kneading, lifting, etc., and then uses simple tools such as knives to apply pointing, cutting, carving, scratching and other techniques, shaping into a body, hands, head, face, and then putting on hair accessories, clothes and accessories, in an instant, the lifelike image of various dough sculptures will be taken out of hand, becoming a piece of exquisite art.

The main materials of Jintan dough molding include rice flour, wheat flour, edible pigments, honey, glycerin, alum, stone salt, washing net, preservatives, copper and gold powder, salad oil, spring handle, etc. In addition, it is necessary to use anti-cracking and anti-mildew treatment according to the secret recipe.

The main tools used in the production process of Jintan dough sculpture include scissors, horn needles, cutters, small combs, pressure sticks, etc.

Some people say that dough molding and sculpture are connected, but the process of dough molding is just the opposite of sculpture, the former is "subtracted" layer by layer, and the latter is "added" layer by layer. There are no drawings, no written materials, and no prescribed sizes, and the sketch is in the heart of the dough artist. All kinds of shapes, character demeanors and lines of clothing are all up to the artist's hands.

The Jintan dough sculpture works are eclectic in terms of subject matter, from "Cowherd and Weaver Girl" to "Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea", from "Olympic Fuwa" to "Expo Haibao", from "Nine Dragons Playing Pearls" to "Zodiac", which not only has ancient charm, but also has modern trends; There are not only classical mythological and traditional drama characters, but also flowers, birds, insects, fish, birds and animals, and cartoon characters.

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